ECO-TOURISM IN TADOBA NATIONAL PARK

By

Madhukar Wakade

Project submitted to
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
For the Program
Post Graduate Diploma in Supply Chain Management

January 2017
Mumbai, India
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER - 1 : OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 ABOUT TADOBA NATIONAL PARK ............................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER - 2 : TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT............................................................................... 8
2.0 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................ 8
2.1 IMPACTS OF TOURISM ................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER - 3 : ECO-TOURISM & SUSTAINABILITY ...................................................................................... 17
3.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 CARRYING CAPACITY .................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 How to Measure Carrying Capacity ........................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Capacity based on the Activities Inside and Outside Park ................................................ 20
3.2.2 Availability of Resources .................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Government Policies .......................................................................................................... 21
3.2.4 Economic Growth of the Country and rising Income ........................................................ 22
3.2.5 All Side Growth of National Park ....................................................................................... 22
3.2.6 Tolerance by the Local population .................................................................................... 23
3.3 SUSTAINABILITY.......................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Environmental Approach ................................................................................................... 25
3.3.2 Economical Approach ......................................................................................................... 28
3.3.3 Social Approach .................................................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER - 4 : DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM...................................................................................... 33
4.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 33
4.1 DESIGN GOALS FOR ECO-TOURISM ........................................................................................... 34
 4.1.1 Economic Goals .................................................................................................................. 34
4.1.2 Societal Goals ..................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.3 Environmental Goals .......................................................................................................... 35
4.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN ........................................................................... 35
4.2.1 Prepare the Master Plan .................................................................................................... 37
4.2.2 Environmental Design ........................................................................................................ 38
4.2.3 Retain Regional Identity ..................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER - 5 : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 40
5.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 40
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................. 41
5.2.1 Recommendations for Government Agencies .................................................................. 41
5.2.2 Recommendations for Resort Owner & Resort Designer ................................................. 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................................ 46

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr. G. P. Nirawane, Conservator of Forest (Tadoba Andhari Tiger

Reserve) for his guidance on the expectations of government agencies to develop the tourism

nearby Tadoba National Park.

I would like to thank my colleagues for their appreciation during pursuing my study in

Business Administration. It encouraged me to complete the study in definite time.

At last but not least, the deepest thank goes to my wife Prerana for her support to

continue my study; to my twin kids Karan and Arjun for their curiosity and developing the

support system for their future in the form of new business venture.

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 ABSTRACT

Sustainability and eco-tourism are the burning issues in developing countries where

tourism is a vehicle for economic growth. Generally, a life cycle approach is used for evaluating

the products. The purpose of life cycle approach is to identify the environmental footprint while

consuming the products & services and reduce the potential damage to the mother earth. For

tourism, a life cycle approach is different from typical business that manufacture the products.

A resort produces the guests' experience instead of material goods. It forms the supply chain

system which produces the guests’ service to the tourists. This supply chain system includes the

material and resources used by the resort to deliver the guest service. Upstream activities

comprises of supplies of materials, energy, water and human resources. The Downstream

activities includes the services delivered to the guests.

This project primarily focuses on the life cycle approach to deliver the guests’ service

which includes the activities starting from creating the service through carrying capacity &

consuming the service by guest. This report addresses the issue of increased tourism in National

Parks and provides the solution to implement sustainable tourism by addressing the economic,

social and environmental aspects of development.

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 CHAPTER - 1 : OVERVIEW

1.0 INTRODUCTION

By the early 2000s, Ministry of Tourism under Government of India started various

initiatives to boost the tourism in India. State governments established the separate ministry

and formed the public sector company under ministry of tourism. For example, the MTDC

(Maharashtra Tourist Development Corporate) was formed to promote the tourism in

Maharashtra. Guest houses & resorts near the national parks, tourist places, etc. have become

major form of tourism to provide the comfort to the tourists.

Due to change in demographic and social strata, the demand for hospitality product and

services has been changed over the period of time. With regard to the demographic factors, the

youngsters and retired senior citizens wanted to explore the nature and culture in different part

of the world. This increases the demand for resorts nearby natural attractions like beaches,

forests, mountains and hill stations. Resorts are not merely an accommodation for taking rest

but also attraction for visitors.

While resorts resemble the traditional starred hotels in certain aspects, they differ

markedly in their location and service offerings. Resorts are often self-contained, and the

recreation-rejuvenation opportunities that they offer are alone enough to attract visitors. Such

opportunities tend to be unique in nature since they are normally developed based on the

destination’s characteristics.
 Resorts are constructed to provide tourists glimpses of a destination’s exotic nature and

culture while at the same time promising them safety, security and comfort.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this report is to identify a new way to construct a resort near a national

parks with lesser impact on nature and wildlife. Though the Tadoba Andhari National Park has

been taken as a case study, the approach suggested by this report is applicable for providing

the guidelines to sustainable tourism in National Parks and nearby areas.

1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY

This Study Report is submitted as a project in the curriculum of Post Graduate Diploma

in Business Administration offered by the Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies

(NMIMS), Mumbai. It highlights the importance of eco-friendly resorts near the Tadoba Andhari

National Park for conserving the nature & its inhabitants.

1.3 ABOUT TADOBA NATIONAL PARK

A national park is an area which is strictly reserved for protecting the wildlife and its

biodiversity. It does not support hunting, poaching, grazing and agriculture cultivation.

According to the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, the state government can declare this area as a

National Park on the basis of ecological, faunal, floral, geo-morphological, zoological

association, importance for the purpose of protection & propagating or developing wildlife

therein or its environment by notification. The list of National Parks in India is given below:

