213
Geologische Rundschau 76/1 I 213-232 ] Stuttgart 1987
The Cordillera Blanca Batholith: a study of granite intrusion and the
relation of crustal thickening to peraluminosity
By M. P. ATHERTONand L. M. SANDERSON,Liverpool*)
With 18 figures, 1 plate and 2 tables
Zusammenfassung
Der Cordillera-Blanca-Batholith liegt axial iiber der ver-
dickten Andenkruste (> 60 km). Er besteht aus Tonaliten
und Leukogranodioriten; letztere haben einen ~,S,,-Typ-
Charakter. Es ist das letzte Ereignis w~ihrend der Entste-
hung der kontinentalen Kruste mit Ahern von hSchstens 3
NIio Jahren, Der krustale Charakter der Leukogranodiorite
geht auf eine Fluidereaktion mit umgebenden alluminium-
reichen Graphitschiefern zur/,ick und hat kein tiefer gelege-
nes Ausgangsmaterial. Geochemie, Isotopengeochemie
und der geologische Rahmen lassen erkennen, dai~ die
Quelle der Leukogranodiorite aus angereichertem Man-
telmaterial besteht, das welter siidlich in Chile zu sehen ist.
Bei wechselnder Zusammensetzung zeigt sich eine Zu-
nahme der St, Cen/Yb~ und Ta/Hf-Verh~ilmisse.
Abstract
The Cordillera Blanca Batholith, Peru is emplaced axially
over the thickened crustal keel of the Andes (>60 kin). It is
made up of tonalite and leucogranodiorite, the latter having
an >~S,~type character. It is the terminal component in con-
tinental growth with ages as young as 3 Ma. However, the
crustal character of the leucogranodiorlte relates to fluid in-
teraction with the surrounding aluminous graphitic basinal
rocks and not to any deep seated source material. Chemi-
stry, isotopes and geological evidence suggest the source is
enriched mantle akin to that seen further south in Chile,
and variations in composition e.g. increases in St, CeN/Yb~
and Ta/Hf ratios, of granitoids, from the trench into the
continent relate to changes in this source.
R~sum~
Le batholite de la Cordill~re Blanche s'&end dans la par-
tie axiale de la crofite ~paissie des Andes (> 60 km). I1 est
constitu8 de tonalite et de leucogranodiorite; cette derni~re
pr~sente un caract~re de type S. Avec un ~tge de 3 Ma, il
s'agit du composant le plus r&ent de la croissance continen-
tale. Cependant, le caract~re crustal de la leucogranodiorite
indique une r~action par fluides avec les schistes alumineux
et graphiteux encaissants et non avec des mat~rieux pro-
*) Author's address: M. P. ATHERTONand L. M. SANDER-
SON, Jane Herdman Laboratories, Department of Geologi-
cal Sciences, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Li-
verpool, L 69 3BX.
fonds. Les observations chimiques, isotopiques et g~ologi-
ques montrent que la source les leucogranodiorites est un
manteau enrichi, tel qu'on peut en voir plus au sud au Chili.
Les modifications de composition consistent, notamment,
en un accroissement de Sr et des rapports C%/YbN et
Ta/Hf.
KpaTKoe co~ep)KaHHe
BaTOnHT Kop~n~bepbl BnaHKa 3aneraeT eaonb OCHHall
yTOYIIIIeHHOI;I KopoI~I A H ~ (6once 60 KM). OH COCTOHTH3
nopo~2: TOHaYIHTbl H YleI~IIcorpaHO,aHOpHTbl; r i o c n e . a H H e
THHa " ". E r o o{Spa3OBaHHe - iioc.rle]iHee GO~bITHe IlpH
pa3BHTHH MaTepHKOBOI~I KopbI, B o 3 p a c T KOTOpOI~I, c a M o e
6onbtuee, COCTaB.rI~IeT 3 MHnYlHap2Ie .rleT. O MaTepHKO-
BOM x a p a K T e p e JIelTtKorpaHo~HopHTOB MO~HO 3a-
KTIIOqHThno peaKRHH~H~ICOCTeI:tCoKpy~a~OUlHMHrpa-
Oi)HTOBhlMHC.rlaHilaMH,6OFaTBIMHa.rlIOMHHHeM,a TaxT~e
H H3 TOFO qbaKTa, qTO HHKaKOFO F.rly6HHHOFO HCXO,/1HOFO
MaTepHa.rla /lyl~l H e r o He yCTaHOB.rleHO. ~ a H H b l e FeoxH-
MHqeCKHXH H3OTOrlHblXHCCfIe,aOBaHHISI,a Tali~e reo.rlO-
rr~tecKa~ CHTyauHa Ha MecTe pa3petuaeT caenaTb
B~,IBOZI, ~tTO HCTO'mm~OM neI~KorpartoaHopHTOB noc-
nymH~ o6oratueHHhI~ MaTepHan MaHTHH,ycTaHoBaeH-
rlofi iaa I ~ u o f i qaCTH qHne. COCTaB MHKpo3neMertTOB
3~ecb HeHOCTOSHeH H rla6~rOaaeTc~ yBenH,~eHHe co-
aepaiariHst CTpOHUH•, a TaK~e 3Ha~teHH~ICOOTHOmeHHfi
CeN/YbN H Ta/Hf.
Introduction
Understanding the growth and generation of con-
tinental crust requires a knowledge of mantle and
crustal components in granite. Optimally granites
studied in this context should occur in a clear geotec-
tonic setting, be y o u n g without a complex overprint
history and have features characterising mantle and
crustal components.
A study of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith (Fig. 1)
is particularly apposite in these respects as:
(a) It is intruded axially over the thickened crustal
keel (>60 km) of the Andes classically described by
JAMES(1971). It occurs in a simple geotectonic setting
with oceanic Nasca plate descending beneath the
South American continental plate.
214 M.P. ATHERTON8,: L. M. SANDERSON

unit). They also mapped a ,,roof,~ facies (Ridge gra-

nodiorite) and a more basic tonalite (Tulparaju), and
noted that the leucogranodiorite was occasionally in-
timately associated with diorite at the contact. Por-
phyries and aplites are common plus rare garnet,
muscovite pegmatites and quartz tourmaline veins
associated with the leucogranodiorite. As detailed
mapping of the batholith is incomplete and our re-
sults are compatible with Egeler and De Booys detai-
led work we have extended their field divisions to the
rest of the batholith. The work of Egeler and De
Booy showed the mutual contacts between the units
were usually sharp and the intrusion order was tona-
lite (Tulparaju) - granodiorite (Ridge) - leucograno-
diorite (Cohup). Very clear evidence of this sequence
includes (a) replacement of older material at the con-
tact by the newer phase; (b) apophyses of the youn-
ger in the older units; (c) the angular inclusions of the
older units in the younger rocks (Plate l(f), from
EGELE~ & DE BooY 1956). These data indicate the
younger magmas intruded already solidified carapa-
ces, and together with the homogeneity in composi-
tion shown by the modal data (Fig. 2) led EGE~R &
Dz BooY (1957) to conclude the different magmas
Fig. 1. Map of north west Peru, showing the relation of the
Cordillera Blanca Batholith to the Chicama basinal rocks ,,were formed at depth~ (op cit. p. 75). Although
and to the Coastal Batholith, and the Mesozoic marginal only 4 units were defined by Egeler and De Booy it is
basin (ATHERTONet al. 1983). Note the western fault- apparent that there are other units of similar compo-
bounded nature of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith and the sition making up the Batholith (see chemistry). Also
thrust faulted eastern boundary of the Chicama Formation. WILSON& GA~AYAR(1967) noted the leucogranodio-
rite in the north was sometimes cut by monzo-gra-
(b) It is the youngest member (10-3 Ma) of a linea- nite containing biotite and hornblende.
ment determined Batholith sequence starting in the The Cordillera Blanca Batholith is emplaced
Jurassic, and is therefore the t e r m i n a 1 c o m - axially almost entirely into the shales of the Upper
p o n e n t in continental growth. Jurassic Chicama Formation of the Chavin basin
(c) It is made up of tonalitic units which are characte- with its western flank terminated by the Cordillera
ristically ,,I~( type, that is, probably mantle derived, Blanca Fault complex (Fig. 1). The Chicama forma-
and leucogranodioritic units of ,,S,, type, that is, tion exceeds 1500 m in thickness and the upper part
peraluminous rocks with a crustal component. The includes black shales with much plant debris, while
the lower part is made up of dark pyritiferous shales
field relationships of the two types are relatively well
of marine origin. The rocks are deformed, probably
defined.
These properties make the Cordillera Blanca Ba- during the Encaic phase prior to 40 Ma (NoBL~ et al.
tholith an ideal scenario to study crustal growth. 1979). The batholith clearly cuts these Cretaceous
structures and the form at the present erosion level is
a steep sided, flat roofed pluton, forming the crest of
Previous work and geological setting the mountain range, so that most of the highest peaks
Previous work on the Cordillera Blanca Batholith are of the Chicama formation, not granite. A promi-
has been limited to a detailed field study of the nent rodding plunging 18~ ~ N W is present in the
southern part by EG~LER& Dz BooY (1956); the re- shales near to the western margin of the batholith
gional survey by WILSONet al. (1967) and more re- with a similar orientation to the mineral foliation in
cently, limited Rb-Sr isochron and lead isotope stu- the granite. It has been related to batholith emplace-
dies by Br et al. (1985) & MU~;ASA& TILTON ment and is cut by the rising batholith, or the faulted
(1984), respectively. The work of E6E~ER& D~BooY contact. These and other features led COBBINGet al.
(1956) showed the main rock type of the southern (1981) to follow WILSONet al. (1967) in suggesting a
Cordillera Blanca was leucogranodiorite (Cohup forcible intrusion model for the batholith.
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith 215

