North Bengal International University

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

LECTURE SHEET
(For Final Examination Spring - 20)

Course No.: EEE 3311 Course Title: Power System I

Course Teacher: Ashish Mahanta - AM, Lecturer Email: ashish.mahanta.bd@gmail.com

# Reference Books:
1. Principles of Power Systems: V K Mehta. – VKM
2. Power System Analysis: Hadi Saadat - HS
3. Power System Analysis: William D. Stevenson, Jr. – SS

Chapter No. & Name: 10. Performance of Transmission Lines. – VKM

Contents Article No.

1. Introduction.*
2. Classifications of Overhead Transmission Lines.* 10.1
3. Important Terms.* 10.2
4. Performance of a Single Phase Short Transmission Line.* 10.3
5. Effect of Load p.f. on Regulation & Efficiency.* 10.5
6. Medium Transmission Lines.* 10.6
7. End Condenser Method. 10.7
8. Nominal T Method. 10.8
9. Nominal π Method. 10.9
10. Long Transmission Lines.* 10.10
11. Generalized Circuit Constants of a Transmission Line.* 10.12
12. Determination of Generalized Constants for Transmission Lines.* 10.13

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 What is the purpose of an overhead transmission line ? How are these lines classified ?*
 Why do we analyse a 3-phase transmission line on single phase basis ?
 Discuss the terms voltage regulation and transmission efficiency.*
 Deduce an expression for voltage regulation and transmission efficiency of a short transmission
line, giving the vector diagram.*
 What is the effect of load power factor on regulation and efficiency of a transmission line ?*
 What do you understand by medium transmission lines ? How capacitance effects are taken into
account in such lines ?*
 What are the drawbacks of localised capacitance methods ?
 Show how regulation and transmission efficiency are determined for medium lines using
(i) end condenser method (ii) nominal T method (iii) nominal π method. Illustrate your answer
with suitable vector diagrams.
 What do you understand by long transmission lines ? Point out its key features.
 What do you understand by generalised circuit constants of a transmission line ? What is their
importance? Point out their key features.*
 Evaluate the generalised circuit constants for (i) short transmission line*, (ii) medium line -
nominal T method*, (iii) medium line - nominal π method.
 A=⃗
Prove that for short transmission line, ⃗ D&⃗ A⃗ D–⃗ BC
⃗ =1 *

Page 1 of 5
 Mathematical Problems
Examples: 10.1*,10.2*, 10.16, 10.17
Tutorial Problem: 1
A single phase overhead transmission line delivers 4000 kW at 11 kV at 0·8 p.f.
lagging. If resistance
and reactance per conductor are 0·15 Ω and 0·02 Ω respectively, calculate :
(i) percentage regulation
(ii) sending end power factor
(iii) line losses
Tutorial Problem: 2
A single phase 11 kV line with a length of 15 km is to transmit 500 kVA. The
inductive reactance of the
line is 0·5 Ω/km and the resistance is 0·3 Ω/km. Calculate the efficiency and
regulation of the line for 0·8 lagging power factor.
Tutorial Problem: 3*
Calculate A, B, C and D constants of a 3-phase, 50 Hz transmission line 50 km long
having the following distributed parameters : R = 0·15 Ω /km ; L = 1·20 × 10-3
H/km ; C = 8 × 10-9 F/km ; G = 0 S

Chapter No. & Name: 15. Voltage Control. – VKM

Contents Article No.

1. Introduction.*
2. Importance of Voltage Control.* 15.1
3. Location of Voltage Control Equipment.* 15.2
4. Methods of Voltage Control.* 15.3
5. Voltage Control by Synchronous Condenser.* 15.11

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 Discuss the importance of voltage control in the modern power system.*
 Voltage control equipment is generally located at more than one point. Why? What are those
points? *
 What are the various methods of voltage control in a power system ?*
 Describe the off-load tap changing transformer method of voltage control. What are the
limitations of the method ?
 Explain with a neat sketch : (i) On-load tap-changing transformer (ii) Auto-transformer tap-
changing.
 Tap-changing is generally performed on load. Why ?
 What do you understand by induction regulators ? Describe single phase and three phase
induction regulators.
 Describe the synchronous condenser method of voltage control for a transmission line.*
Illustrate your answer with a vector diagram.