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Uttarakhand Madhya Pradesh
Gangotri National Park Bandhavgarh National Park
Govind Wildlife Sanctuary Kanha National Park
Jim Corbett National Park Madhav National Park
Nanda Devi National Park* Mandla Fossils National Park
Rajaji National Park Van Vihar National Park
Valley of Flowers National Panna National Park
Park Pench National Park
Sanjay National Park
Satpura National Park
Punjab Bihar
Harike Wetland Valmiki National Park
Gujarat Karnataka
Blackbuck National Park Bandipur National Park
Gir Forest National Park Bannerghatta National Park
Marine Gulf of Kutch Park Kudremukh National Park
Vansda National Park Nagarhole National Park
Jammu and Kashmir Rajasthan
Dachigam National Park Darrah National Park
Hemis National Park Desert National Park
Kishtwar National Park Keoladeo National Park*
Salim Ali National Park Mount Abu Wildlife
Sanctuary
Ranthambore National Park
Sariska Tiger Reserve
Himachal Pradesh Kerala
Great Himalayan National Eravikulam National Park
Park* Mathikettan National Park
Pin Valley National Park Periyar National Park
Inderkilla National Park Silent Valley National Park
Khirganga National Park Anamudi Shola National Park
Simbalbara National Park Pambadum Shola National
Park
Odisha Haryana
Nandankanan Zoological Park Kalesar National Park
Simlipal National Park Sultanpur National Park
Bhitarkanika National Park
West Bengal Telangana
Sundarbans National Park* Kasu Reddy National Park
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Andaman and NicobarIslands
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
Campbell Bay National Park
Galathea National Park
Mahatma National Park
Middle Button National Park
Mount Harriet National Park
North Button National Park
South Button National Park
Rani Jhansi National Park
Saddle Peak National Park
Uttar Pradesh
Dudhwa National Park
Maharashtra
Chandoli National Park
Negaon National Park
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Tadoba National Park
Gugamal National Park
Assam
Dibru-Saikhowa National
Park
Kaziranga National Park*
Manas National Park*
Orang National Park
Nameri National Park
Tamil Nadu
Guindy National Park
Gulf of Mannar National Park
Indira Sanctuary
Mudumalai National Park
Mukurthi National Park
Palani Hills National Park
Chhattisgarh
Indravati National Park
Kanger Ghati National Park
Andhra Pradesh
Papikonda National Park
 Buxa Tiger Reserve Vanasthali National Park Sri Venkateswara Park
Gorumara National Park Mrugavani National Park Rajiv Gandhi National Park
Jaldapara National Park
Neora Valley National Park
Singalila National Park

Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Manipur

Mouling National Park
Namdapha National Park
Sikkim
Khangchendzonga Park
Goa
Mollem National Park
* UNESCO World Heritage Site
Murlen National Park Keibul Lamjao National Park
Blue Mountain National Park Sirohi National Park
Meghalaya Nagaland
Balphakram National Park Ntangki National Park
Nokrek National Park*
Jharkhand
Betla National Park
Hazaribagh National Park

Tadoba National Park, situated in Chandrapur District of Eastern Maharshtra, was

declared a national park on 9th April 1955 to give protection to the wildlife. It comprises of

Tadoba National Park created in 1955 with an area of 116.55 square KM and Andhari Sanctuary

created in 1986 with and area of 508 square kilometers. The Tadoba Andhari Reserve is the

largest and oldest national park in Maharashtra.

In order to promote the tourism it was opened for the visitors to provide pleasure to

naturists and animal lovers. A three hour drive from Nagpur International Airport to Tadoba

National Park passes through the magnificant beauty of the dense jungle around Tadoba forest.

The park has six entrances into the park.

The park has six gates for entries. Pangli Gate is at East side covering the Kolsa Range.

Mohurli and Khutwanda Gate is at West side. There are two gates namely Navegaon & Kolasa

at north that covers the Chimur Hills and Zari Gate at South covering the Kolsa Range.

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[Source: Google Map, 2016]

The total area of the reserve is 625.82 square kilometers under core zone. Buffer Areas

of Tadoba Tiger Reserve are notified vide Govt. of Maharashtra notification no. WLP

009/C.No.229/F-1 dated 5/5/2010. The total buffer area is now 1101.77 Sq.km (Forest Area

700.28 + Non Forest 401.49 SqKM). Densely forested hills inhabit more than 45 tigers and many

wild animals in the reserve.

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[Source : http://www.mahatadobatiger.com/ ]

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 When the India Post issued a set of two postal stamp on Tadoba Andhari National Park

on 29th July 2016, World Tiger day. It caught the attention of many tourist all over the world.

The stamps depict beautiful pictures of tigers.

[Source: Indian Postal Service, 2016]

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 CHAPTER - 2 : TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT

2.0 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world. In India, tourism industry is the 2nd

largest service industry after Information Technology. Since the last decade, tourism industry

was growing at a faster pace and it became one of the major sectors of the economy

contributing to GDP and employment opportunities. Today, young people have more earning

capacity. They are opting for early retirement.

Internet and Information Technology has made access to the information easily

available on computers & smartphones. Tourism industry is the most benefited from this new

technology. The easy search and access to the information on tourist destination on Internet,

travel planning & booking, advances in transportation & aviation industry contribute to the

increased demand for tourism.

Now-a-days, tourism, wildlife and recreation is part of the modern lifestyle for both

individuals and families. Middle class families can afford to spend time on visiting different

places of their interest. Young couples can also explore new places for understanding different

cultures history, excitement, thrill and relaxation. In fact, travel and tourism have become a

basic human need.

Tourism industry is interrelated to other industries and ecosystems like real estate,

developers, hotel & resorts, transporters, tour operators, travel agents, entertainment facility

operators, souvenir suppliers and the labor force working in these areas. Policy makers should

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consider the supply & demand factor of tourism, economic growth, sustainable development

and sustainable environment, etc. The demand side provides recreational activities,

unrestricted entries in forests for trek and trail. The supply side includes transportation,

accommodation, restaurants, shops, banks and money exchange, medical care, public safety,

water supply, electric power, telecommunication, drainage & sewage and solid waste disposal

systems.

However, there are positive as well as negative impacts of tourism in the country. The

following section provides the details on impact of tourism.

2.1 IMPACTS OF TOURISM

Travelers commonly visit national parks for getting a break from day-to-day's routine

and exploring natural scenery. While tourists enjoy to see the natural environment, they cause

the degradation of these parks and natural beauty. Tourists can harm the environment in many

ways unknowingly. They may not be aware what impact they are posing on nature and wildlife.

Activities like fishing, playing games & music, trampling vegetation, vehicle traffic,

(honking and air pollution), waste & garbage produced by nearby resorts, etc. are affecting the

wildlife as well as the environment. Growing number of visitors day-by-day make the situation

more serious than ever before. National parks and animal sanctuaries all over the world face

these issues thus becoming a global problem. These issues have been brought to the attention

of the public in order to save and maintain these areas from further damage. Government

organizations and NGOs are working together to address these issues and are looking for ways

to try to minimize their effects. Developed countries like USA, Canada and European countries

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are trying to balance tourism and economic growth by formulating strict policies and standards

at national level; however, very less work has been done in India.