The thermal metamorphism associated with the
batholith generally extends to 1 km or more from the
contact. This must be somewhere near the true extent
as the western contact is steep and in part fault boun-
ded. EGELER& DE BooY (1956) indicate the first im-
portant effect, the formation of chiastolite, can occur
up to 2.5 km from the nearest contact in the southern
area. Cordierite and garnet also occur in what are cle-
arly contact s c h i s t s , as well as sillimanite near to
the contact. Similar rocks from the top of Huascaran
(6768 m) indicate the aureole extends over a vertical
height of 3000-4000 (CoBBING et al. 1981).
Petrology of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith
Modal data for the analysed rocks is given in Table
1 and plotted on a modified Streckeisen diagram in
Fig. 2. Individual rocks range from quartz diorite,
through tonalite, granodiorite to leucogranodiorite,

TT Range 146 141 142 RG Range 144 135 134 LEUC Range 143 137 136 138 P

Quartz 24.1 20.3- 10.7 23.6 21.5 22.7 18.6- 29.5 36.9 35.4 26.9 17.9- 27,8 44.5 31.1 32,5
28.8 25.4 34.5

K-Feldspar 9.6 7.4- 5.7 2.9 I I .0 13.5 8.8- 10.2 15.4 21.3 22.9 16.3- 20.5 14.5 25.5 18.6
12.0 17.6 29.9

P1agioclase 52.7 49.7- 50.4 s'~..t 49.5 51.2 43.8- 47.7 39.1 40.2 47.0 41.7 - 47.6 35.1 37.0 46.0
56.4 56.9 52.9

Biotite I I ,I 12.4- I0,6 21.2 9.2 8.3 5.5- I I ,0 5.9 2.3 3.2 0.7 - 2,7 3.6 1,5 2.0
18.0 10.9 5.3

Hornblende 2.1 0.I- 19.2 None 6.1 3.4 0.0- 1 .I None None 0.0- None None None None
6.9 12.1 O.l

Muscovite None None None None tr None 0.8 2.1 3.5 0.8

Opaque 1.0 0.2 0.I tr 0.4 0.4 0.I 0.2 0.3 0.I

Chlorite None 0,3 0.9 None 0.7 None 0.4 None 0.7 None

Accessories 0.4 O.l - 2.4 0,6 1.7 0.6 0.2- 0.3 1.5 0.4 0,2 0,6 - 0.I tr tr tr
0.8 1 .I 0.6

Tab. 1. Modes of rocks of the Cordillera Blanca

TT, RG and LEUC are average and ranges of modes for Tulparaju tonalite, Ridge granodiorite, Cohup leucogranodiorite
from Southern Cordillera Blanca Batholith (after EGELERand DE BOOY a1956). P is a porphyry.

0 0
Z~ Q Granodiorite
= (~ Tonalite
9 Q Leucogranodiorite
o Analysed rocks
9 Marginal "diorite"

Kf Plag Rag
a b
Fig. 2. Modified Streckeisen QAP diagram, showing:
(a) the modal data of EGELERand DE BOOY(1956) for the three main rock types; new analysed rock modal data shown as
circles;
(b) fields for the three main rock types and modes of the diorite/leucogranodiorite mixed rocks from the contact (data from
EGELER and DE BOOY 1956).
216 M.P. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON

with leucogranodiorite dominating. The new data
can readily be related to the original field classifica-
tion into three petrological types, although there is
some overlap of the granodiorite with the tonalite.
Notable on this diagram is; the slight tendency to
monzonitic character, the granitic character of parts
of the leucogranodiorite, the discrete nature of the
fields, particularly the leucogranodiorite and the to-
halite, and the horizontal basic to acid trend seen in
the batholith caused by a marked increase in K-feld-
spar. This latter is at variance with trends due to frac-
tionation (ATHE~TON& SANDERSON1985) which tend
to cross the diagram diagonally or lie on curved paths
(LAMEYRE& BOWDEN1982). Locally the leucograno-
diorite has a quartz diorite border zone with an inti-
mate transition zone (1 kin) of mixed tonalite and
granodiorite. EGEL~R& DE BooY (1956) thought the
~diorite~ was an earlier intrusion into which the leu-
cogranodiorite was intruded and the transition zone
represented various amounts of interaction of the
leucogranodiorite with the diorite.
Modal data plotted in Fig. 3 shows the rocks and
fields on an APM diagram; the data from the present
work lying within the fields defined by the Egeler
and De Booy data, except for the two most mafic
rocks which appear to be more akin to the marginal
diorites.
A. T o n a 1i t e (including the Tulparaju tonalite).
The rock is characteristically speckled and contains
plagioclase + quartz + K-feldspar + amphibole +
biotite, with zircon, apatite, allanite and sphene as
accessory minerals, and secondary chlorite and epi-
dote. Idiomorphic plagioclase is strongly zoned;
Anas to intermediate oligoclase at the rim. Oscilla-
tory zoning and complex overgrowths on corroded
cores are common, and in K-feldspar rich variants,
poikilitic K-feldspar (mostly microcline) encloses
ideomorphic plagioclase. Perthite, myrmekitic in-
tergrowths of quartz and albite, and fine granular al-
bite grains along the border of large feldspar crystals
suggests late recrystallization. Quartz is often strai-
ned and fractured. Biotite either as large plates or
small flakes exceeds bluish/green hornblende in
amount. The latter is often prismatic and may in-
clude small biotite crystals, and in some rocks forms
very numerous small euhedral crystals scattered
through the matrix. Notably the tonalite is devoid of
inclusions.
B. G r a n o d i o r i t e (including the Ridge gra-
nodiorite). The rock is even grained, rich in inclu-
sions, similar in mineralogy to the tonalite but biotite
much exceeds amphibole, which may he absent, and
the K-feldspar content is greater; magnetite and py-
rite are accessory ore phases.
C . L e u c o g r a n o di o r i t e (including the Co-
hup leucogranodiorite). The bulk of the exposed ba-
tholith is made up of units of this composition occa-
sionally grading into granite. The composition is re-
latively constant throughout and rocks contain phe-
nocrystic K-feldspar (perthitic microcline, 5 cm or
more in length), which includes plagioclase and bio-
tite in a preferred orientation considered by Frasl
(1954) to be due to small plagioclases aligned on
ideomorphic surfaces of the growing K-feldspar, fol-

