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8- fibers are ais0 present as a third compo- apply to cellulosics. Sonir feu are wid ;IS
pastes or powders which yield anionic
the dyeing is to be conducted in a batch. a
continuous or a semi-continuous process.
n e n t in the blend.
When good wetfastness and fastness to dispersions and may be thought of as vat I n the following sections unless other-
thermomigration are required. some pre- dye hybrids. These require alkaline reduc- wise indicated polyester/cotton woven
fer to run cationic-dyeable polyester/ tion to render them soluble. The), all goods will be used to exemplify the general
Cotton blends. However. the cost of cat- require oxidation after dyeing. Sulfur dyes dyeing characteristics of polyester/cellu-
ionic-dyeable polyester a n d control in have a very limited color gamut. having no losic blends as a whole. The justification
greige mill manufaclunrig Are buth prob- true reds. violets or bright yellows. They for this choice is simple. Woven goods are
lematic. are excellent for black a n d very suitable the most readily dyeable by all three
The cellulosic fiber coloration options for navj'. dark green and brown shades all principle types of dyeing process-batch.
c3n depend on all the factors listed earlier of which are relatively dull. The washfast- continuous and semi-continuous-which
but the principle decisions hinge on u hich ness is good. the lightfastness moderate- makes direct comparison between the
dyes. equipment and procedures to use to good. b u t the chlorine fastness is very poor processes easier. Knitgoods do not have
produce goods hich both satisfy the except for the hybrids. The effluent is the dimensional stability for treatment on
customer's needs and do so as economi- generally sulfidinous and if not properly thecontinuousdye range.
cally as possible. treated can result in bad odors in munici-
pal sewer lines. Batch Dyeing Polyester/
Dyes Used for Reactive dyes are intrinsically water Cellulosic Blends
polyester/Cotton Blends soluble. anionic in character and. except There are good reasons why a large pro-
The following is a brief summary of those for some Lvhich use a nicotinic acid leaving portion of polyester, cellulosic woven
basic characteristics of particular dye group and react under neutral conditions. mods are dyed on jet dyeing machines at
appiication categories which are essential require various degrees of alkalinit!. and a kmperatures of about 13OC ( 1 6 5 F ) . A
to the decision making process. I t should range of different temperatures to react primary reason is the elimination of the
be noted that there are considerable varia- with cellulose. If properly applied they need for carrier in the disperse dyeing of
tions possible from dye to dye within each have very good to excellent washfastness. the polyester. Nevertheless many use car-
category. and individual dye suppliers relatively poor chlorine fastness and have rier for insurance (leveling) often without
pride themselves on their ability to advan- an extremely wide color gamut. hlmost all sufficient concern for the possible conse-
tageously select q r t i c u l a r dyes to over- nonfluorescent shades can he matched quences. Other reasons include low liquor
come general performance deticiencies of with them. They are expensive. Applica- ratios, rapid polyester dyeing cycles, en-
any dye catrzor!. But a5 a slarring poinr. tion is normally quite length! due to a ergy savings and level dyeing due to good
the following obser1,ations are valid. post-soaping to remove hydrolyzed dye dye liquor circulation. Good shade repro-
e Direct a>esare readily water soluble, and requires careful control. Reactive ducibility is also a plus. More recently,
yield colored anions. are relatively eco- d!.e< reauire very large amounts of salts to adiustable jet nozzles have been intro-
nomical. have generally fair to poor wash- exhuust and generali! produce strongiy duced to provide increased flexibility with
fastness especially in heal,!- depths and colored very saline effluent. respect to fabric weights and construc-
have a color gamut which lacks only the 0 Azoic combinations are the most tions. Taken all in all. pressure jet dyeing
brightest colors. although true greens are difficult application category of dyes to machines arc often the machines of choice
scarce. The ease of application is their apply-batch application is rarely used in when batch dyeing woven (and knit) fab-
outstanding characteristic. M'ashfastness the US.-and even for continuous dyeing rics containing polyester-which includes
can be improved by post treatments but the application process is cumbersome. pol yester/cellulosic blends.
onlyat theexpenseof their easeofapplica- However they are very economical and As with any other dyeing processes.
tion except in the fortunate case of resin have very good heavy yellows. oranges. dyeing polyester/ceIlulosic blends re-
finishin.. reds. bordeaux and navies. with good quires that the goods be suitably prepared
0 Va; colors are sold as poa der or paste lightfastness in heavy depths only. They for dyeing. Such preparation may include
pigments which in nater produce anionic have very good wetfastness if properly desizing (for woven goods), scouring and
dispersions. The pigments themselves are applied and many of them have good bleaching. Mercerizing is optional and not
nonionic but they can (and must be) chlorine fastness. recommended for viscose fabrics. Heat
reduced to water soluble anions in the 0 Disperse dyes are sold in the form of setting for 30-40 seconds at 360-400F
course of dyeing. The reducing agents are pastes or powders which yield anionic ( 1 80-2OOC) can improve dimensional sta-
used in the presence of strong alkalis. dispersions although the very sparingly bility, pilling and crease recovery. particu-
These alkaline reducing solutions will water soluble dyes are themselves larly for heavier weight woven goods.