Chapter No. & Name: 17. Symmetrical Fault Calculations. – VKM

Contents Article No.

1. Faults in a Power System (Pre study)* 16.8
2. Introduction.*
3. Symmetrical Faults on 3-Phase System.* 17.1
4. Limitation of Fault Current.* 17.2
5. Percentage Reactance.* 17.3
Page 2 of 5
 6. Percentage Reactance & Base kVA.* 17.4
7. Short-circuit kVA.* 17.5
8. Reactor Control of Short-Circuit Currents.* 17.6
9. Location of Reactors.* 17.7
10. Steps for Symmetrical Fault Calculations.* 17.8

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 What do you mean by faults in a power system? Classify the faults in a 3-Φ power system and
conclude which fault is more frequent and why?*
 Which faults: symmetrical or unsymmetrical are the most severe and dangerous in power
system and why ?*
 Discuss the possible faults on overhead lines.
 What do you understand by a short-circuit ? Discuss the possible causes of short-circuit in the
power system.*
 Explain the harmful effects of short-circuit fault on the power system.*
 What is the importance of short-circuit calculations ?*
 What do you understand by percentage reactance ?* Why do we prefer to express the
reactances of various elements in percentage values for short-circuit calculations ?
 What is the importance of base kVA in short-circuit calculations ?*
 Will the value of short-circuit current change if we take different base kVAs’ ? – Explain*
 Why do we use reactors in the power system ? Discuss their advantages or Write down the
advantages of reactor control of short-circuit current.*
 Explain the various methods of connecting short-circuit current limiting reactors in the power
system with proper figures. Write down their advantages and disadvantages.(Any one method)*
 Compare ring system and tie-bar system Bus-bar reactors with proper figures.*

Mathematical Problems
Examples: 17.1, 17.5, 17.8, 17.9, 17.13, 17.15 - (All*)

Chapter No. & Name: 18. Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations. – VKM

Contents Article No.

1. Introduction.*
2. Unsymmetrical Faults on 3-Phase System.* 18.1
3. Symmetrical Components Method.* 18.2
4. Operator ‘a’.* 18.3
5. Symmetrical Components in Terms of Phase Currents.* 18.4
6. Some Facts about Sequence Currents. 18.5

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 What is a 3-φ unsymmetrical fault ? Discuss the different types of unsymmetrical faults that can
occur on a 3-φ system.*
 Discuss the symmetrical components method to analyse an unbalanced 3-φ system. or Describe
symmetrical component method with proper illustration.*
 What is operator ‘a’ ? or Write down a short note on 'operator a' including its properties.*
1−a
 Show that: (i) a 2=−0.5− j 0.866 , (ii) a3=1 , (iii)a−a2 = j 3, (iv) 1+a+a2=0, (v) 2
=1−a 2
1+ a
(All*)
 Express unbalanced phase currents in a 3-φ system in terms of symmetrical components.*
 What do you understand by positive, negative and zero sequence impedances ? Find out the
Page 3 of 5
 positive, negative & zero sequence currents in terms of phase currents of a 3-Φ power system.*
 Derive an expression for fault current for single line-to-ground fault by symmetrical
components method.
 Derive an expression for fault current for line-to-line fault by symmetrical components method.
 Derive an expression for fault current for double line-to-ground fault by symmetrical
components method.
 What do you understand by sequence networks ? What is their importance in unsymmetrical
fault calculations ?
 Write short notes on the following: (i) Positive sequence network, (ii) Negative sequence
network, (iii) Zero sequence network.
Mathematical Problems
Examples: 18.1, 18.2, 18.4, 18.5, 18.8 – (All*)
Tutorial Problem: 1
In a 3-phase, 4-wire system, currents in R, Y and B lines under abnormal conditions of
loading are:
IR = 150 ∠45º A ; IY = 250 ∠150º A ; IB = 100 ∠300º A. Calculate the zero, positive and
negative phase sequence currents in the R-line and return current in the neutral
connection.
Tutorial Problem: 2
In a 3-phase system, the phase voltages are as: ER= 1 ∠0º V ; EB = 1 ∠-120º V ; EY = 0
V. Find the zero, positive and negative phase sequence components in the R-phase.
Tutorial Problem: 3
The currents in a 3-phase unbalanced system are : IR = (80 + j 0) A ; IY = (-10 - j 60) A
; IB = (70 + j 60) A. The phase sequence is RYB. Calculate the zero, positive and
negative sequence components of the red line current and determine the current in
the neutral wire.

