WELCOME

M.KRISHNAMOORTHY
IMTMA

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Degrees of Freedom (DOF):

3 Translational
&
3 rotational

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Datum's 3-2-1 principle:

The three mutually

perpendicular planes
constrain all the 6
degrees of freedom.

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Datum's 3-2-1 principle:

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Primary Datum:

FIRST DATUM ESTABLISHED

BY THREE POINTS (MIN)
CONTACT WITH SIMULATED
DATUM A

 Restricts 3 degrees of freedom (i.e) 2

rotation and 1 translation.
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 Secondary Datum:

SECOND DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED BY
TWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACT
WITH SIMULATED DATUM B

 Restricts 2 degrees of freedom (i.e) 1 rotation

and 1 translation.

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Tertiary Datum:
THIRD DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED
BY ONE POINT (MIN)
90° CONTACT WITH
SIMULATED DATUM C

MEASURING DIRECTIONS FOR

RELATED DIMENSIONS

 Restricts 1 degree of freedom (i.e) 1 translation.

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Coordinate Measuring Machine:
C O O R D IN A T E M E A S U R IN G M A C H IN E
B R ID G E D E S IG N

PROBE

G R A N IT E
Z SURFACE
PLATE

DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAM E

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Location tolerances (related
features):

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Positional Tolerance:

 A positional tolerance defines a zone within which the

center, axis or center plane of a feature of size is
permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact) position.

 Basic dimensions establish the true position from the

specified datum features and between interrelated
features.

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 Location of hole – co-ordinate method:

Coordinate
Tolerancing creates
square or
rectangular
tolerance zones.

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Location of hole – co-ordinate method:

 Coordinate Tolerancing is not logical. It gives more

tolerance in the diagonal direction than across flats.

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Location of hole – position (GD & T)
method:

 Position
tolerance results in
a cylindrical
tolerance zone.

 The tol. zone is

uniform from the
axis of the hole to
the edge of the tol.
zone.

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Coordinate & Position Zones Compared:

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Positional Tolerance – How to interpret ?

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Order of the datums – Is it important

ø 0.2 A B
A 
ø 0.2 B A

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Using Position tolerance with Hole Patterns:

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Position with Hole Patterns at MMC:

????

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 Bonus Tolerance:

•Here is the beauty of the system!

This means that the tolerance is 0.7 if the hole size is the MMC size,
or 14.0mm.
Ifthe hole is bigger, we get a bonus tolerance equal to the difference
between the MMC size and the actual size.

 This system makes

sense… the larger the
hole is, the more it can
deviate from true
position and still fit in
the mating condition!

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 How to calculate position deviation ?

Z= X2 + Y2

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How to use position tolerance for a
flange?

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Concentricity – Definition:

 Concentricity is the condition where the median points

of all diametrically opposed elements of a cylinder (or a
surface of revolution) are congruent with the of a datum
feature. A median point is the mid-point is the mid point
of a two point measurement.

 The tolerance zone is a cylinder and the axis of the

tolerance zone coincides with the axis of datum feature
A.

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 Concentricity - Example

Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
diametrically opposed elements must lie within a dia. 0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of
datum feature A.

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Measuring concentricity:

 Median points are

checked throughout the
length.

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Measuring concentricity:

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Measuring concentricity:

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Concentricity applications . . .

For dynamic balancing applications, where the

concentricity can affect the force due to mass im
balance.

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Symmetry:

 Symmetry is the condition where the median

points of all opposed elements of two or more
feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or
centre plane of a datum feature.

 Symmetry is similar to concentricity. The

difference is that while concentricity is used on
surface of revolution, symmetry is used on
planar features of size.

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Symmetry – Definition explained …

The median face of the slot should lie within two parallel planes set 0.08
mm apart, that are symmetrically positioned about the datum plane.

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 Symmetry – Examples …

•Within the limits of size and

regardless of feature size, all
median points of opposed
elements must lie between two
parallel planes equally disposed
about datum plane A, 0.5 apart.

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Symmetry – Examples . . .

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Run out tolerances (related Features):

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Run out:

 Run out tolerances control surfaces

constructed around a datum axis
and those constructed at right
angles to a datum axis.

Circular run out Total run out

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 Features Applicable to Run out
tolerancing:

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Circular run out:

 It is the permissible variation of position of any point

fixed on a surface, which occurs when a part is
rotated through 360 degrees about its own axis.

 Circular run out is a composite control that affects

the form, orientation and location of circular
elements (individually), of a part feature relative to a
datum axis.

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 How to measure ?

 The Full Indicator Movement (FIM) / Total

Indicator Reading (TIR) read in the dial is the
measure of runout.

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Circular run out - Examples . . .

 At any circular element

measured, the surface
must be within the
specified runout
tolerance of 0.05
indicator movement
when the part is
rotated 360 degrees
about the datum axis.

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Measuring circular run out:

 FIM readings are taken at each slice

independently.
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Measuring circular run out:

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Measuring circular run out:

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Measuring circular run out:

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Measuring circular run out:

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 Circular run out – on face:

 At any circular element

measured, the surface must be
within the specified runout
tolerance of 0.06 indicator
movement when the part is
rotated 360 degrees about the
datum axis.