destroy any available azo dye molecules nonionic. Many such dispersions are un- In dyehouses where goods are treated
which are accessible to the solution. Vat stable in the presence of high concentra- both batchwise and continuously. all these
dyes are expensive but in return generally tions of salts. Disperse dyes are sensitive to preparation processes might becarried out
have excellent all around fastness. They alkaline hydrolysis-which is why they continuously. In others the goods may be
have excellent light- and washfastness at are normally dyed at pH 3.5-5.5-and the prepared and bleached in batchwise pro-
all depths and have uniquely good resis- color of many can be destroyed in alkaline cesses. But there is no call for such
tance to chlorine bleaching. Their color reducing solutions. However, once they processes to be run in pressure machines
range is somewhat limited. The) lack arewithin the polyester fibers they areonly such as jets. Here it is assumed that the
really bright colors and have no neutral susceptible to attack under conditions in predyeing processes have been completed.
reds but have good greens. As a class they which the polyester is swollen by aqueous It can be quite confusing to look at
are hard to dissolve and not nearly as easy solutions: Le., well above the glass transi- published batch dyeingcycle times if one is
as directs to apply, requiring post oxida- tion temperature at 70-80C ( 1 58-1 76F). not aware that some include loading and
tion and soaping. If properly applied they generally have unloading of the goods. some include
Sulfur colors are generally sold al- good wash fastness. batch preparation and bleaching. Others
ready in alkaline reduced solutions. in There are different justifications for the are strictly the time from the beginning to
which thesubstantivecolor is in an anionic use of colors from any one of the five the end of the dyeing processes proper: Le..
form. They are actually nonionic pig- cellulosic dyeing application categories no loading, no unloading. no finishing. But
ments. They are very economical and in along with thedispersedyes, and these will washing-off, oxidation, soaping-off and
the right circumstances are fairly easy to be dependent to some extent on whether other steps are included. if necessary to the
they are quite significant. dyes must have high temperature stability
and the disperse dyes must show no cross
Batch Procedures for staining and need no reduction clearing
Disperse/ Direct Dyes hydrolyzed dye from the cellula,:: j
because reduction clearing would destroy
Once it has been decided that the desired the direct dye as well. Dyes are available (10) (seecomments later).
shade and fastness properties can be met such that these constraints can be met. Conservative/Two Bath: Here the
using direct dyes for the cellulosic portion Thirteen high temperature stable di- polyester is dyed by the preferred procc- 4
of the blend, thereare two principle dyeing rects are listed (j)which
, fall primarily in
3 . .
terisdyedin thejetat 13OC(26jF) which Certain disperse dyes are noted for their removed by scouring. These steps
requires about 160 minutes. The next cross staining characteristics; e.g., C.I. independent of one another. -4
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stage is reduction clearing to clear the Disperse Reds 65 and 338 and C.I. Dis- There are few restrictions on the c:hoice ; ;
cellulosic fibers of any disperse dye stain- perse Blues 56 and 79. These dyes Zive of disperse and reactives dyes used C : ( C C ~ L II
ing and to destroy any particulate disperse
dye on the polyester surfaces which pro-
cess is followed by a further pH neutraliza-
tion step. This stage requires about 90
dyeings on polyester/cotton blends whose
staining on cotton and nylon during the
AXTCC 2A Wash Test ( 7 )showconsider-
able improvement-I 5 2 . 0 points on the
that the combination meets the desired
color and fastness requirements. The 7
problem is that the total dyeing process 4
time is in the order of nine to ten hours of?
-
minutes. Direct dyeing of the cellulosic five-step AATCC Grey Scale for Stain- which about two hours is devoted t o 2
portion at ca. 90C (195-200F), followed ing-if they are first reduction cleared. scouring. Clearly this is far too long to tie -
by twocool rinses, requires a further 110 For both dyeing options tha disperse up a high temperature machine when 2
minutes, which completes the dyeing cycle dyes selected should neither migrate nor temperatures above IOOC (212F) m:
proper in about six hours. desorb readily under the influence of resin only be necessary for about one hou:.