This chapter highlights this country’s serious problem by focusing on analyzing the effect

of tourism on one of the national parks in Maharashtra named Tadoba Andheri National Park.

This study will bring attention to the problem on a smaller scale and from there the big picture

can be inferred.

Travellers want to spend time in natural attractions and peaceful locations. However the

growing number of visitors pose the serious problem in nearby areas and wildlife. All tourists do

not cooperate or follow the instructions given in the parts or resort location. They come for

enjoyment and contribute to the issues related to the environment, vegetation and wildlife.

The good news is that such tourists do not spend much time with nature and they have a

tendency to derive the transitory joy for a day or two and leave the place. On the other hand

there are a good amount of tourists who want to connect with nature. They have deep

knowledge of the environment and take extra precaution by trying not to disturb the wildlife

and derive the enjoyment from the natural beauty and peaceful environment.

Even though some tourists are more conscious about their actions in the park and

resorts, most of the tourists have some degree of negative impact on the environment and

wildlife. Tourism adds to the depletion of resources and provoke changes in the ecosystems.

Cars, safaris and private vehicles are the biggest threats to these areas. They cause air pollution

and natural disturbances. The drainage waste in resort contribute to water pollution in the

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surrounding areas. Wildlife also suffers greatly from tourists and the Safari service provided by

the Park Administration.

Closing the park or restricting the entries in the National Park is not the solution for the

problem. There should be a balance between the development of economy through tourism

and protection of local culture, wildlife and environment. Several park visitors said that

environmental groups must remember that the national parks are meant to be seen and

experience the nature, absorb the thrill through the glimpse of wild animals. The following text

provides the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in National Park in response to social,

economic and environmental sustainability goals.

Tourism plays a major role in economy. It contributes to the foreign exchange,

government revenue, improved living standard, job opportunities, etc. It is quite possible to

create a negative impact in another area like increased labor cost, unavailability of laborers for

agriculture work, etc. The following table highlights the positive and negatives economic

impacts of tourism. The economic impacts outlined below need to be consider in designing and

planning the resort with sustainability model presented this project.

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 Positive Economic Impact Negative Economic Impact
 Increased foreign exchange  Increase in land prices

 Investment and money flow  Inflated labor cost

 Job opportunities  Increased burden on public facilities and

 Improved family income more taxation for maintenance

 Enhanced government revenue  Loss of economic benefits, if the

 Increased funding to conserve and opportunities are not given to local

maintain the parks population

 Encouragement of entrepreneurial  Economic distortion due to concentration

activity of tourism only in few area of the country

 Improved infrastructure including road,

public transport services that local

residents can also utilize

The social impact of tourism can assist the host community to feel they are part of

global community. People share the culture and respect the opinions and lifestyles of others. It

helps to build trust between different cultures, religions and different countries. On the other

hand it may result in social disorder and crimes. The following table highlights the positive and

negatives social impacts of tourism. The social impacts outlined below need to be considered

for designing and planning the resort with sustainable model presented in this project.

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 Positive Economic Impact Negative Economic Impact
 Local population awareness to protect  Over commercialization and loss of

the resources authenticity of traditional customs, arts

 Improved cross-cultural exchanges and crafts to suit tourists demands

between tourists and local population  Increased misunderstandings due to

 Gaining mutual understanding and language barriers and value systems

respect  Problems of drugs, crime and prostitution

 Acceptance of each other

The cultural impact of tourism can be seen in language, religion, food, festival, art, etc.

The local culture gets modified due to adopting some characteristics from other cultures. The

following table highlights the positive and negatives social impacts of tourism. The cultural

impacts outlined below need to be considered in designing and planning the resort with

sustainability model presented this project.

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 Positive Cultural Impact Negative Cultural Impact
 Increasing the demand for traditional  Pressure on local religious places due to

crafts increased number of visitors

 Increased demand for traditional drama,  Changes in the vocabulary of local

music and dance languages

 Promotion of traditional festivals and  Decline in traditional practices

other cultural and artistic events  Changes in family structures and values

 Promotion local food  Adoption of servile attitudes towards

 Promote the local culture & Art tourists

 Increase in crimes

 Increased misunderstandings due to

cultural differences

 Change in local culture e.g. young people

may begin to imitate the behavior, dress

and lifestyle patterns of tourists

The environmental impacts of tourism on National Parks are mainly due to two activity.

First, the activities & associated development for providing the accommodation to the tourists

and second, the transportation & travel. The following table highlights the positive and

negatives environmental impacts of tourism. The environmental impacts outlined below need

to be consider in designing and planning the resort with sustainability model presented this

project.

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 Positive Environmental Impact Negative Environmental Impact
 Generation of additional revenues for  Loss of natural landscape

improvement of community facilities and  Destruction of flora and fauna

services  Overloading of tourist amenities and

 Maintaining usage of natural resources infrastructure

 Landscape & Beautification  Loss of habitat areas and forest land due

 Exposure to new technology in renewal to urban development

of energy  Increased quantities of waste water

 Revival of historic and cultural heritage  Damage to the agriculture land nearby

 Restoration of heritage buildings the national park

 Disturbance of wildlife habitats

 Air pollution and noise pollution in the

park due to vehicular traffic.

The resorts are built to provide accommodation, enjoyment, and relaxation to the visitors.

The number of resorts near to the national park depends on the number of visitors allowed to

enter inside the park, natural resources and quality of environment to be maintained. The park

maintaining authority has to ascertain the appropriate level of usage of natural resources,

minimal level of damage to the environment and see the sustainability of environment. The

design of resort should be tied to sustainable development in respect of the environment, job

opportunities, conservation of forest, ecological development of the area, etc.

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 The design and planning of resorts mainly focuses on the determination of building

densities, heights, spacing, landscaping, sanitation & drainage, recycling the waste,

preservation of local culture, integration with surrounding nature, etc. Such approach is

broader perspective of design and planning to address the sustainable development. The site

identified as suitable for resort development becomes commercial property. The resort design

blueprint should have clarity on usage of natural resources over the period of time,

measurement of impact on environment and measures to be taken to protect the environment.

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 CHAPTER - 3 : ECO-TOURISM & SUSTAINABILITY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Eco-Tourism is defined as the development activities that is environmentally friendly in

terms of reduced consumption of non-renewable resources and also incorporate the local

ecology and culture into it. The local community are main stakeholders in the overall economic

development of the area. In order to achieve sustainable growth in tourism sector, the eco-

tourism is utmost important. It is important to understand the carrying capacity & sustainability

in the context of eco-tourism and how are sustainable actions implemented in the design and

planning of resorts near the National parks. This chapter covers the sustainability approaches

and linkage between sustainability and carrying capacity.