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 Circular run out – on diameter
with multiple datum features:

 At any circular element measured,

the surface must be within the
specified run out tolerance of 0.04
indicator movement when the part is
rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis.

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Total run out:
 A total run out control is a geometric tolerance that
limits the amount of total run out of a surface.
 Total runout is the greater level of runout control.

 Its tolerance applies to the FIM while the indicator

sweeps over the entire controlled surface. Rather than
each circular element being evaluated separately.

 The total runout FIM encompasses the highest and

lowest of all readings obtained at all circles.

 Total runout is a composite control that affects the

orientation, form and location of surface elements
(simultaneously) of a diameter (or surface) relative to a
datum axis.

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Total run out - example

 Here the dia. at middle is controlled with total runout

and dia. At the ends are controlled with circular runouts.
How to inspect ?
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Total run out measurement

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Are you clear about the difference
between:

 Circular runout requires inspecting circular elements

individually. Because of this, circular runout will not
detect changes in size. Any barreling, waisting or taper
will be ignored.

 Total runout requires determining the full indicator

movement over the entire feature. Total runout,
therefore, detects any changes in size, i.e. barreling,
waisting or taper.

 CIRCULARITY + CONCENTRICITY = CIRCULAR

RUNOUT
 CYLINDRICITY + CONCENTRICITY = TOTAL
RUNOUT

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One final example . . .

 Eager to see the results ! ! !

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Interpretation of results

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Interpretation of results
 The worst circular runout
error occurs at the slice with
the greatest variation. In
this case two slices vary a
total of 0.03
 Total runout is the
difference between the
highest and lowest readings
found over the entire
feature.
 The highest reading was
+0.02 and the lowest
reading was -0.09.
 Therefore, the total runout
for the feature is 0.11, the
difference between +0.02
and -0.09.
 In this case the part would
pass both runout checks. 51
Runout examples . . .

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Profile tolerances:

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Profile of a Line

 The tolerance zone established by the

profile of a line tolerance is two
dimensional, extending along the length
of the considered feature.

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 Why profile tolerances ?

 The profile of a line is used to control all

forms other than straight and round lines.

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Profile of a Line – Example . . .

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Profile of a Line – Examples . . .

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Profile of a Line – Examples ...

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Profile of a Line – How to check ?

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Profile of a Surface
 The tolerance zone established by the profile of a
surface tolerance is three dimensional, extending
along the length and (or) circumference of the
considered feature or features.

Demo
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What is the Diff. between

 Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can

be applied to a part feature in situations where the
control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is
not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the
line element of the surface at each individual cross
section indicated on the drawing.

 Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance

that can be applied to a part feature in situations where
the control of the entire feature surface as a single
entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire
surface and can be used to control size, location, form
and/or orientation of a feature surface.

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What is the Diff. between

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Application of profile tolerances . . .

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Application of profile tolerances . . .

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Application of profile tolerances . . .

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 Position tolerance with LMC modifier

????
The LMC modifier is used in position tolerance, when the functional
requirement is to maintain a minimum wall thickness as shown above.

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Position tolerance with LMC modifier

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Location - Position
Without Projected Tolerance Zones:

Possible interference
In assembly

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Location - Position
With Projected Tolerance Zone:

No interference
In assembly

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Location - Position
With Projected Tolerance Zone:

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Projected Tolerance Zone:

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Other applications of Position tol:

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Other applications of Position tol:

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The meaning is . . .

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Other applications of Position tol:

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Position tol for spacing of hole
pattern

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How to check ?

Gauge for checking the position

tol. controlling orientation and
spacing of the holes.

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Example for profile tolerance:

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Example for profile and position
tolerance:

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Example for profile and position
tolerance:

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Example for profile and symmetry
tolerance:

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Free state condition:

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 Tangent plane modifier:
• This modifier tells the inspector to place a tangent
plane on a surface and measure the gauge plate,
not the part.

• This modifier is commonly used by orientation

controls.

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Tangent plane modifier:

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Sample drawing in conventional system

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Functional relation requirements ???

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Same Drg. In GD & T system

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Drawing of a housing with GD & T features

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General tolerances for form & position – ISO 2766

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General tolerances for form & position – ISO 2766

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Summary:
 GD&T is a symbolic language used to specify the size,
shape, form, orientation, and location of features on a
part.

 GD&T was created to insure the proper assembly of

mating parts, to improve quality, and to reduce cost.

 GD&T is a design tool that communicates design intent.

 This text is based on the standard, Dimensioning and

Tolerancing ASME Y14.5M–1994.

 The cylindrical tolerance zone defines a uniform

cylindrical tolerance zone boundary.

 The MMC symbol is a modifier that allows a bonus

tolerance.

 All datums must be specified in order of precedence.

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Summary:

Thus usage of GD & T –

 Saves money
For example, if large number of parts are being
made – GD&T can reduce or eliminate inspection of
some features.
Provides “bonus” tolerance
 Ensures design, dimension, and tolerance
requirements as they relate to the actual function
 Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at the
assembly
 Provides uniformity
 It is a universal understanding of the symbols
instead of words

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Conclusion:

“ Use GD&T to effectively

communicate product
specifications to ensure the part
drawn, is the part made.”

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