Structural Assignment 1

Assignment Working P a g e |
BSc(Hons) in Civil Eng., Principles of Structural Design/BTEC HND in CBE-Civil 1

Eng.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
Task 1………………………………………………………………………………………..2-4
Task 2………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Part 1 ………………………………………………………………………………..5-13
Part 2………………………….....…………………………………………………14-21
References…………………………………………………………………………………….22
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology to Learn and to Apply for the Betterment of Humanity
Eng.
Task 1
There are many types of loads can be impact on the structure. Now let’s discuss about
these load types.
Dead loads include equipment, materials, constructions, or other elements of weight

supported in, on, or by a building, including its own weight, that are supposedly to
remain permanent in place.
Live loads include materials, occupants, equipment, constructions, or other elements of

weight supported in, on, or by a building and that are likely to be relocated during the
expected building life.
Impact loads are a fraction of the live loads used to account for additional stresses and
detections resulting from movement of the live loads. Impact loads are forces that need
a structure or its components to absorb energy in a very short interval of time. An
example is dropping a heavy weight on a floor slab, or the shock wave from an explosion
striking the walls and roof of a building. External forces might also be classified as
distributed and concentrated.
Wind loads are maximum forces which might be applied to a building by wind in a mean
recurrence interval, or a set of forces which will produce equivalent stresses.
Snow loads are maximum forces that might be applied by snow accumulation in a mean
recurrence interval.
Static loads are forces which are applied gradually and then remain quite constant. An
example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof system.
Dynamic loads that vary with time. They include repeated and impact loads.
Repeated loads are forces which are applied a number of times, causing a variation in
the magnitude, and sometimes also in the internal forces. A good example is an off
balance motor.
Uniformly distributed loads are forces that are, or for practical purposes might be
considered, constant over a surface area of the supporting member. Dead weight of a
rolled-steel I beam is a good example.
Concentrated loads are forces that have such a small contact area as to be negligible
compared with the entire surface area of the supporting member. A beam supported on
a girder, for instance, might be considered, for all practical purposes, a concentrated
load on the girder. Another common classification for external forces name them axial,
eccentric, and torsion.
Eng.
An axial load is a force whose passes through the centered of a section under
consideration and is perpendicular to the plane.
An eccentric load is a force perpendicular to the plane under consideration but not
passing through the centered of the section, hence bending the supporting member.
Torsion loads are forces which are offset from the shear center of the section under
consideration and are inclined to or in the plane of the section, therefore twisting the
supporting member.
Seismic loads are forces that yield maximum stress or change in a building during an
earthquake.
Now let's discuss how these factors of safety relate to Sri Lankan statutory requirements
and how they ensure the safety of the structure.
Eng.
Eng.
TASK 02
Part 01
(a) The horizontal and vertical reactions forces at the supports.
System is in equilibrium then
↑ ∑𝑦 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 − 150 − 80 − 25 × 2 + 𝑅𝐷 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 50 + 150 + 80
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 280𝑁
Take a moment around A
5.3 × 𝑅𝐷 − 50 × 1 − 150 × 3.3 − 7.3 × 80 = 0
50 + 495 + 584
𝑅𝐷 =
5.3
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑵
∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
Eng.
𝟐≫𝒙≫𝟎
Shear force between 𝟐 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙
𝑥=0
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑥=1
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 1 = 66.98 − 25
𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑥=2
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 − 25 × 2
𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝒌𝑵
Bending moment between 𝟐 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎 (clockwise direction)

𝒙
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙.
𝟐
𝑥=0
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥=1
1
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1 = 66.98 × 1 − 25 × 1 ×
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥=2
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 × 2 − 25 × 2 ×
2
Eng.
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐
Shear force between 𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐
Shear force
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟓𝟎
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 66.98 − 50
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝒌𝑵
Bending moment between 𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐 (clockwise direction)
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝑥=2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 2 = 66.98 × 2 − 50 × 1
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥=3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 66.98 × 3 − 50(2)
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 3.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 66.98 × 3.3 − 50(2.3)
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑.𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎
Eng.
𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑
Shear force between 𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 66.98 − 200
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = −𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑵
Bending moment between 𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑 (clockwise direction)
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟑)
𝑥 = 3.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 66.98 × 3.3 − 50(2.3) − 150(0)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 221.034 − 115 − 0
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3.3 = 106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑.𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 5.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 66.98 × 5.3 − 50(4.3) − 150(2)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 354.994 − 215 − 300
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = −160.006𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
Eng.
𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑
Shear force between 𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 − 50 − 150
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 280 − 200
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 80𝑘𝑁
Bending moment between 𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑 (clockwise direction)
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 + 𝑹𝑫 (𝒙 − 𝟓. 𝟑) − 𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟑)
𝑥 = 5.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 66.98 × 5.3 + 213.02 × 0 − 50 × 4.3 − 150 × 2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.3 = 354.994 − 215 − 300 − 0
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟑 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 7.3
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = 66.98 × 7.3 + 213.02 × 2 − 50 × 6.3 − 150 × 4
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = 488.954 − 315 − 600 − 426.04
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 7.3 = −0.006
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟕.𝟑 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
Eng.
(b) Plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams showing principle values.
X value Shear force (kn) Bending moment (knm)

0 66.98 0
1 41.92 54.48
2 16.98 83.96
2 16.98 83.96
3 16.98 100.94
3.3 16.98 106
3.3 -133.02 106
5.3 -133.02 -160
5.3 80 -160
7.3 80 0
Table 01: shear force and bending moment values
Shear Force
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kN
-50
-100
-150
x value
Figure 01: Shear Force Diagram
Eng.
Eng.
(c) Now we find maximum bending moment

𝑥
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑅𝐴 𝑥 − 25𝑥. 2 We using this equation
Using deferential
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑅𝐴 − 25𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Maximum point gradient Tan 𝜃 Is 0 therefore
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
0 = 𝑅𝐴 − 25𝑥
66.98 = 25𝑥
𝑥 = 2.68𝑚
In this section maximum bending moment given at 𝑥 = 2.68𝑚. But here x is out of range.
By the way we apply x value above equation.
(25 × (2.68)2 )
𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 66.98 ×
2
𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 179.51 − 89.7
𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 89.73𝑘𝑁𝑚
We apply x value above equation we can get 89.73𝑘𝑁𝑚. But this value is not a
maximum bending moment.
Then we concern other bending moments we can get higher bending moment values
106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚. Therefore maximum bending moment is 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎.
(d) 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑀𝑏 = Maximum bending moment
𝑓𝑦 = Section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Minimum plastic modulus
Here we found minimum plastic module of this section.
Eng.
Using 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥 Equation;
Minimum plastic modulus, maximum bending moment relationship
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑊𝑏 = Maximum bending moment
𝑓𝑦 = section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Plastic modulus
106.034𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 275𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 × 𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 0.3855 × 103 𝑐𝑚3
𝑆𝑥 = 385.5𝑐𝑚3
Minimum plastic modulus is 385.5𝑐𝑚3
According to “handbook of structural steelwork eurocode edition” book we can find

393𝑐𝑚3 is minimum plastic module for this section
Now we can choose suitable universal beam for this section. Beam designation
𝟐𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟒𝟔 × 𝟑𝟏 is suitable for this beam.
Eng.
Part 02
(a) The horizontal and vertical reactions forces at the supports
System is in equilibrium then
↑ ∑𝑦 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 − 26 × 1.8 − 135 − 26 × 3.3 − 65 = 0
↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 132.6 + 200
↑ 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑫 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝑵
Take a moment around A
5.1 × 𝑅𝐷 − 26 × 5.1 × 2.55 − 135 × 1.8 − 65 × 6.9 = 0
338.13 + 243 + 448.5

𝑅𝐷 =
5.1
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝑵
∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝑵
Eng.
𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎
Shear force between 𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎

↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙
𝑥=0
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑵
𝑥 = 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝒌𝑵
Bending moment between 𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎 (clockwise direction)

𝒙
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙.
𝟐
𝑥=0
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟎 = 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 1.8
1.8
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1.8 = 130.71 × 1.8 − 26 × 1.8 ×
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
Eng.
𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖
Shear force between 𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑥 = 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 130.71𝑘𝑁 − 135 − 26 × 1.8
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = −𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑥=3
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 3 = 130.71 − 135 − 26 × 3
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = −𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑥 = 5.1
↑ 𝑆𝐹𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 − 135 − 26 × 5.1
↑ 𝑺𝑭𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝒌𝑵
Bending moment between 𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖 (clockwise direction)

𝟐𝟔𝒙 × 𝒙
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − − 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟖)
𝟐
𝑥 = 1.8
1.82
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 1.8 = 130.71 × 1.8 − 26 × −0
2
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟏.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
Eng.
𝑥=3
32
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 130.71 × 3 − 26 × − 135(3 − 1.8)
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 3 = 392.13 − 117 − 162
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 5.1
5.12
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 × 5.1 − 26 × − 135(5.1 − 1.8)
2
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 666.621 − 338.13 − 445.5
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏
Shear force between 𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏
↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴 − 26.5 × 5.1 − 135 + 𝑅𝐷

↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 332.6 − 135 − 132.6
↑ 𝑺𝑭 = 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵
Eng.
Bending moment between 𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏 (clockwise direction)
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟖) − 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓) + 𝑹𝑫 (𝒙 − 𝟓. 𝟏)
𝑥 = 5.1
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 130.71 × 5.1 − 135(5.1 − 1.8) − 132.6(5.1 − 2.55) + 0
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 5.1 = 666.621 − 445.5 − 338.13
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟓.𝟏 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑥 = 6.9
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 6.9 = 130.71 × 6.9 − 135(6.9 − 1.8) − 132.6(6.9 − 2.55) + 210.89(6.9 − 5.1)
𝐵𝑀𝑎𝑡 6.9 = 901.9 − 688.5 − 576.81 + 363.402
𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟔.𝟗 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎 ≅ 𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
X value Shear force (kn) Bending moment(knm)

0 130.71 0
1.8 83.91 193.158
1.8 -51.09 193.158
3 -82.29 113.13
5.1 -136.89 -117
6.9 65 -117
6.9 65 0
Table 02: Shear force and bending moment values
Shear Force Diagram

150
100
50
0
kN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-50
-100
-150
-200
m
Figure 03: Shear force diagram
Eng.
Eng.
C) Now we find maximum bending moment
For it we should do calculations to the given below x ranges.
The ranges are 1.8 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 5.1 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 1.8.
First we get range of 𝑥 1.8 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 0.
In this range bending moment equation is;

𝒙
𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙.
𝟐
𝑥
𝐵𝑀 = 130.71𝑥 − 26𝑥.
2
By doing differentiation;
𝑑𝑦
= 130.71 − 26𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=0
26𝑥 = 130.71
𝑥 = 5.03𝑚
In this section maximum bending moment given at 𝑥 = 5.03𝑚. But here x is out of range.
Therefore here maximum bending moment is 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎.
Now we find maximum bending moment in this range.
Then we find maximum bending moment 5.1 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 1.8 in this range.
Bending moment equation;
𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐
Y=𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − − 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟖)
𝟐
𝑦 = 130.71𝑥 − 13𝑥 2 − 135𝑥 − 243
𝑦 = −4.29𝑥 − 13𝑥 2 + 243
Using by differential
𝑑𝑦
= −4.29 − 26𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Eng.
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
26𝑥 = −4.29
𝑥 = −0.165𝑚
In this section maximum bending moment given at 𝑥 = 0.165𝑚. But here x is out of
range.
Therefore in this section maximum bending moment is 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎.
(d) 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑀𝑏 = Maximum bending moment
𝑓𝑦 = Section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Minimum plastic modulus
Here we found minimum plastic module of this section.
Using 𝑀𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥 Equation;
Minimum plastic modulus, maximum bending moment relationship
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑥
𝑊𝑏 = Maximum bending moment
𝑓𝑦 = section capacity
𝑆𝑥 = Plastic modulus
193.158𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 300𝑁/𝑚𝑚−2 × 𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 0.644 × 103 𝑐𝑚2
𝑆𝑥 = 644𝑐𝑚2
Minimum plastic module is 644𝑐𝑚3
According to “handbook of structural steelwork eurocode edition” book we can find