M M
~ ~ Granodiorite ~ ///~
9 ~ Tonalite / ~ / ~
- ~ Leucogranodiorit/e ~ /

7 2 L o\ 7."i"

Kf Hag Plag
a b
Fig. 3. KfPM diagrams with the same detail as in Figure 2.
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith 217

lowed by inclusion; a feature frozen in the porphy-
ries. K-feldspar is often soda orthoclase- 35 % albite
(EGEL~R & DE B o o r 1956) with perthitic inter-
growths linked to late albitization (?). K-feld-
spar/plagioclase and biotite/hornblende ratios are
greater than in A and B and hornblende is often ab-
sent. Accessory minerals are sphene, apatite, zircon,
epidote with allanite cores and magnetite.
Muscovite is a very minor phase, in the K-rich
rocks, and texturally appears to be a subsolidius pha-
se, as it (a) forms very small crystals; (b) is confined
to recrystallized biotite as epitaxial growths or fine
flecks mantling biotite; (c) occurs within deforma-
tion zones and along grain boundaries and in fractu-
res in feldspar; (d) occurs in the fine grained matrix of
the porphyries (Plate 1). Only in the most potassic
rock studied was the muscovite large and euhedral.
Notably it tends to be restricted to deformed rocks of
the western margin adjacent to the Cordillera Blanca
Fault complex (Fig. 1). The secondary nature of
muscovite was also noted by EGELER & DE BOOr
(1956).
Sporadic porphyries are commonly associated
with the tonalite. They contain phenocrystic plagio-
clase (An4o), K-feldspar and quartz; the latter often
rounded and corroded, plus biotite. Feldspar and
quartz make up the granular groundmass. Apatite,
zircon and magnetite are accessory minerals.
Aplites, both granitic and granodioritic in compo-
sition, are commonly associated with the leucogra-
nodiorites, and are present in the pluton and contact
rocks. They may contain andalusite, both prismatic
and irregular in form, tourmaline, and occasional
cordierite and spinel, all of which EGELER& D~ BOOr
(1956) thought were the result of assimilation of
country rock, as they occur in veins which intersect
the aluminium-rich hornfels. Pegmatites are rare,
and both they and tourmaline rich veins are restricted
to country rock adjacent to the leucogranodiorite.
Structurally confined mineralization associated with
the batholith includes galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite
and sphalerite, with a single occurrence of cassiterite
in the SE at Tambillo.
A notable feature of the Cordillera Blanca Batho-
lith rocks is the strong deformation and associated
mineral growth, specifically near the contact. The re-
crystallization and new growth contributes to the
mineral foliation. This is associated with deforma-
tion of the minerals resulting in strained extinction
and curved crystals of biotite, plagioclase and quartz,
which may develop a mosaic texture with polycry-
stalline aggregates (ribbon texture), often strongly
elongated into lensoid forms, parallel to the folia-
tion. These features indicate strong deformation du-
ring the closing stages of, and post, crystallization,
particularly near the margins of the batholith.
Chemistry of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith
A. M a j o r e l e m e n t s ( T a b l e 2 ) . O n A F M a n d
La Roche and Leterrier diagrams the rocks follow a
calcalkali trend (Figs. 4, 5), while on a

F F

~g~~ ~Coast
Bat
Blaalhnca
olithholith
Santa RosaSuperUnit/ ~ /Ak Coastal Batholith
0SantaRosaSuperUnit /
. CordileraBla7
\ /
Bat \ 0

A A M
Fig. 4. AFM diagrams showing: Cordillera Blanca Batholith rocks compared to the Coastal Batholith, and Cordillera
Blanca rocks compared to the Santa Rosa Superunit of the Coastal Batholith.
218 M.P. ATHERTON & L. M. SANDERSON

Plate 1. (a) Small, secondary muscovite (M) flakes fringing and growing epitaxially along biotite (B) 001 planes, in leucogra-
nodiorite. Bar represents 1 mm in (a), (b), (c) and (d). (b) Very small muscovite flakes bordering biotite crystal and growing
in the fine grained matrix of a leucogranodiorite porphyry. (c) Fine muscovite (M) flakes within a deformation zone in leu-
cogranite. (d) Muscovite (M) growth along fractures in plagioclase feldspar, in a leucogranodiorite. (e) Mobilized hornfels
(with andalusite and biotite) in ,,granitized rock,, (after EGELERand DE BOOY 1956), showing interaction of leucogranodio-
rite with adjacent country rock. Bar represents 2.5 cm. (f) Xenoiith of granodiorite in leucogranodiorite near to the contact
(after EGELERand DE BOOY 1956).

K a O - N a 2 0 - C a O plot (Fig. 6) they show a slight in-
crease in K a O / N a a O + K a O ratio (0.36-0.50) with
decreasing CaO. However, the most acid rocks
show some scatter. O n H a r k e r diagrams clear calc
alkali trends are seen viz: C a O , TiOa, Fe(total),
M n O , M g O decrease, while N a a O and KaO increase
with increasing SiO2 content, although again the leu-
cogranodiorites show some spread in KaO and
N a a O at a given SiO2 value; the N a a O contents seem
to show a slight dip at the most acid compositions
(Fig. 7).
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith 219

7.146 7.141 7.142 7.135 7.]34 7.138 7.143 7.137 3000

5i02 56.8 64.8 66.3 70.3 70.8 72,2 73.6 74.0
TiO 2 1.08 0.76 0.58 0.30 0.32 0.24 0,30 0.16
A1203 18,1 16.9 16.6 15.2 16.3 15.4 15.2 14.9
Fe203 2.34 0.57 0.90 0.56 1.18 0.24 0.36 0.15
reO 4.20 4.66 2.57 0.97 I.O5 0.96 0.95 0.69 ~ 061r162
~
t'lnO 0.10 0.07 0,08 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
MgO 3.27 2.11 1.85 1.02 0.62 0.50 0,79 0.56
CaO 6.53 3.56 3.95 2,18 2.34 1.08 ] .93 1.62
Na20 3,50 3.60 3,83 4.04 4,20 4.35 4.03 3,70
K~O 2.00 2.65 2.83 3.74 3,26 3.38 3.23 3.57 I~
o
-~-P~05-
Total ~
0,13
~
0.12
~
0.15
~
0.12 0,07 0.07
lo~,z 3T7~ 100.5
0.09 0.07
977.7 co / 142-1