The economic, social, and environmental approaches that contribute to the protection

of the environment and conservation of resources are deciding factors for development of

sustainable tourism. The sustainable tourism can be developed using the concepts of product

lifecycle, ecotourism and carrying capacity.

3.1 CARRYING CAPACITY

Last six decades the world population witnessed the exponential rise in the population

growth. In 1970, there were roughly half as many people in the world as there are now. There is

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always limits to the natural resources. Exploding populations reached a size limit imposed by

limited natural resource like water and space.

[Source: Worldometer, 2016]

It started affecting the environment like extreme temperature, shortage of rainfall and

disease originated by new organism. The volume of tourism is directly promotional to the

population growth. The carrying capacity is the maximum number of population that the

particular area's resources can sustain without significantly depleting or degrading those

resources. As population grows the number of tourists are going to grow. In the context of

National Parks, the carrying capacity would be the capacity of the number of tourist that can

visit and enjoy the wildlife without affecting the wildlife, surrounding environment, culture and

social environment. It also interpreted as the maximum number of visitors can be

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accommodated to provide the service in acceptable level so the tourist gets the satisfaction by

spending the time and money by visiting the tourist place.

The problems related to tourism are originated from the increase in the number of

tourists and available capacity of the tourist locations. The most alarming problems are

degradation of the service offered by the ecosystem partners operating in tourist industry,

adverse effect on environment, negative effect on wildlife, erosion of beaches, pollution, etc.

The recreation and entertainment activities alters the local culture and social fabric as a result

of excess demands from overpopulated tourist locations.

In National Parks, the carrying capacity is the threshold limit for number of vehicle

movement in a particular time of the day for getting the glimpses of wildlife without altering

the behaviors of the wildlife. There is the actual physical boundary of National Park wherein

the wildlife is visited. The Park area can be divided based on the zones so that the number of

vehicles and tourists in one particular zone can be limited to acceptable level and the number

of tourists can be distributed evenly in the Park. Tadoba National Park is divided into three

zones, each having separate gates to enter into the park:

1) Mohurli Zone: The Mohurli Zone covers the West and South area of the Park. It is

accessible from the Mohurli Gate. This is the only gate available for tourists to enter into the

park. As the park started attracting more tourists, the number of tourists entering the Mohurli

Zone increased. The part administration developed the other East and North area of the park

and created separate gates to enter into the Park.

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 2) Tadoba Zone: The Tadoba Zone covers the North area of the Park. It is accessible

from three gates: Navegaon, Kolasa and Khutwanda. These gates are opened for tourists to

lessen the burden on the Mohurli Gate.

3) Kolsa Zone: The Kolsa Zone covers the West part of the Park. It is accessible from two

gates: Pangli and Zari. Since these gate are newly opened, the number of tourist are relatively

less. The number of entries for tourist vehicle are given below:

Name of Gate No. of Vehicles

Mohurli 44
Kolara 24
Navegaon 10
Khutwanda 6
Zari 4
Pangli 4
[Source: https://nationalpark.mahaonline.gov.in/User/Availability.aspx, Nov, 2016)

3.2 How to Measure Carrying Capacity

The carrying capacity determines the threshold of the park to absorb the number of

visitors beyond which further growth and development cannot occur. The Park Administration

should have established policy to determine the permissible carrying capacity. The following

criteria can be considered to establish the policies for measuring carrying capacity limits:

3.2.1 Capacity based on the Activities Inside and Outside Park

The tourism activities inside the Tadoba National Park are limited to the Jungle Safari.

Other activities like trekking & hiking, camping, picnicking, cycling, paddling, fishing or climbing,

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etc. are not allowed. So the carrying capacity can easily be measured and projected for future

growth. The outside recreation and entertainment activities also can be considered to measure

the overall carrying capacity of the park. The park administration may not consider the outside

activities for measuring carrying capacity for their calculation. However, the resort owners can

consider both inside and outside activities for measuring overall carrying capacity. It is used for

planning tourism development of the National Park that is environmentally and culturally

sustainable.

3.2.2 Availability of Resources

The assessment on the existing resources like number of rooms available on each entry

gate, clean water, recreation activities offered by the resorts, available land for development,

locally available skillset & manpower, locally available agriculture products like fruits and

vegetables, cultural heritage, etc. are considered for measuring the carrying capacity and

development planning.

3.2.3 Government Policies

The Central Government and State Government policies determine the carrying capacity

of the National Park. The absence of appropriate policies cause the confusion in measuring the

carrying capacity. The adequate expertise and capable manpower is required to formulate the

policies which may not be available during the development planning. Transparency in

following the existing policies help to get the opinion of environmental pressure groups for

short term development planning. Park Administration can publish the data on the Park’s Web

Page in order to maintain the transparency.

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3.2.4 Economic Growth of the Country and rising Income

The carrying capacity can be measured in line with the economic growth of the

economy and rising household income. If the development plan caters the increasing the

capacity of the resources & infrastructure, the carrying capacity also can be modified in upward

direction. It is the fact that the economic growth influence all other variables as long as the

impact is at tolerable level. For example, if the number of tourist entries reached the threshold,

access to the buffer zone can be developed by developing the roads for Safari vehicles.

3.2.5 All Side Growth of National Park

Till the last four to five years, only the MTDC’s (Maharashtra Tourism Development

Corporation) government-owned guest house was available for the tourists inside the National

Park. After shifting the MTDC’s guest house outside the National Park, there are plenty of

resorts and tourist facilities like resorts, home-stay, local panchayat's guest hours, etc. are

available near Mohurli, Navegaon and Kolasa Gate. The percentage of total number of vehicle

entries for Mohurli and Tadoba Zone is around 91% as compare to 8.7 % at Kolsa zone. The

local population on East and South adjacent to Kolsa Zone may have similar preference in the

future. The percentage of total vehicle in each zone is shown in the following table:

Name of Gate No. of Vehicles Name of Zone Total % of all Zones

Mohurli 44 Mohurli 47.82 %
Kolasa 24 Tadoba 43.48 %
Navegaon 10
Khutwanda 6
Zari 4 Kolsa 8.7 %
Pangli 4

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 After closing the MTDC guest house situated inside the park, the momentum of growth

of the park started in faster pace. The close proximity of Mohurli gate to district town

Chandgrapur had added advantage of infrastructure. The underdeveloped area like Pangdi and

Zari lack the infrastructure like road network, public transportation, human resources,

accommodation facilities like resorts & homestays, etc. Therefore these gates have less number

of entries for the tourist vehicles. The MTDC has started the construction work for building

government-owned guest house in Pangdi Gate.