Chapter No. & Name: 25. Sub-Stations. – VKM

Contents Article No.

1. Introduction.*
2. Sub-Station (SS).* 25.1
3. Classification of Sub-Station.* 25.2
4. Transformer Sub-Station. 25.4
5. Symbols for Equipment in Sub-Station. (Only to recognize and study their
operation in SS)* 25.7
6. Equipment in a Transformer Sub-Station (1, 2, 3, 4, 6).* 25.8
7. Bus-Bar Arrangements in Sub-Station.(i, ii)* 25.9
8. key diagram of a typical 66/11 kV sub-station. 25.11
9. Key Diagram of 11 kV/400 V Indoor Sub-Station.* 25.12

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 What is a sub-station ? Name the factors that should be taken care of while designing and
erecting a substation.*
 What is the need of a sub-station in the power system ?*
 Discuss the different ways of classifying the sub-stations.*
 Write down the comparisons between outdoor and indoor sub-stations.*
 What is a transformer sub-station ? What are the different types of transformer sub-stations ?
Illustrate with a suitable block diagram.
 Draw the layout and schematic connection of a pole-mounted sub-station.
 Draw the layout of a typical underground sub-station.
Page 4 of 5
  Write a short note on the sub-station equipment (1, 2, 3, 4, 6).*
 Write down short notes on isolators and isolating switches.*
 Why do we use isolators on both sides of circuit breaker ?*
 Write down short notes on current transformers (C.T.) and The potential transformers (P.T.).*
 What are the different types of bus-bar arrangements used in sub-stations ? Illustrate with
suitable diagrams. (i, ii)*
 What are terminal and through sub-stations ? What is their purpose in the power system ?
 Draw the layout of a single bus-bar system.*
 Draw the layout of a single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.*
 Draw the key diagram of a typical 66/11 kV sub-station.
 Draw and explain the key diagram of a typical 11 kV/400 V indoor sub-station.*

Chapter No. & Name: 06. Power Flow Analysis. – HS

09. Power-Flow Solutions. – SS

Contents Article No.

1. Introduction.* 6.1
2. Bus Admittance Matrix.* 6.2
3. Gauss-Seidel Method. 6.3.1
4. Newton-Raphson Method. 6.3.2
5. Power Flow Solution.* 6.4
6. Power Flow Equation. 6.4.1
7. Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution. 6.5
8. Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution. 6.10

Chapter Review Topics & Discussion Questions

 What do you mean by load flow study or power flow study?*
 What is Bus Admittance Matrix? Explain with proper expressions.*
 Define self-admittance or driving point admittance and mutual admittance or transfer
admittance with proper expression.*
 Define slack bus or swing bus, load bus and regulated bus or voltage-controlled bus.* See Art.
6.4
 Describe Gauss-Seidel Method.
 Briefly describe Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution.
 Describe Newton-Raphson Method.
 Briefly describe Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution.

N.B:
1. Students are advised to follow the class lectures first and prioritize those the most.
2. This is a structural overview of the lectures of this course of a particular semester.
3. Students are discouraged to consider it as a final examination question bank or suggestion.
4. Course contents can be modified if needed as per the syllabus.
5. For any queries regarding this course feel free to contact via the given email address at page 1.

Page 5 of 5
END

Page 6 of 5