Ba 660 599 422 651 619 817 438 917

Co 21" 13" 10" 3,5" 3 1.8" 5 1.4" L ~~
1OOO 200 3000 4000
Cr 13 I0 23 7 4 5 5 4
Cs 4.2* 7.1" 4.8* 5.5* 2.2* 1.7"
4Si - 1 1 ( N a + K ) - 2 ( F e + T i )
Hf 4.5* 4.1* 4,4* 3.4* 4.0* 3.l*
Ni 8 8 34 lO II II 12 I0
Fig. 5. La Roche and LeTerrier diagram showing the calc-
Pb 14 12 9 16 18 21 18 20
Rb 70 133 51 177 122 llg 122 113
alkali character of the rocks of the Cordillera Blanca. Num-
Ta 1,1" 0.87* 0.98* 0.59* 0.74* 0.57* bered rocks indicate a basic to acid sequence which is dis-
Th 10" 35* 13" 41" 9 19" 18 51" cusses in the text.
U 4,2* I0" 4,6 ~ I0" 3,8* 6.1"
V ]62 105 166 28 36 16 21 II
Y 18 8 II 2 5 7 7 8
Zn 106 87 125 55 69 50 6] 56 B. T r a c e e l e m e n t s (Table 2). Some of the
Zr 239 156 464 184 221 236 220 261
trace element variation is predictable on the basis of
La 28 ~ 35 ~ 27 ~ 28 ~ 39* 45 ~ 23 the calc alkali major element chemistry and the mine-
6e 59 ~ 64 ~ 51 ~ 48* 63* 8] ~ 57* ralogy; thus transition metals (Co, Cr, V, Sc and Zn)
Pr 7.8 ~ 618 ~ 7.2 ~ 9150
Nd 33 = 32 ~ 27 ~ 15 ]8 16 41 ~
decrease with increasing SiO2 content, as does Sr.
Sm 4.6 ~ 4.7 ~ 4.7 ~ 7.2 ~ However, Zr shows little variation with a slight dip
Eu 1.7 ~ l.l ~ ].2 ~ 0.5" 0.8" 1.4 ~
at the most acid compositions; Ba shows no clear va-
Gd 4.6 ~ 3.4 ~ 3.7 ~ 5,6 ~
Tb 0,66 ~ 0,38 ~ 0.40 ~ 0.24* 0.34* 0,51 ~ 0,36* riation, and is quite variable in the leucogranodiori-
Dy 3.2 ~ 2,1 ~ 2.4 ~ 2.9 ~ tes, and Y and Rb show no consistent variation above
Ho 0,73 ~ 0.38 ~ 0.44 ~ 0.55 ~
Yb l.lO ~ 0,61 ~ 0.68 ~ 0.93 ~
65 % SiO2. K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios show a slight and
LU 0.16 ~ 0.08 ~ 6,II ~ 0.17 ~ marked increase above 65% SiO 2 respectively, al-
though the latter shows considerable variation.
Tab. 2. Representative analyses of Cordillera Blanca Batho-
lith
Major and trace analyses by XRF, exept for asterisked data
by instrumental neutron activation analysis and 0 by radio- K20
Coastal I9 L i m a - T r u j i l l o s e g m e n t f
chemical neutron activation analysis. Instrumental NAA BatholithfA Arequipa segment /
by M. S. Brotherton.

The rocks of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith are

notable in that they are almost all mildly peralumi-
nous, the two porphyries (CB7 and CB8) having the
highest normative corundum ( ~- 3.0%). The aver-
age tool. A12OJCaO + N a 2 0 + K 2 0 is 1.09, or
1.07, excluding the two porphyries 9 On a modified
A C F diagram (Fig. 8), the rocks plot in three distinct
fields, which are, with increasing SiO2 content,
hornblende-biotite-plagioclase; plagioclase-biotite;
plagioclase-biotite-muscovite. Extra phases include
quartz, K-feldspar and albite (in s.s. in plagioclase).
This is consistent with the observed mineralogy. No- Na20 CaO
tably it is the late, more siliceous rocks that tend to Fig. 6. K 2 0 - N a 2 0 - CaO diagram for rocks of the Cordil-
peraluminosity and muscovite in the mode. N o rela- lera Blanca, and Lima-Trujillo and Arequipa segments of
tion was noted between F J + / F e 2+ and A / N C K . the Coastal Batholith.
220 M.P. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON

0 Cordillera Blanca Batholith AI-Na-K

20 F 9 9 Coastal Batholith t TC'r::lit~~ //~Muscovite
9 Leucogranodiorite // \
0 Porphyry ~0 0 ~
12[ . . . . I1~ " Plagioclase//~_~ . . . . . \
lo[ 9149~
I- " .

2 0
Wt %
~l~t.%_
f8
e 9e 9 9 . Hornble
MnO 0.1 9ow o ' ",,I,,,,l & ~ b ' 9
9 9~ ,, Ca Fe%Mg
O" ' ' ' ' ~ Fig. 8. Modified ACF diagram for rocks of the Cordillera
Blanca.

MgO 4
On Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr plots trends are absent or poor
o
(Fig. 9) and a simple fractionation descent or mixing
line relating the basic rocks to the leucogranodiorites
does not exist.
CaO .~%~~. Furthermore the Sr, Rb and D.I. v Rb/Sr plots are
dissimilar in form from those normally found in se-
quences showing clear fractional crystallization. The
C a 9 v Y plot is compatible with hornblende - pla-

ii
gioclase fractionation producing leucogranodiorite
.a,O ... o, from the more basic rocks but the variation in the
9 6O o -~0 9 former is large and the data forms a field rather than a
trend. Inconsistent behaviour is also seen on a Y v Zr
9 I I A I I plot (Fig. 9) where there is a trend to low Y values
Wt~ 9 compatible with about 88 % hornblende extraction;
however, the decrease in Y is not systematically rela-

il ~o ted to increasing Si20 content nor is the amount of

K,o %%.%o 9 hornblende required sensible. On a TiO2-Zr plot
evolution of the leucogranodiorites from the tonali-
~ tes suggests biotite and/or magnetite precipitation
0 I I I I could be responsible, but as in the Y-Zr plot the data
are not systematically related. On a PEARCE et al.
I~I 9 9
0.8 ~". ,, .o (1984) discriminant diagram (Fig. 10) the rocks lie as
expected in the volcanic arc field, the most evolved
T,O:~ " lying on the boundary between this field and the col-
0'4
0.2 f Q lision granite field; the broad trend reflecting biotite
extraction.
0 ~ 6~0 7() The mantle/normalized trace element plots (Fig.
SiO2Wt % 11) are similar, suggesting a connection exists bet-
ween all the rocks. The most basic rock: Carhuish
tonalite (146) has a shape very similar to the most ba-
sic units of the Santa Rosa and Linga superunits of
Fig. 7. Harker diagrams for major elements of rocks of the the Coastal Batholith (AT~ERTON& PLANT1985, Fig.
Cordillera Blanca Batholith and the Coastal Batholith. 5), except for an enrichment in LREE and Sr in the
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith 221

. . . . . . . . 2000
) intrusion sequence

Rb \ C o ~ 1000
ppm /~/v ~ / Ba
ppm
10C 500 Linga la~ t

40100 500 1000 100 sb 18o 260 ~o

...............
Sr p p m
300 , ,
Rbppm, , ,

/
15o
8~7o 200
10
86e _l
8 5 ~ 163 Zr
o82 ppm
Y
ppm 100 e" ~ ' - ~
o82

9 , , , , , , h , , , , ,,i
Y b//o0,'7
100 1000 0 100 200 300
Zr ppm Rbppm
Fig. 9. Rb-Sr, Ba-Rb, Y-Zr and Zr-Rb plots of rocks of the Cordillera Blanca. The trends for the Linga Superunit of the Co-
astal Batholith are shown for comparison, and numbers by the rocks refer to DI values.

1000
Cordillera Blanca rocks relative to those of the Co-
astal Batholith (Fig. 11). Th/U ratios vary from
2.4-8.3 indicating some U loss and perhaps gain rela-
ted to U mobility. It is perhaps no coincidence that
, Linga~L rock 137 a strongly foliated marginal leucogranodio-
SynColg 5 rite has the highest normative corundum (apart from
the two porphyries), the highest Th/U ratio and has
thin veins of muscovite clearly cross cutting feldspar
100 and running along grain boundaries parallel to the fo-
liation.
Generally, Ta decreases with acidity, as do Ti and
Rb
ppm WP(
P, which may be due to fractionation at depth or
source retention by rutile, sphene, ilmenite and apa-
tire, as minima of these elements occur in the most
VAG basic rocks. The decrease of Sr with increasing Si02
content seems likely to be due to limited fractiona-
10
J Fig. 10. Discriminant diagram for geotectonic setting of
9 Cordillera Blanca Batholith 3RG granites (PEARCEet al. 1984). Syn. Colg-syncollisionaigra-
, , , , , , , , ,
.... nites, WPG - within plate granites, VAG-volcanic arc gra-
10 100 nites, ORG-ocean ridge granites. Fractionation path for
(Y + Nb)ppm Linga Superunit show.
222 M.P. ATHERTON & L. M. SANDERSON

100( 100(

H)

10( 10c

m m
6)
r- C
d5
E 1( E lC

0 0
s s

O- 0.1
L;stSal~b U I h K Nb L a L ; e b r N d V L r I i Y CsBaRbUTh K NbLaCeSrNd P Zr Ti