3.2.6 Tolerance by the Local population

The local population is the main stakeholders of National Parks. Their preferences and

interests can dictate the amounts of growth of tourism. If the local population is affected by the

tourism, they will resist the development. In 2000, development work was stop in the six

villages: Botezari, Kolsa, Jamni, Rantalodhi, Palasgaon and Navegaon inside the Tadoba

National Park. The villagers are asked to move to the rehabilitation area in order to reduce

human movement and minimize disturbance to wildlife. They are impacted due to the

development of tourism in the National Park. Since their issues are not getting addressed, the

all villagers have not moved to rehabilitation area. It hampered the development of Tadoba

National Park and the carrying capacity of the park.

The local population alongside of the park depends on the production like Bamboo,

Mahua, Tedu, Tatawa/bore, etc. The Park Administration has blocked the entrance of the park

23
for collecting these forest products. Unless they get an alternate source of income, the support

from local population for park development cannot be expected.

3.3 SUSTAINABILITY

While tourism provide great opportunity to the growth of the economy and

development of infrastructure, it impacts the social and nature structure of an environment. In

many situation, negative impact on environment outweighs the positive economic outcome.

The economic benefits should be utilized to mitigate the negative impact on social structure

and environment. Resort development near National Parks are opposed on environmental

ground. In order to address the environmental issues arising from resort development, the

design and planning of the resort should be tied to sustainable development and measures to

minimize the impact on wildlife. It is worth noting to quote the mission of National Park Service

of US government which was started in 1916.

“To conserve the scenery, the natural, historic objects, the world life therein, to provide for the

enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the

enjoyment of future generations.”

A sustainable tourism consist of long term integrated system to develop healthy society

without altering the social structure and environment. Generally environmentalist relates the

environmental issues with the ecology. To sociologists, sustainability means preservation of the

local cultural, traditions, social values and community identity with better host/guest

relationships. For economists, by contrast, sustainability represents the opportunity to reduce

costs and increase profit margins. In resort design and planning, it is essential to understand

24
how these factors are related to each other. This chapter addresses the sustainability in tourism

by jointly addressing environmental, economic and social issues. This approach are then linked

to the carrying capacity. Sustainability is a goal, eco-tourism is an activity related to tourism and

carrying capacity is the measuring tool for assessing the result. They are all complementary to

each other for establishing the process, policies and practice in tourism sector for adjusting the

activity to achieve the goal.

3.3.1 Environmental Approach

Last two decades, there is growing concern about the environment degradation. The

main factors responsible for impacting the environment are pollution and excessive use of

natural resources resulting in resource depletion. This may reduce the development in tourism

near the National Parks and coastal beaches. The sustainable tourism is the answer for

resolving the conflict caused tourism in such areas. The following actions can be taken to

achieve sustainable tourism goals:

 Educate the tourists about environment and how they can contribute to eco-tourism

 Protect the wildlife

 Maintain the peaceful and noise-free environment in the resorts so that the recreation

activities will not disturb the animals

 Provide the alternatives to save the environment. For example, washing the linen every

alternate day instead of daily, less use of electricity, etc.

 Giving local community a sense of pride on resort's contribution in saving natural resources.

 Environmental audit in the resort on a yearly basis

25
 Making water efficient, energy efficiency and material efficiency in the design

 Incorporate the sustainable development concepts into the initial planning stage of the

resort

Resort planning involves integrated planning to cover environmental, social and economic

factors. The design blueprint are created to address the specific area as a specific tourist

destination. The resort development plan need to be created in consultation with a host

community and stakeholders. It will avoid further complications in respect of addressing the

issues of various interest group like environmental groups, government agencies, etc.

The economic cost and benefits of tourism in a National Park is determined by the tourism

activities, number of tourists and the amount of land used or exposed to tourists. In Tadoba

National Park, the buffer area of 1101.77 Sq.km has been added in the reserve area of 625.82

square Km. The National Park area nearly increased by almost three times. It will help to

expand the park and accommodate more tourists. Though the inside activity inside the National

Park is restricted to Jungle Safari, the other recreational activities outside the National Park can

be initiated by the resort owners and Park Administration. The activities like bird watching,

paddling & boating in nearby lake, agri-tourism, trekking, etc.

The Tadoba Park administration has developed a strategy for sustainable tourism by

developing the park alongside villages, for example, Mohurli village was adopted by District

administration as a Dattak village (i.e. adopted village) for developing road, sanitation and

potable water. Such policies are aimed at increasing local participation to encourage the local

to protect their neighboring tourism site.

26
Reducing Pollution

The resort should have the ‘Reduce, Re-use, Recycle’ policy in regards to waste

management to reduce consumption of packaged or single use items, re-use items as much as

possible and recycle any recyclable waste/materials.

The resort should create as little negative impact on environment as possible by recycling

the waste, reduce the use of chemicals, reduce the use of energy & electricity, soil

contamination and performing the environment audit at regular interval. All wastewater must

be treated and reuse for landscaped gardens. However this water should not be used for

vegetable forming.

Generally treated water should not be stored for longer duration and it should be used as

irrigation and natural fertilizer. The consumption of single use items should be recycled to

minimizing the waste. The following day-to-day’s activities can reduce the substantial amount

of waste in the resort:

 Use of fresh produce instead of readymade or packaged food

 Preparing meals that contain a high percentage of fresh produce

 Use multi-use plastic containers for food storage instead of aluminum foil or

disposable containers,

 recycling aluminum cans, glass, cartons, paper and cardboard

 Giving leftover food to domestic animals or cattle

Water Consumption

27
 Substantial amount of water is required for bathing, washing, cleaning and gardening. Since

the location of the resort will be away from the township area, the water will not be always

available from Municipal Corporation in the resort. The daily demands of water is fulfilled by

extracting ground water. This leads to depletion of ground water. The resort should have strong

commitment from all employees in relation to use of water and water conservation. The

rainwater harvesting tanks should be built for storing the rainwater. It will help

The regular training should be given to employees for reminding the importance of water

conservation and guest should be made aware of water conservation by displaying the tricks &

techniques of water saving in the bathroom.