711𝑐𝑚3 is minimum plastic module for this section
Now we can choose suitable universal beam for this section. Beam designation
𝟑𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐𝟕 × 𝟒𝟖 is suitable for this beam.
Eng.
References
 Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures hand book
1995 edition.
 Setareh.arch.vt.edu. (2018). Types of
Loads::Fundamentals::Knowledgebase::SAFAS. [online] Available at:
https://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu/safas/007_fdmtl_05_types_of_loads_1.ht
ml [Accessed 5 Dec. 2018].
 Handbook of structural steelwork eurocode edition

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Structural Assignment 1

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BSc(Hons) in Civil Eng., Principles of Structural Design/BTEC HND in CBE-Civil 1

Dead loads include equipment, materials, constructions, or other elements of weight

Live loads include materials, occupants, equipment, constructions, or other elements of

(a) The horizontal and vertical reactions forces at the supports.

System is in equilibrium then

Take a moment around A

5.3 × 𝑅𝐷 − 50 × 1 − 150 × 3.3 − 7.3 × 80 = 0

Shear force between 𝟐 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎

Bending moment between 𝟐 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎 (clockwise direction)

𝑩𝑴𝒂𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎

Shear force between 𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐

Bending moment between 𝟑. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟐 (clockwise direction)

Shear force between 𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑

Bending moment between 𝟓. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟑. 𝟑 (clockwise direction)

Shear force between 𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑

Bending moment between 𝟕. 𝟑 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟑 (clockwise direction)

X value Shear force (kn) Bending moment (knm)

Figure 01: Shear Force Diagram

(c) Now we find maximum bending moment

Maximum point gradient Tan 𝜃 Is 0 therefore

𝐵𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 179.51 − 89.7

𝑀𝑏 = Maximum bending moment

𝑆𝑥 = Minimum plastic modulus

Here we found minimum plastic module of this section.

Minimum plastic modulus, maximum bending moment relationship

𝑊𝑏 = Maximum bending moment

𝑆𝑥 = 0.3855 × 103 𝑐𝑚3

Minimum plastic modulus is 385.5𝑐𝑚3

According to “handbook of structural steelwork eurocode edition” book we can find

(a) The horizontal and vertical reactions forces at the supports

System is in equilibrium then

↑ 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 − 26 × 1.8 − 135 − 26 × 3.3 − 65 = 0

Take a moment around A

5.1 × 𝑅𝐷 − 26 × 5.1 × 2.55 − 135 × 1.8 − 65 × 6.9 = 0

338.13 + 243 + 448.5

Shear force between 𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎

Bending moment between 𝟏. 𝟖 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟎 (clockwise direction)

Shear force between 𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖

Bending moment between 𝟓. 𝟏 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟖 (clockwise direction)

Shear force between 𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏

↑ 𝑆𝐹 = 𝑅𝐴 − 26.5 × 5.1 − 135 + 𝑅𝐷

Bending moment between 𝟔. 𝟗 ≫ 𝒙 ≫ 𝟓. 𝟏 (clockwise direction)

𝑩𝑴 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟖) − 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓) + 𝑹𝑫 (𝒙 − 𝟓. 𝟏)

X value Shear force (kn) Bending moment(knm)

Shear Force Diagram

Figure 03: Shear force diagram

C) Now we find maximum bending moment

For it we should do calculations to the given below x ranges.

The ranges are 1.8 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 5.1 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 1.8.

First we get range of 𝑥 1.8 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 0.

In this range bending moment equation is;

Maximum point gradient Tan 𝜃 Is 0 therefore

Then we find maximum bending moment 5.1 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 1.8 in this range.

Bending moment equation;

𝑦 = 130.71𝑥 − 13𝑥 2 − 135𝑥 − 243

𝑦 = −4.29𝑥 − 13𝑥 2 + 243

Maximum point gradient Tan 𝜃 Is 0 therefore

Therefore in this section maximum bending moment is 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎.

𝑀𝑏 = Maximum bending moment

𝑆𝑥 = Minimum plastic modulus

Here we found minimum plastic module of this section.

Minimum plastic modulus, maximum bending moment relationship

𝑊𝑏 = Maximum bending moment