1000
CI

10C

~= lC
O
s

Leueogranodiorites I I I
O138
A137
O CB5
t ~a~a~
CsBaRb U Th K Nb LaCeSrNd P ZrTi Y L , s ~ a r ( ~ u m i~l~lDLaL.eorl~l(]Kz.r II T

Fig. 11. Mantle normalised trace element diagrams for rocks of the Cordillera Blanca: (a) the most basic rock anlaysed com-
pared to equivalent rocks in the Coatal Batholith; (b) plot of trace elements of inclusion 142 in tonalite 141 ; (c) plot of trace
elements of leucogranodiorites compared to Cafias, a late ieucogranite from the Coastal Batholith; (d) plot of trace elements
of tonalite and ieucogranodiorites wich could be related by fractionation.
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith
tion, but there is no depletion relative to adjacent RE
elements (Fig. 11) for the most basic (primitive) rock.
This suggests there has been little or no plagioclase
fractionation or plagioclase residue in the source.
The same is true for most of the more acidic rocks.
This latter is in strong contrast to the Coastal Batho-
lith where high level plagioclase fractionation has
produced very marked Sr minima in rocks with ab-
out 75% SiO2 e.g. Santa Rosa granite (ATH~RTON&
PLANT 1985, Fig. 5). Of the leucogranodiorites stu-
died, with very similar Dis to the latter, only 143 has
a marked Sr minima (Fig. 11) and this rock also has a
Eu anomaly; the remainder show only slight or no
depletion in Sr. This suggests that most of the leuco-
granodiorites did not evolve by dominant plagioclase
fractionation. Further evidence of the lack of a
simple fractionation relationship between individual
rock types comes from the xenolith of tonalite (142)
in tonalite (141). The xenolith lies well off most Har-
ker type trends and 141 could not have evolved from
142 as implied by the inclusion geometry as it is less
evolved with respect to major element chemistry e.g.
DI 66 as opposed to 70, while LIL elements, inclu-
ding LREE, are enhanced (i~ig. 11).
Furthermore evolution of a tonalite to a leucogra-
nite i.e. 141 (DI 66) to 143 (DI 86) or 137 (DI 87)
(Fig. 11) would involve non-systematic behaviour of
rnost trace elements implying these rocks are not di-
rectly related.
REE plots for 4 rocks are shown in Fig. 12. The
trends are similar and suggest a common source/hi-
stories for all the rocks, which include both the tona-
litic and peraluminous muscovite containing leuco-
granodiorites. They are highly fractionated
(LaN/YbN 17--39) and apart from the most acid rock
(143, SiO2, 73.6%) they do not have significant Eu
anomalies (143 has an Eu/Eia* value of 0.65). Rock
146, which is the most basic rock, may have a slight
positive anomaly. It is also different in having high
HREE and possibly LREE for its low SiO2 content
compared to the other three rocks, which tend to
show increasing REE with increasing SiO2 content.
Comparison of the mode of 146 with 142, (Table 1) a
possible, more acidic comagmatic rock, suggest they
may be related by hornblende separation. This com-
positional region is just that where KDS for horn-
blende change radically from values less than 1 to va-
iues greater than 1, and the H R E E values tend to be
similar (ARTH et al. 1978). Note the slight europium
positive anomaly changes to a slight negative one
while the LREE are only slightly depleted (Fig. 12).
It is not possible to accurately model this as the
hornblende KD s vary radically through these com-
positions (ARTH et al. 1976), but the decrease in KD
223
LREE, Sm to La should not produce the parallel pat-
tern shown but a concave upwards shape, with La,
Ce, Nd being relatively enriched. Although the de-
crease in Sr (952~,39 ppm) suggests plagioclase pre-
cipitation (as does the qtz-orth-alb-an(-H20)plot,
Fig. 13) modal plagiociase and biotite contents are
very similar in both rocks, and are unlikely, to be in-
volved, as biotite has very similar KD values (< 1) for
light and heavy REE, while plagioclase tends to en-
rich the liquid in H R E E relative to LREE. More si-
gnificantly, the concentrations of Co, Cr, Sc, V, Ni
are all much higher in 142 than in 146 which is clearly
at odds with Dis of 70 and 50 respectively. It would
appear they came from a similar source, but with dif-
ferent enrichment characteristics and/or fractiona-
tion history (see also Rb).
Similar arguments can be put forward for rock 141
(64.8 % SiO2) and its inclusion 142 (66.3 % SiO2). In
141 the H R E E are slightly depleted and the LREE
(Pr-La) are enriched relative to 142 and both have
slight europium anomalies. This is compatible with
hornblende (and plagioclase) dominated precipita-
tion, with hornblende KDS between basaltic/andesite
and dacite (ARTH et al. 1978, Fig. 10). Note the mo-
dal, major and trace element data are consistent with
this, and with the minor role of accessory minerals
such as zircon, apatite, sphene and allanite. Thus U,
Th, P, Hf, Zr, either increase or show no change, al-
though the decrease in Ti cannot be explained by
hornblende precipitation alone, so magnetite may
have been involved. However, 142 is chemically exo-
tic (see earlier) and on a qtz-alb-an-kf(-H20) dia-
gram both rocks are nearly coincident and clearly
cannot have belonged to an evolving sequence invol-
ving plagioclase precipitation. Indeed, the more
evolved rock, on the basis of SiO2 content has a grea-
ter amount of normative mafic minerals than the less
evolved rock (14.5% and 10.3% respectively).
Fig. 12 shows REE plots for two rocks (141,143)
from the Cohup unit which may be related by frac-
tional crystallization. Note these two do not contain
hornblende. Considering a possible evolution of 143
(leucogranodiorite) from 141 (tonalite), the REE
patterns can be modelled quite closely by about
30-40% precipitation of plagioclase (67%) + biotite
(33%). Using the Rb and Sr and SiO2 values only
18% is required (KDS from HENDERSON 1982). The
incomplete knowledge of partition coefficients at
these compositions for all the mineral phases make it
impossible to determine whether the difference in
amount of fractionation is significant or not. What-
ever, from the quaternary plot qtz-alb-an-kf(H20)
(Fig. 13) derivation of 143 from 141 would require
precipitation of a near pure An plagioclase. From this
224 M.P. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON

n l u l u u n u ~ n n u u l u i r i u n f n i ~ ~ i i i i

100

50
~ ~ . i ~ t~

10

.E
-o
c- a b
o
c- n i i i I I I I t i L L I i i i i i a i u i i i

o i l U l l r u i n

~.1oo 9 142 included in 141- 'monaiite ' '

diorite
~ s0

10

C d
i i u n i i = i I I

La, Pr E u , T b , H o l Tm, Lu ' ~' 4 ~. . . . . ~ Eu, { b,Ho Trn Lu

La . . . . . .

Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy !~r '~b
Fig. 12. REE diagrams showing (a) general >,family,<likeness of all rocks analysed; (b) HREE enriched character of 146 the
most basic rock analysed; (c) similarityof REE in host rock 141 and its inclusion 142; (d) traces of REE in rocks which could
be related by fractionation.

An diagram it can also be seen that 138 could not be deri-

ved from 141 for the same reason. N o liquid or liquid
+ crystal path could lie through these rocks (see si-
milar arguments on the basis of Sr, Ba, Rb values).
In conclusion, the major, trace and RE element
data are not compatible with a simple consistent mo-
nogenetic evolution of the different units of the Ba-
tholith, involving the phases seen in the rocks.