The following water saving techniques should be implemented in the resort:

 Dual flush toilets

 Dry sweeping

 Washing linen/towels, when necessary

 Use of bucket for bathing instead of shower

 Drip irrigation to plants and landscape garden

3.3.2 Economical Approach

In order to achieve sustainable development in the tourism industry, we must take

holistic approach towards the sustainability. In the context of economy, the sustainability can

be expressed in lifecycle of the service provided by tourism industry. The life cycle approach is

applicable for produces manufactured in the factory as well as the service industry. Tourism is

service industry and the life cycle approach is equally applicable for resort. The purpose of life

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cycle approach is to identify the environmental footprint from manufacturing of the products &

services to the consumption of it by the end user. Resort work with their suppliers, guest,

government agencies and Park administrators. It forms the supply chain system which

ultimately offers the guest service and satisfaction. The resort need to take the life cycle

approach to integrate all ecosystem partners to improve the sustainability performance

throughout the life cycle of the product delivered to the guests.

The life cycle comprises of the design & development of facilities in the resort and

control over operations & maintenance of the resort activities. Resort owners are directly

responsible for ensuring the policies and procedure are followed to reduce the impact on the

environment during life cycle of the services.

Eco-tourism supports both the conservation and economic development, however both

have positive and negative effect on each other. Every country is promoting the tourism and it

is seen as a vehicle for economic growth. The natural resources like sea, forest, wildlife, etc.

become a saleable commodity through tourism development. Though tourism has the potential

to grow the economy, it causes an impact on the environment.

National Parks attract a large number of tourists. Tourists come into National Parks and

many have no regard to the wildlife. Some tourists go to these parks to connect to the nature

and enjoy the scenery, but many people cause harm to the nature. Some problems faced by

tourism includes the lack of knowledge, ignorance, lack of ability, lack of realization,

appreciation and lack of agreement.

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 The economic growth on the expense of environment cannot be done. The

development of ecotourism provides an opportunities to look into tourism in the

environmental perspective. The ecotourism becomes very important to formulate the policies

for economic growth and development of the country. The natural beauty and attractions in

developing country like in India are yet to be explored by remaining parts of the world. These

countries may overlook the sustainability due to the internal pressure to generate the jobs and

develop the economy. The government and private organizations in tourism sector need to see

the development of tourism to save the nature and promote the human welfare.

The ecotourism in terms of revenue & protection of environment has caught the

attention of many philanthropists. While developing the ecotourism, the interest of the local

population need to be looked into. They get employment like cleaning, tour guide, porters, food

vendors, driving the vehicle, etc. Ultimately they should be benefited from the development of

tourism near to their places. Though the ecotourism has cost involved to support the

sustainability, it helped local people and conservation of the environment.

The resorts are not fully functional during off-season and they may lay off the jobs.

Ecotourism should address these issues related to the operations cost of the resorts and make

resorts pay the minimum wages applicable as per the government norms or create the new job

opportunities in the resorts like forming and flowerculture to generate the revenue during off-

season.

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3.3.3 Social Approach

The eco-tourism focuses on the conservation of environment as well as the

improvement of social life and promoting the local traditions. Tourist choose remote

destinations with intention of exploring nature. The resorts nearby National Parks should

encourage the local traditions that encourage the social interactions between guest and the

local community to exchange their experience and knowledge. Influxes of tourists bring diverse

values to the community and influence behaviors of local people. The local people may adopt

the tourist’s behaviors that may bring positive change in the social life like improved

understanding between each other. Interactions between local population and tourists can

provide opportunities to exchange the ideas about the culture. The negative side of interaction

may cause the safety problems and theft and crime. The social and cultural impact of tourism

may alter the social strata of the community. The traditions may be altered or may be lost.

Tourism gives opportunities to local people to meet the new people, make friendships,

learn about their culture and value and expose themselves to new perspectives. Since the

tourism opens the job opportunities, there will be new sources of income and it helps to

improve the quality of life.

While developing the tourism in natural places like National Parks, coastal areas, etc., it

is responsibility of the administration and resort owners to protect the people's human rights.

The local population has a right to benefit from the tourism. The government should develop

the policies aimed at the more participation of local population. The development of tourist

facility may demand to alter the local culture in order to fulfil the requirements of tourist like

31
language, food, habits, etc. It may affect the local traditional culture practices overs the

centuries and generation to generation.

As part of tourism development, the resort operator can include the local cultural

activities in their entertaining program to renew the old traditions, culture and heritage.

The resorts can generate the demand for historical and cultural exhibits. The local people can

get opportunities to demonstrate the old traditions and cultural activities like folks, arts, dance

& play, etc. By learning about local, tourists can share their experience & understanding to

their friends & families. It helps to increase in number of tourist to visit such places.

In order to sustain in the overgrowing pressure from the environmentalist and people

awareness on detoriating nature, the tourism need to take interest of the local community and

make them partner in process of development. The facilities, activities and resorts need to be

developed by addressing the long term impact of tourism on local culture and structure of the

society. The sustainability of the tourism will be depending on how both tourism and local

community gets integrated for mutual benefits and environment saving.

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 CHAPTER - 4 : DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM

4.0 INTRODUCTION

The resort planning always depends on the tourist’s destination. The tourism

development in coastal area is different than the development of National Parks. Though the

nature and conservation of environment is the main criteria of planning the accommodation

and resorts for the tourists, the economic and social factors are equally important. It requires

integrated planning which includes the transportation, accommodation, visitor activities and

services required for the tourist and resort staff.

In Tadoba National Park, the tourist services were provided by the forest department

and MTDC. In order to develop tourism and contribute to the economic growth, stste

government encourages private participation to provide accommodation, entertainment

activities and logistics service to coordinate the tours. The resort planning is tourism

development activity done in advance to offer an opportunity for eco-tourism. The local

community and stakeholders should be consulted during planning phase of resort. The activities

can be planned to avoid anticipated opposition from pressure groups and NGOs for

development of the tourism.

Resorts are usually built closer to National Parks touching to the rural area. It requires

integrated planning which involves the environment & social aspect, wild life and rural

economy. The main attraction of resort for tourists is the nature and wildlife, however the

33
resource itself and its facilities can attract more tourists. The planning of resorts includes the

development of such recreation facilities and rural attractions.

