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Ch.1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement-Vocab.

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1. Accuracy: refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity


2. Atoms: -are the building blocks of matter
3. Celsius Scale: Celsius scale is based on the properties of water
4. Changes of State: -Transformations of matter from one state to a different one
5. Chemical Change(Chemical Reaction): -chemical changes result in new substances
6. Chemical Properties: -can only be observed when the substance is changing into a new substance
7. Chemistry: -is the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
8. Compounds: -two or more different kinds of elements put together
9. Conversion Factor: a ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement
10. Density: -is a physical property of a substance which is the ratio of the mass over the volume of a substance.
11. Dimensional Analysis: a method of problem solving in which units are carried through all calculations. Dimensional analysis ensures
that the final answer of a calculation has the desired units.
12. Elements: -(made of the same kind of atom) a substance consisting of atoms of the same atomic number. Historically defined as a
substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
13. Extensive Properties: -depend upon the amount of the substance present
14. Gas: -matter, no fixed volume or shape, conforms to volume and shape of its container
15. Hypothesis: a tentative explanation of a series of observations or of a natural law
16. Intensive Properties: -are independent of the amount of substance that is present.
17. Kelvin Scale: The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature and is based on the properties of gases (no negative kelvin temperatures)
k=c+273.15
18. Law of Constant Composition (Law of Definite Proportions): -the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same
19. Liquid: -matter that has distinct volume but no specific shape
20. Mass: a measure of the amount of material in an object. It measures the resistance of an object to being moved.
21. Matter: -is the physical material of the universe, it is anything that has mass and occupies space
22. Metric System: -prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.
23. Mixtures: a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity
24. Molecules: -a chemical combination of two or more atoms
25. Physical Change: -these are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance
26. Physical Properties: -can be observed without changing a substance into another substance
27. Precison: refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other
28. Property: -is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types
29. Pure Substance: -matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties
30. Scientific Law: - summarizes what will happen
31. Scientific Method: - is simply a systematic approach to solving problems
32. Significant Figures: 1. All nonzero digits are significant
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number

i. When adding or subtracting, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place(biggest uncertainty)
ii. When multiplying or dividing, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant
figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation
iii. When taking logarithms, retain in the mantissa (the number to the right of the decimal point in the logarithm) the same number of
significant figures as there are in the number whose logarithm you are taking.
iv. When taking antilogarithms, the resulting number should have as many significant figures as the mantissa in the logarithm
v. If calculation involves a combination of mathematical operations having different significant figures, it is customary practice to carry
out the calculation using all figures, and then go back and figure out how many significant figures the final result should have
33. SI units: -the preferred metric units for use in science (kg, m , sa, K mol, A, cd)
34. Solid: -matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume
35. Solutions: a mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a homogenous mixture
36. States of Matter: -solid, liquid, gas
37. Theory: -explains why it occurs

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