Comparison of the Coastal Batholith with the

/ \ Cordillera Blanca Batholith and the n a t u r e of the
peraluminosity
The main rock type of the Cordillera Blanca is leu-
cogranodiorite which contains biotite as the major
mg/fe phase. As such it contrasts with the mainly to-
Ab Or nalitic units of the Coastal Batholith (A~ERTON &
Fig. 13. An-Qtz-Or-Ab(-H20) diagram for rocks of the SANDERSON1985), but it does resemble the late grani-
Cordillera Blanca; note the bunched nature of the data. P tes of the Lima segment, viz Sayan, Cafias, Pativilca
relates to a porphyry. and Pariocoto although they all tend to carry minor
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith 225

hornblende. However, the tonalite (Tulparaju type) 1000 g , ! ,

is hornblende bearing and in one instance contains Cordillera

clinopyroxene surrounded by zoned hornblende. In
these and other respects it is very similar mineralogi-
cally to the major tonalitic superunits of the Coastal 800
Batholith.
However, although it has been divided into super-
units, detailed mapping of the Cordillera Blanca Ba-
tholith has not been completed (see COMBINGet al. 600
1981 & BECICINSALEet al. 1985), and no clear basic to
acid rhythms have yet been noted.
Important differences are the xenolithic character
Sr ppm
t[ll-Tq
of the Coastal Batholith, in contrast to a general lack
of xenoliths in the Cordillera Blanca Batholith. Fur-
400 Ic'r="~176
thermore the inclusions that do occur in the Cordil-
lera Blanca Batholith are of the earlier units within
I
the younger units (EGELER & DE Boo'c 1956 and
here), and basic dykes are absent while pegmatites
and particularly granite veins are common, especially
at the margin.
The major element chemistry is similar to that of
200

0
l i
Coastal Batholith

i i I I
the Coastal Batholith except for the higher alumi- 10 20 3O
Hf/Ta
nium content (Fig. 7), which gives rise in part to the
corundum normative character of the later more acid Fig. 15. Sr v. Hf/Ta plot illustrating the low Hf/Ta rations
parts of the batholith. The difference in A1203 is only of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith rocks compared to most
rocks of the Coastal Batholith. L 1 and L2 - Linga Super-
apparent at higher S i O 2 values, so that at extreme
unit, SR-Santa Rosa Superunit. T-Tiabaya Superunit, SB-
acid compositions the aluminium is nearly 2 % higher Senal Blanca Superunit (see ATHERTONand SANDERSON
than that in the Coastal Batholith. 1985).
The AFM and N C K diagram indicate the calc al-
kaline character and similarity with the Coastal Ba-
tholith and show there is no k-h relationship.
In detail there are other slight differences, thus, in There are similarities in that both relate to major
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith, N a 2 0 is a little linear structures; in the case of the Coastal Batholith
higher throughout, with a slight decrease after 72% intrusion occurs in three very different environments
SiO2; T i O 2 tends to have higher values at the basic viz from N to S; pre Ordovician schists and Meso-
end but is similar at the acid end; total iron is lower at zoic rocks of the Olmos arch; Cretaceous rocks of
more acid compositions, as is MnO. With regard to the marginal basin, and the Precambrian Arequipa
trace elements the most obvious differences include massif (ATHERTON1984), the whole forming a major
higher Sr (Fig. 14) lower HREE, while Zr and Y are megalineament (PITCHER 1972). The Cordillera
generally lower and Zn higher than in the Coastal Ba- Blanca Batholith is axially emplaced almost entirely
tholith, and the Ta/Hf ratio is distinctly higher (Fig. within the Jurassic Chicama series of the Chavin Ba-
15). sin, and along the Cordillera Blanca Fault, a major
structure forming the western boundary of the East
Peruvian Trough (CoBBING et al. 1981). Indeed,
COBBINGet al. (1981 ) specifically relate magma ascent
1000 o o Cordillera Blanca Batholith /
800 9 Coastal Bathotith 1 from depth via the Cordillera Blanca Fault which was
600 0 o
/ initially responsible for the basin subsidence then la-
9 o o
Srppm 9 ~ 9 ~s 9
40o 0 . a:" @ _ _ . . " 9
o ~ o
o o %
ter formed a conduit for magma ascent. Both MYERS
(1975) and COMBINGet al. (1981) imply this major
20O .~l"lh;...
fault system dissected the whole crust.
o ~,~ r~ 6'5 ~'o 7s Surface features related to the Coastal Batholith
sio2wt % indicate emplacement into a zone of brittle fracture,
Fig. 14. Sr v. SiO2 plot of rocks from the Cordillera Blanca with little internal foliation or structure, neither is
Batholith compared to the Coastal Batholith. the country rock deformed and thermal metamor-
226 M. ]3. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON
phism is subdued (ATH~t~TON& BRENCHLEY1972).
This is in marked contrast to the Cordillera Blanca
Batholith, which is often strongly deformed, as are
the envelope rocks and which develops a large ther-
mal aureole, up to 5 km wide. However, to some ex-
tent the difference in envelope rock competence may
be responsible for this. The Chicama formation de-
formed plastically while the volcanic rocks of the
Lima segment deformed by brittle failure. Strong
contact i n t e r a c t i o n s between country rock and
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith are in contrast to the
Coastal Batholith where such interaction is minimal.
The Tulparaju tonalite shows little interaction with
the contact rocks apart from sporadic growth of por-
phyroblastic feldspar and very rare apophyses
and aplite veins. However, the leucogranodiorite in-
variably shows strong interaction with the contact
sediments, and according to Egeler and De Booy
(1956) produced marked granitization, involving the
sequential production of plagioclase, biotite and K-
feldspar in rocks varying from biotite quartzite to
andalusite hornfels (Plate le). Apophyses and aplite
veining in the country rock is very common, up to
100 m away from the contact. Sometimes interaction
takes place over several 10s of metres and is made up
of every gradation from sediments to ,,migmatitic~,
type rocks (EG~LER& D~ BooY 1956). Strong inte-
ractions are also seen at the borders formed by the
early quartz diorite and in the Carhuish Pluton. The
rocks of the contact zones often show mobilization
(Plate le) with plastic deformation of the country
rock and a rotation of fragments within igneous ma-
terial made up of plagioclase, quartz, biotite and
cummingtonite (EGELEt~& DE BooY 1956). Tourma-
line is a common late mineral. Various microscopic
and macroscopic features of this ,,metasomation<< or
granitization were ascribed by EGELEt~& D~ BooY
(1956) to permeating solutions which in extreme ca-
ses produced mica-tourmaline rock. We agree that
these phenomena associated with strong deforma-
tion are clearly related to granite-country rock inte-
raction mainly via a fluid phase.
Previous workers (McCouRT 1978, COBBING1981,
PiTCHEr. 1974, PITCHER1983) have emphasized the ,,S~<