4.1 DESIGN GOALS FOR ECO-TOURISM

The goal of eco-tourism is to develop the physical man-made structure like resorts,

roads & transport, etc. should be designed, constructed and operated in such a way that it will

have minimum negative impact on natural and cultural resource. Tourism development should

be balanced with the conservation of natural and cultural resources. The environmental,

economic and social goal of sustainable tourism can be achieved through the awareness of the

environment. While developing the tourism, little acceptable level of environment change

should be compensated by developing the long term strategy to minimize the impact on

environment and social culture. The sustainability goal in terms of environmental health of the

region, social structure and economic gain is discussed in more detail below:

4.1.1 Economic Goals

The economic goals includes the productivity, employment, eradication of poverty,

efficient use of natural resources and access to basic services. A sustainable economy should

involve the economic gain to local people and sufficient fund to Park administration to carry out

sustainable development of the Park. The economic policies should be economically feasible to

encourage resort owner to use sustainable practices without much financial burden and

maximize the economic benefits of natural and cultural resources. The resort facilities and

resources ae limited. If more guests are accommodated, it will affect the quality of the service

to the guest. The economic growth should target to optimize the number of guests during peak-

34
season and off-peak season so that it will not affect the resort facilities, environment, and

natural habitat inside the National Park.

4.1.2 Societal Goals

The societal goals includes the health, education, social welfare of the community,

equality, improvement of quality of life, promote community pride, promote local art, culture,

& traditions strengthen the community identity, protection of their land and preservation of

their resource.

4.1.3 Environmental Goals

Environmental goals includes the conservation of natural resources, less use of energy,

protection of wildlife, promote biological diversity, removal of source of air & noise pollution

and recycling & minimizing the waste. These sustainability goals intend to minimize the use of

natural resources for the benefits of the future generation and protection to the natural

scenery.

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

While choosing the holiday destination, vacationers are more interested in the

amenities and activities provided by the resort. The main purpose of tourist visiting National

Park is to get closer to the nature and experience the scenic beauty of the land. Guests expect

much more from resorts when they are on vacation. Amenities are extra products or services

found in the resort such as food, WiFi, beverages, airport pick-up, cultural events, local artist’s

performance, etc.

35
 Resorts near to National Park attracts more tourists during summer season. The wild

animal are more visible near to lake and water reservoir during summer season. Resorts often

grow around a seasonal attraction such as beach or snow. Resorts should be planned to offer

year-round attractions, in order to attract the tourists during low season. There can be

recreation amenities which can be offered by resorts for entertaining the guests round the

clock. The purpose of providing the recreation activities is to provide unique leisure experience,

emphasize a local culture and expecting future business or mouth publicity by the guests.

The resort should consume the local agriculture produce instead of ordering from

outside like imported fruits. It give encouragement to local formers to supply fresh produce.

The resort should produce the agriculture product inside the resort property to get fresh

vegetables and fruits for the guests.

Generally resort consist of natural resources and architectural facilities. The resort

provides accommodation and comfort when person is on vacation. In order to provide the long

lasting experience to the guests, resort should be equipped with many facilities to meet the

guests’ requirements. It should provide the entertainment and sport activities to make guests

satisfied during their stay in the resort. While providing the facilities to the guests, resort should

also follow the principles of eco-tourism. The development of a resorts should accord with the

State Government and Central Government policies. The National Parks in India come under

Ministry of Environment and Forest whereas the tourism comes under Ministry of Tourism.

These two ministries may have different priorities, however the resort should accord with the

policies laid down by both Ministries.

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4.2.1 Prepare the Master Plan

The design of resort is determined by its houses and open area for landscaping. The

following points should be considered in master plan of the resort:

 The front side of the house in resort should be facing towards the natural landscape.

 The natural landscape and scenery should not be destroyed or impacted during

construction of the hours and facilities

 The planning of the house clusters should provide privacy to the guests. The open area in

front of house should provide natural scenery or garden landscape.

 The resort planning should be done in order to formulate proper protection to the nearby

agriculture, forest and wildlife.

 The site for resort should be in a quiet place and there should be minimum vehicular traffic.

The site near to highway will have the higher level of noise and air pollution.

 The same facade and same structure for all houses in the resort should be avoided. The

different structure for the houses will provide unique experience to the guest at each visit.

 There should be sufficient space between two houses and density of the houses should be

in proportionate to the total area of the site. An overcrowded resort will fail to give privacy

to their guests.

 The conceptual design of resort should be verified using the computer graphics and

illustrations. It will help the master plan sectioning authority to approve the plan.

 Prepare the blue prints for site plan, drainage, gardening, lighting, water supply, building

structure and civil engineering requirements.

37
 Collect and prepare all required documents requested by authority to secure the permit to

run the resort. The document includes No Objection Certificates (NOC) from local

authorities, landscape design, construction plan, site plan for managing drainage and waste

water management

4.2.2 Environmental Design

Environmentally sensitive design covers the full gamut of ecosystem by linking the

natural resources to the man-made infrastructure like transportation, roads, resorts, etc. for

conservation of the environment. The following points should be considered in environmental

design:

 The sustainability and eco-tourism should be main focus of all development work in the

resort.

 The development of resort should be able to meet the LEED (Leadership in Environment and

Energy Design) standards. The architecture design and landscaping should ensure the

environment sustainability.

 The locally available material should be used for construction of the houses in resort. There

should be minimum import of materials from the outside country. It will reduce the

environmental effect due to long distance transportation for carrying the material.

 Utilization of land is most important factor to design the resort. Protect the existing land

topography and landscape. Avoid the unnecessary destruction of land resources, trees and

natural topography.

38
 Trees planted in the resort should have proper height in order to provide the largest

shadow on the houses so that the building structure would not become hot during summer

season.

 Use micro irrigation system instead of drip water system to reduce the water loss and

increase the ecological recovery.

4.2.3 Retain Regional Identity

Tourism is the intercultural exchange between the host community and the guests

visiting the tourist places. Tourism changes the socio-cultural characteristic of the host

community. The following points should be considered in social aspects of resort design:

 Provide the training and education to the local personnel directly involved in tourism

activities to enhance understanding of foreign cultures, languages and international

tourism.

 Introducing the local food in the catering services.

 Include the art, craft and cultural performance in entertainment activities

 Developing positive attitudes among locals and visitors towards each other

 Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect and tolerance for each other’s

culture.