The whole process could be split into finishing or in the presence of softener. Less Conservative/Reverse Two 3
two baths to maximize the utilization of This holds true regardless of which class of Bath: Here the reactive dye is dyed first2
the jet dyeing machine. The reduction dyes is used for the cellulosic portion of the and the scour is reduced to a couple 05
clearing could be foregone with p ! e blend. Although the potentials for migra- warm rinses to remove alkali and salts;
shades. tion and desorption are intrinsic properties prior to a conventional disperse dyeing:
The washfastness of the cellulosic por- of individual disperse dyes, the products
tion of such dyeings is improved by the and procedures used in finishingcan mate-
same resin finishing which (conveniently) rially affect the fastness properties of the necessary for removal of the hydrolyzed -,
is used to assist shrinkage and dimensional reactive dye. 3
resultant goods.
stabilization of knitgoods and which is also S o u the 2:. cis time is reduced to about ~
used for durubie press or crease resistant Batch Procedures for seven hours but there are some restric- 3
finishing of most polyester/cellulosic wo- Disperse/Reactive Dyes tions. Since iLr;cc i a n bc no reduction
ven goods. These finishes are nor generally I t has been shown that dispersejdirect dye clearing (because it would destroy the
used for 100"o cotton fabrics because of combinations result in savings of time. fiber rexive dye), the disperse dyes must
the unavaoidable tensile and tear strength energy. labor and payback costs when be carefully selected to show minimal
losses incurred. The finish may include compared with disperse reactive combina- cross staining and residual color on the
cationic or cationic resinous direct dye tions (8). However. if brilliant shades and polyester surfaces. However. some compa-
fixatives and softeners, although their use high wetfastness are necessary then direct nies produce disperse dyes which clear
may adversely affect both the shade and dyes will not fill the bill; e.g., in sales yarns. duringan alkaline scour only ( I I ) .
the lightfastness of some direct dyes. Both direct dyes and reactive dyes have I t may also be necessary when using
Rapid Dyeing/One Bath: The dis- problems with very dark shades. Dark some reactive dyes to elevate the disperse
perse and direct dyes are added at the start direct dyeings have poor wetfastness; dark dyeingpH to6-6.5 toobviateacid hydroly-
and the temperature raised to 13OC reactive dyeings can be very expensive. sis of the cellulose-dye bonds (Cell-0-
(265F) to dye the disperse dye. The high The alternative inonconservative) dye- Dye) formed.
temperature not only causes the direct dye
to dye the cellulosic portion very rapidly,
ing processes for disperse/reactive dyes on
polyester/cellulosics parallel those for dis-
, 0 Rapid/One Bath: Here disperse dye
and reactive dye are added first and the pH
but is conducive to leveling or stripping perse/direct combinations except that the buffered to ca. 6.5. The Glauber's salt is
and at equilibrium gives a lower dye number of possibilities is far ,oreater. added when the temperature has been
partition coefficient-Le., Less dye in the There are several reasons for this but the raised to about ca. 80C (175F). The
fiberandmorein thedyebath thanat lower main one is that now there are advantages temperature is raised to 130C (265F) to
dyeing temperatures. The temperature is to both dyeing the polyester first or dyeing dye the polyester. dropped for the addition
then lowered to ca. 82-90C (180-195F). the cellulosic portion first. The variety of of alkali to complete the dyeing of the
For some dyes-e.g., C.I. Direct Black reaction conditions for fixing different cellulosic fiber and the goods are scoured.
??-the pH may be adjusted to 8-9, types of reactive dye only complicates an It can be seen that careful selection has
Glauber's salt added and the exhaustion of alreadycomplex situation. to be exercised to find dispersions which
the direct dye is completed at an appropri- Using the same approach as given in the will not be cracked by the addition a t large
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ate temperature. The bath is then dropped previous sections there are four principle amounts of electrolyte (salts). The pH of
at temperatures from 60-7OC ( 140- 160Fj ~)pebof processes by which polyester/ maximum stability of the reactive dyes
and the goods are given two cool rinses. cellulosic fabrics can be dyed with dis- must be chosen and controlled with 1;"e.
The totul dyeing timeshould bcabout four perse/reactive dyes ( 9 ) . There are also The disperse dyes selected must not cross
which arise at the dye pad, in predyeing, in ensure the presence of enough dyes in the , economic success of a program can depend
the thermosol unit. at the chemical pad, in nonaggregated monomolecular form, it is on selection of the rignt dye and proce-
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the steamer and in the washboxes. Fifteen customary to add 25-50 g/L urea. .4n ' dures. Otherwise it may prove impossible
problems are analyzed for their causes and anionic wetter is included to assure uni- to satisfy the customer's needs and at the -
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cures ace suggested. Some additional in- form penetration of the pad liquors. which same time do it profitably
formation is available ( I 6 ) . are adjusted to a slightly alkaline pH An extensive general reference to the
All in all, if the fabric is right and the (8-8.5) to aid dye solubility. dqeing of polyester/cellulosic blends is
yardage sufficient. continuous dyeing has The customary small pad trough will 1 Ref. ( I 8) a
a lot to commend it. largely eliminate tailing effects in dye
mixtures. The batching process generally ! References
Semi-Continuous Dyeing takes somewhere in the order of 15-20
Polyester/Cellulosic Blends ( 1 ) Shore J.. The Dveing of Svnrheric Polvm
hours.
The most important semi-continuous and Acetare Fibers. edited by D . M . Nunn. Societyof
The low labor costs, low water and Dyers and Colourists. 1979, Chapter 7.
method of dyeing cellulosic fibers and energy consumption and the flexibility to
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