type affinity of the Batholith. However, in spite of
some ,,S~<type characteristics such as mild peralumi-
nosity and the presence of muscovite in the leucogra-
nodiorite, the Cordillera Blanca rocks have very
clear ,,It, type characteristics i.e. high N a 2 0 (>4 %)
over 70 % SiO2, hornblende in 45 % of the rocks and
(modal date here and ECELER & DE BooY 1956),
magnetite, sphene and allanite as common accessory
minerals. They also lie in the ,,I,, type field in the
Streckeisen diagram.
Comparison with the Coastal Batholith with re-
gard to corundum normative values shows this to be
a poor indicator, as 50 out of 93 rocks from the
Coastal Batholith have corundum in the norm, albeit
only 9 exceed 1%. Notably most of these mildly pe-
raluminous rocks are hornblende bearing. On an
ACF diagram the tonalitic units of the Coastal ba-
tholith and the Cordillera Blanca overlap. It is only
the leucogranodiorites which lie in the muscovite
field and show ,,S, type characteristics.
The textures (see earlier) clearly indicate the mus-
covite in the leucogranodiorite is secondary and due
to late subsolidus fluid reaction occurring during the
deformation producing the foliation and new fabric.
Thus the most deformed leucogranodiorites from the
western margin (136, 137) have the highest modal
muscovite while the central and eastern marginal leu-
cogranodiorites lack muscovite and are relatively
undeformed.
The aplites, and the pegmatites, which are all
common in the contact zone of the leucogranodiorite
show evidence of strong fluid interaction with the
aureole rocks. Thus the aplites contain andalusite,
both prismatic and irregular in form as well as, less
commonly, cordierite and green spinel, while the
pegmatites are often very mica-rich and may
contain beryl (WiLsON & GARaYER1967). The anda-
lusite etc. in the aplite is found o n 1y near the con-
tact where the veins intersect strongly metamorpho-
sed aluminous pelites of the Chicama Formation.
Dehydration water generated on metamorphism of
the Chicama appears to have moved into the granite
during deformation. It was buffered by the alumi-
nous rich aureole rocks and muscovite crystallized as
described earlier. In aplite veins, also containing
tourmaline, andalusite is replaced by white mica in-
dicating the presence of later fluids containing K and
B, both derived from the sediment. The relation of
peraluminosity to deformation is well seen in sample
142, which is included in 141. This latter has higher
normative corundum, is more deformed and crystal-
lized at a higher structural level, presumably within
the Chicama schists, where it gained its peralumi-
nous character. Three of the four porphyries show a
similar feature, they have the highest A / C N K values
(1.19, 1.22, 1.17), the highest normative corundum
and lie nearest to muscovite on an ACF diagram (Fig.
8). Euhedral or corroded phenocrysts of biotite, pla-
gioclase, K-feldspar and quartz, which may all be de-
formed are present in a quartz, feldspar, fine-grained
granular matrix with biotite and very small musco-
vite flakes. In these rocks the muscovite is related
texturally to chlorite and stilpnomelane which frin-
ges the phenocrystic biotite, and occurs as a matrix
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith
mineral. Other textures involving muscovite include
all those mentioned earlier seen in the leucograno-
diorite. The restriction of muscovite to the matrix,
which we interpret as a quench texture is significant;
it indicates this liquid was peraluminous and may
have quenched as fluid from the aureole leaked into
the porphyry, or as soluble alkali complexes moved
out of the system in a volatile phase. The association
with chlorite which fringes biotite and stilpnomelane
suggests that the biotite is Al-rich. Note however,
the chloritization in the porphyries is very limited
and could not account for the position of them on the
ACF diagram, nor for the amount of muscovite in
the fine grained matrix.
Both the microscopic evidence from the aplites,
granite veins, pegmatites and porphyries indicating
fluid reactions producing muscovite and the macros-
copic evidence of ~metasomatic~, reactions via a per-
meating fluid, are sufficient we think to account for
the mildly peraluminous or ,~S(~type character of the
leucogranodiorites, which is therefore a superficial
o v e r p r i n t on the primary ,A,, type character.
Source of the magma: isotopic evidence
From the evidence presented earlier it is clear that
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith has an ~I~ type cha-
racter and the )~S~, type imprint on the leucograno-
diorite is considered to be a high level phenomena as-
sociated with deformation on intrusion and involved
interaction with the Chicama Shales. We have postu-
lated a dominantly mantle source for the Coastal Ba-
706
705
__ .~_][
Sr 87
Sr 86 704
Depleted mantle
703
702
tOO 80 BO
Fig. 16. ~TSr/S6Srv. Age (Ma) for rocks of the Coastal Batholith (including the gabbros) compared to rocks of the Cordillera
Blanca Batholith (data from BECKINSALEet al. 1985). The increase in age is very crudely related to distance from the coast.
227
tholith (ATHEt~TON1984, A~RTON & SAND~RSOZ~,
1985, BECKINSALZet al. 1985) and considering the si-
milarity in mineralogy and chemistry to some units
of the Coastal Batholith it is likely that the Cordillera
Blanca Batholith had a similar source, although in-
board from that of the Coastal Batholith.
Initial 87Sr/86Sr data calculated to an age of 10 Ma
(BECKINSALEet al. 1985) forms two groups, relating
to the tonalitic type (Carhuish) and leucogranodio-
rite (Cohup) type units (mean values of 0.70492 + 6
(6), and 0.70528 + 9 (7) respectively) which are less
than some values in the Coastal Batholith (Fig. 16).
These authors concluded the Cohup unit could not
have been formed by melting old continent crust, but
both units were mantle-derived and the Cohup unit
had probably ~assimilated,, some pelitic material
from the Chicama formation. MUKASA& TILTON
(1984) used lead isotopes to constrain the source and
found the Cordillera Blanca rocks and those from an
associated slightly older stock (Surco) had values si-
milar to the Lima segment plutonic rocks of the Co-
astal Batholith and show no detectable old crustal Pb
component. However, the more acid components in
b o t h batholiths show a Pb component likely to
have been derived (by assimilation) from the respec-
tive envelope rocks (Fig. 17). In the case of the Cor-
dillera Blanca Batholith this component is clearly
from the Chicama series, but we are sure it is not
derived by bulk assimilation of rock, but by fluids
buffered by the Chicama Formation which were
drawn into the Batholith during the crystallization
and deformation associated with intrusion.
t
Crustal
Contamination
Bulk earth
o Cordillera Blanca BathOlith
9 Arequipa Segment
9 Toquepala Segment
9 Gabbro
9 Lima Segment
Ma 40 20 0
228 M.P. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON

the SW Finland trondhjemitic suite (Awi~ et al.

1978). Thus the REEs from Eu to Lu (Eu, Gd, Tb,
PS Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu) decrease continuously rocks with
if- a9 SiO2 values as follows: 56.8, 73.6, 66.3, 64.8. These
data are not simply consistent with varying degrees
LenEal,b, L,r l l l e ~ L- / of partial melting, either of garnetiferous or amphi-
bolitic mantle, both of which may be capable of pro-
ducing HREE depleted melts at considerable depth
or more shallow depth respectively. Thus if horn-
,57 . . . . . . . is :# :,iii{iiF blende is a residual phase, and melting took place at
Cordillera B less than 60 km (ARTH & BARKER1976), this would
..Q
Q- p .... occur in the crust/mantle boundary, for according to
Central,S.C JAMES(1971) the M discontinuity lies between 50-60
Q_r ~ P G granulite ~ /" km beneath the Cordillera Blanca. Melting of basal-
tic type material PH20 ----5.0 Kb) within the stability
"15"5 field of hornblende produces strongly quartzofeld-
spathic material whose natural analogue is tonalite
t i
17 18 19 (and trondhjemite) and which is corundum norma-
2~176 tive (HELz 1976); the liquid being produced by a re-
Fig. 17. 2~176 and 2~176 v. 2~176 dia- action of the type
gram (after MUKASAand TILTON 1984). PS-Pacific Sedi-
ments; P, L-rocks from the Pisco and Lima Segments, re- hbl--+ cpx + ol + liq. (peraluminous)
spectively, of the Coastal Batholith; Central, S. Chile-
Quaternary volcanic rocks and ores from Chile (TILTON However, "KusHIRO& YODER(1972) produced melts
1979). within the system CaO - MgO - A12Oa - SiO2 at
PN2o = 10 kb, 1025 ~ C, which are also corundum
normative, although hornblende is not present. This
suggests peraluminous compositions may be produ-
The dominant Pb component in the plutonic
ced without hornblende, and may be characteristic of
rocks, according to MUKASA& TILTON(1984), came
melts produced at high water pressure in the presence
from an isotopically homogeneous reservoir very
of a phase containing modal and/or normative diop-
like that found by TILTON(1979) and TILTON& BAR-
side (HELz 1976). Furthermore, comparison with the
REIRO(1980) for plutonic and volcanic rocks in cen-
Coastal Batholith which also contains mildly pera-
tral Chile, which they thought might well be enri-
luminous rocks (> 50 % are corundum normative), is
ched sub continental (lithospheric) mantle.
apposite. The NEE data have consistently flat
HREE, about xl0 chondrite, so it is unlikely horn-
Source of the Cordillera Blanca Batholith -
blende (or garnet) were important residual phases
chemical evidence
(ATHERTON & SANDERSON1985). Clearly the mildly
The petrological, field and chemical data indicate peraluminous character does not neccessarily relate
that the units are individual melts and that high level to amphibole in the source, which in the case of the
fractionation is not responsible for the time sequence Coastal Batholith was in the mantle (ATHERTON&
diorite-granite, as the Sr contents of the most SiO2 SANDERSON1985, MUKASA& TILTON1985, LE BEL et
rich rocks is not radically depleted although plagio- al. 1985). The composition of the lower crust in we-
clase is clearly a liquidus phase. stern Peru is unlikely to be mafic according to JAMES
The high Sr indicates incompatible behaviour, so (1971) or cool. He thought the lower crust was hot,
that feldspar was not a major residual phase in the anhydrous and not dissimilar chemically from parts
source, furthermore this high value is not due to in- of the upper crust. This being so and by analogy with
creased crustal contamination inboard from the the Coastal Batholith and from the isotope evidence,
Coastal Batholith, for this would give a reverse varia- the source must lie in the mantle. Two facts may be
tion. relevant to the proposition that this is garnetiferous,
Hornblende fractionation is not responsible for firstly below about 60 km hornblende is unstable in
the HREE depletion (down to x2 chondrite), as there tonalitic compositions (LAMBERT& WYLLIE 1974).
is no clear decrease in HREE with increasing SiO2 Secondly the configuration of the REE plots is more
content cf. Tuolumne intrusion (FREYet al. 1978) and compatible, especially at the HREE end, with gar-
 The Cordillera Blanca Batholith
net/liquid partition coefficients which consistently
increase from Gd to Lu e.g. PY80 Gr20 coexisting
with H 2 0 saturated haploandesite - haplodacite
composition liquids at 1000 ~ C and 20-25 kb (MYsEN
1978), and garnet from the garnet rich megacrysts
from the Breziny andesite and other similar rocks
(Fig. 8) in IRVING& FREY 1978). In contrast horn-
blende/matrix partition coefficients are either con-
cave downwards over the range Eu - Lu, peaking at
about H o for rhyolite/dacite compositions or almost
unchanged or slightly decreasing over the same ran-
ge, for andesites and basalts (AR~ et al. 1978). If
these arguments can be applied to the rocks of the
Cordillera Blanca, the source clearly contained resi-
dual garnet, and may well have been enriched garnet
lherzolite (ATHERTON & SANDERSON1985, MUKASA&
TILTON 1985).
Variations across the Peruvian Andes
A general characteristic of Cordilleran plutonism
is the migration of the site of melting and crystalliza-
tion with time. However, in the Coastal Batholith al-
though there is a tendency for magmatism to young
eastward, e.g. the youngest units, such as Pativilca
which lies on the eastern border is dated at 37 Ma
(BEcKINSAL~et al. 1985, MUKASA& TILTON1985), the
persistence of the batholithic lineament from about
100 Ma to 37 Ma is impressive. Later Mid Tertiary
magmatism produced the intermediately positioned
Eastern Stocks (including Surco and Acos) at about
20 Ma and finally the Cordillera Blanca Batholith at
10 Ma or less (Fig. 1).
Generally eastward migration of plutonism has
been accompanied by a compositional change, often
relating to variations in incompatible element abun-
dances, as seen in Recent arcs (e.g. WHI~ORD et al.
1979 and others). Looking specifically at plutonic
rock systems, SAUNDERSet al. (1980) demonstrated a
systematic increase in K/Si, Rb/Si, Th/Si and to a les-
ser extent Ce/Si and La/Si with increasing distance
from the trench across the Antarctic Peninsula. They
relate this to an enriched subcontinental mantle vary-
ing laterally which they considered an alternative ex-
planation for the K-h variation observed there and in
many other arc systems. In Central Chile the
easternmost Upper Tertiary Batholith granodiorites
are relatively enriched in Sr and compatible elements
(Sc, V, Cr, Co and Ni) and U; they also have greater
N a 2 0 contents than the westerly, older granitoids
(LoPEz-EscOBAR 1979). Considering only the Creta-
ceous and Tertiary Batholiths (plutonism associated
with the Andean >>orogeny,,) there is also an increase
in La/Yb ratio and Sr initial ratio (McNu~r et al.
229
1975). Similar trends for Sr, initial Sr ratio and La/Yb
have been noted in the Cretaceous Peninsula Ranges
Batholith of S. California (GROMET& SILVER1977).
Trends in the Sierra Nevada however involve K, Rb
and Sr initial ratio (KIsTLER& PETERMAN1973). These
changes have been related to deep seated sources near
the mantle crust boundary.
Comparison of the Coastal Batholith and the Cor-
dillera Blanca show very clear differences specifically
in the dominance of higher SiO2 rich rocks, higher Sr
and A1 contents and larger CeN/YbN ratios in the
Cordillera Blanca Batholith rocks (Fig. 18). Minor
differences occur in TiO2, MnO and total iron,
N a 2 0 as well as Zr, Y and Zn (see earlier). Notable is
the absence of a systematic change in K, Rb and Th.
In fact the Cordillera Blanca rocks have much lower
K/Si ratios than the Linga superunit which is the
most K-rich superunit of the Coastal Batholith
(A~ERTON & PLAYr 1985). Notable also is the in-
crease in Ta/Hf ratio (Fig. 15). Compatible elements
such as Co, Cr, Ni, V, Sc are much the same. Accep-
ting the difference in A1 is mainly a high level effect,
the other major differences, e.g. Sr, CeN/YbN, are
similar to those seen in Chile and the Peninsula
Range (op.cit.), and with the increase in Ta/Hf ratio
must relate to a systematic change (enrichment) in
source region (mantle?) into the continent. The wi-
despread similarity of these variations suggest this
enrichment might characterise E. Pacific continental
margins.
30
Cordillera Blanca t
2O
Ce
Coastal Batholith
'~ I. i I .. ol .
L P,P IT LM,S,Sd S,C P
100 ' 80 ' 60 ' 4J0 ' 20 ' 0
Age Ma
Fig. 18. Ce/Yb v. Age (Ma) plot of rocks of the CoastaiBa-
tholith and the Cordillera Blanca Batholith. Capital letters
refer to specific superunits" L-Linga, P-Pampahuasi, P-
Paccho, I-Incahuasi, T-Tiabaya, LM-La Mina, S-Santa
Rosa, SJ-San Jeronimo, S-Sayan, C-Cafias, P-Pativilca (age
data from BECKINSALEet al. 1985).
230 M.P. ATHERTON& L. M. SANDERSON
Conclusion
I. The Batholith is made up of at least 5 distinct
units which, from oldest to youngest, form a basic to
acid sequence in which the younger members pro-
gressively pierced the older members to form a
younglng upwardly nested batholith.
The units are: (a) discontinuous diorite and quartz
diorite at the contact defined in the south and consi-
dered to be an older intrusion invaded by leucogra-
nodiorite (e). (b) Tonalite, (including the Tulparaju
tonalite). (c) Tonalite exemplified by rock 142 inclu-
ded in (b), which is more primitive in some trace ele-
ments than (b) and presumably relates to a unit at
depth. (d) Granodiorite: (including the Ridge grano-
diorite) - a roof facies with some intermediate cha-
racteristics of (b) and (e), but texturally distinctive.
(e) Leucogranodiorite, including the Cohup leuco-
granodiorite. There may well be other units, as yet
unidentified;
II. Tonalitic units of the batholith, although
mildly peraluminous, are very similar to the equiva-
lent ,,I,, type units of the Coastal Batholith. They are
also no different in REE, Pb and Sr isotopes to the
leucogranodiorites, which contain muscovite. The
presence of the latter is related to marked fluid inter-
action of the leucogranodiorites with the alumi-
nous-hydrous envelope rocks activated during de-
formation. This ,,S,, type character is therefore a su-
perfical imprint imposed by a high level buffered
fluid on an ,,I,~ type magma, and is not related to deep
crustal melting or contamination on ascent. Al-
though the Cordillera Blanca Batholith lies over the
thick keel (50-60 kin) of the Andes, and is the termi-
nal component of the Andean crustal growth, the
lack of a deep crustal component indicates recycling
of lower crust of Pre-Cambrian type d i d n o t oc-
cur.
III. Although the individual units are clearly rela-
ted (see REE data Fig. 12) probably by a similar
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