39
 CHAPTER - 5 : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

Due to increased population of tourists in National Parks, there is concern about the

environment sustainability and eco-tourism. The implementation of various options of

sustainability is the balance between the economic development and environment

sustainability. This report assist the various stakeholders in tourism industry to addresses the

practical approach for designing and planning the resort near National park. The field study was

done for getting closer understanding of the current status of Tadoba national Park and the

development work being done in surrounding area of the Park like Mohali, Pangdi and Kolasa.

The impact of tourism on environment, economy and social structure & culture was highlighted

in the beginning of the report. In order to develop the sustainable tourism, the carrying

capacity has been discussed for development and planning of the resort.

This study examined three factors namely environmental, economy and social for design

and development of eco-tourism. The resort is the one of the element in tourism industry

which requires more attention toward sustainability. The lifecycle approach for the guest

services provided by the resort was taken to address the sustainability. By taking long term

approach to integrate environmental considerations and tourism development, this report

provides the guidelines for various stakeholders in tourism industry. It will become easy for

them to assess the risk associated with environment, social, cultural factors & economy and

take corrective actions during design and development of eco-tourism. The government not

concerned about the environmental change is negatively affecting the economic growth

40
worldwide. This report will help government agency to formulate the policy for sustainable

growth.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

5.2.1 Recommendations for Government Agencies

This project was taken to design and planning of resorts near to National Park and

development of eco-tourism for minimizing the impact on the environment. The following

recommendations are given to the government agencies and Park administration:

 Empower the resort designer & owner to participate actively in environmental policy

making.

 Avoid excessive promotion to the tourism that exceeds the limits of the environment

capacity, facilities and services that fail to meet the acceptable level of environment

sustainability.

 Increase the recreation activities outside the national Park and facilitate resort designer &

owner to come up with innovative ideas like agri-tourism.

 Increase citizens' awareness of the long term advantages of sustainability at the expense of

short term gain by depleting the natural resources.

 Improve the quality of tourist’s facilities and services.

 Improve the road infrastructure up to outside entry gates of the National Park for easy

access

 Establish the laws & regulations to improve the quality & safety in the resorts.

41
 Establish the laws & regulations for building the houses in the resort. The guidelines to

design and planning the resort must address the issues and critical views concerning

environmental protection and sustainability concerns.

 Coordinate government agencies like forest department, tourism department and local

administrations to work cooperatively to solve environmental issues, protection of natural

and cultural resources.

 Get the better understanding of the carrying capacity of the visitors in the Park and

formulate link between carrying capacity control and environment sustainability.

5.2.2 Recommendations for Resort Owner & Resort Designer

The resort designer often underestimate the importance of environmental and

sustainability issues. They may be ignorant of conservation of nature and their role in

protecting the natural resources & environment. The following recommendations are given to

the resort owner and designers:

Architecture & Building Construction: The material required for construction of houses and

developing the landscape should be sourced from the local community. The local people should

be given the employment opportunities for development of resort houses and facilities. The

structure of the houses should be compatible with local traditions, local architecture & styles.

The resort site should preserve the historic value associated with the land. The available natural

resources can be used to build the landscape and house structure. The design should maintain

42
natural resources and preserving natural environmental attractions. The following points need

to be considered for design and development of the resort:

a) Applying construction methods that will be least damaging to the environment

b) Sustainable construction techniques

c) Balancing actual physical development and the amount of open and green space

d) Increasing green areas / more trees and plants

e) Designing with respect to land topography

f) Considering natural ventilation;

g) Hiring local labor

h) Incorporate natural characteristics of the site into designs rather than creating artificial

scenery.

Social Factor and Local Culture: Design of resort should represent the local culture and

preserve the cultural resources, legacy and traditions. The design and development should

consider the following:

a) Use design concept compatible with the local environment

b) Considering the social structure of local community

c) Establishing a liaison with the local community for performing entertaining activities like

craft, art, culture, etc.

d) protecting local traditions

e) Design the articles, souvenir, art pieces using local craftsmen

43
 f) Friendly atmosphere, involvement with local administration & self-help groups and good

community relationships.

Waste Management: Waste management should be included in the efforts towards reducing

the waste in the resort, segregating the recycled items from the waste and sending to the

recycle plant. Recycling helps to reuse the waste material, energy saving in processing the raw

material. As part of day-to-days operations, the resort can carry out the following activities:

a) Segregate the recycled paper, glass, plastic waste and wet waste

b) Discharging disposals only in places assigned to collecting garbage

c) Moving garbage to another site.

d) Use suitable means of garbage pickup and sending for recycling

e) Cleaning garbage from rooms and providing separate containers for waste based on

type of waste.

f) Removing insects, bug mosquito from rooms by installing Fly Catcher machine

g) Cleaning air conditioning filters;

h) Constant trash and litter pick up around resort;

i) Providing garbage outlets and containers with proper color code for segregating the

waste

j) Cooperating and coordinating with environmental agencies.

Environment: The environment protection efforts should include measures to reduce ways of

noise pollution, overdose of ground water, degradation of water quality, minimizing the

44
exploitation of chemicals, etc. The design of resort should consider the following environmental

factors:

a) Maintain quality water for drinking and use secondary water for cleaning and gardening

b) Protecting plants to help conserve air quality;

c) Efficient Use of Resources

d) Conserving natural resources

e) Energy Conservation and provide energy alternatives

f) Ecological biodiversity and protection of wildlife

g) Meeting needs locally, Self-reliance on Site Resources

@ @ @ @ @

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38883753/ns/travel-active_travel/#.WCu4KMmiCbU - Blog by Bill

Briggs

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and-sustainable-development/D3301F83A7BA477CC79BDBB900C6800F - Cambridge University,
2009
[3] TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
New York, 1999
Web: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/401ngo4.pdf

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by H.Lalnunmawia

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[7] http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Maharashtra_0.pdf - Tourism Survey for State of

Maharastra, Final Report by ORG-MARG (Survey Period (July 2009 till June 2010)

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Project - Wikipedia on Tadoa National Park

[9] http://natureconservation.in/state-wise-list-of-national-parks-of-india-updated/ - List of National

Parks in India

[10] The Guidelines on Resort Design by Design Media Publication Ltd.

[11] https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ - Sustainable Developmentknowledge Platform by UN

[12] http://www.ibtcl.co.uk/web_documents/toursim_area_life_cycle_original.pdf - The Tourism

Area Life Cycle, Volume 1, Richard Butler, Channel View Publications, 2006

[13] http://www.tourism.gov.in/E-Book_MOT/HTMLPage.htm#features/13 - Atulya Bhart e-book by

Tourism ministry, Government of India

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