DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 2.20 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 5.50 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 4.00 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

3.3 m
W2
2.0 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° i
b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 17.2°
α = Slope of wall = 72.8° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 2.20 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
H = Height of active soil pressure = 5.50 m HA
a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 4.00 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
 Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.

SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 13.77 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.5
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.50
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 129.10 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 3.0
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.45
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 234.80 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.5
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)
Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 88.83 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.57 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 112.20 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 1.13 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 72.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 1.95 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 129.10 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 2.03 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 13.77 kN yAE = 0.60H = 3.30 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 234.80 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 1.33 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= =
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces) Σ(PA+PAE)

= 3.55 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.05 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 2.35 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 5.00 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 3.20 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

3.0 m
W2
1.9 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 20.3°
α = Slope of wall = 69.7° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 2.35 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 5.00 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 3.20 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55

Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.

SOIL PRESSURES :
 Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 8.30 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.6
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.52
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 115.35 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 3.1
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.49
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 145.72 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.5
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 87.88 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.62 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 111.00 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 1.23 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 66.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 2.10 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 115.35 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.87 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 8.30 kN yAE = 0.60H = 3.00 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 145.72 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 1.07 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= =
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces) Σ(PA+PAE)

= 3.32 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.02 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

PREPARED:

PAUL M. LENGWA
Engineer II
 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.90 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 4.50 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 3.20 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

2.7 m
W2
1.7 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 17.3°
α = Slope of wall = 72.7° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.90 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 4.50 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 3.20 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55

Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

 KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.
 SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 7.18 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.6
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.49
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 86.65 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 3.0
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.45
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 150.10 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.5
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 59.85 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.47 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 75.60 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.93 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 60.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 1.65 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 86.65 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.70 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 7.18 kN yAE = 0.60H = 2.70 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 150.10 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 1.07 m

Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLID= = Σ(PA+PAE)
Σ(Sliding forces)

= 3.68 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.15 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

PREPARED:
PAUL M. LENGWA
Engineer II
 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.60 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 4.00 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 2.70 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

2.4 m
W2
1.5 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 15.4°
α = Slope of wall = 74.6° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.60 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 4.00 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 2.70 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.
SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 4.91 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.6
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.46
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 65.33 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.9
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.43
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 109.10 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.6
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 41.80 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.37 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 52.80 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.73 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 54.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 1.35 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 65.33 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.53 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 4.91 kN yAE = 0.60H = 2.40 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 109.10 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.90 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= = Σ(PA+PAE)
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces)

= 3.67 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.01 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.30 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 3.50 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 2.50 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

2.1 m
W2
1.4 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 12.9°
α = Slope of wall = 77.1° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.30 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 3.50 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 2.50 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
 Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.

SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 3.67 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.5
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.44
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 47.07 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.9
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.40
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 96.36 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.6
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 26.60 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.27 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 33.60 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.53 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 48.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 1.05 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 47.07 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.37 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 3.67 kN yAE = 0.60H = 2.10 m
 PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 96.36 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.83 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= =
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces) Σ(PA+PAE)

= 4.03 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.16 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.10 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 3.00 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 2.00 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

1.8 m
W2
1.2 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 11.3°
α = Slope of wall = 78.7° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.10 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 3.00 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 2.00 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.
SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 2.27 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.5
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.42
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 33.29 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.9
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.39
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 62.92 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.7
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 17.10 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.20 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 21.60 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.40 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 42.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 0.85 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 33.29 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.20 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 2.27 kN yAE = 0.60H = 1.80 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 62.92 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.67 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= = Σ(PA+PAE)
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces)

= 4.04 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.04 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.00 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 2.50 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 1.50 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

1.5 m
W2
1.0 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 11.3°
α = Slope of wall = 78.7° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.00 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 2.50 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 1.50 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.
SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 1.23 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.5
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.41
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 23.12 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.9
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.39
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 35.39 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.7
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 11.88 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.17 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 15.00 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.33 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 36.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 0.75 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 23.12 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.03 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 1.23 kN yAE = 0.60H = 1.50 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 35.39 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.50 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= = Σ(PA+PAE)
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces)

= 4.04 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.01 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

 DESIGN OF GROUTED RIPRAP PROTECTION

DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 0.90 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 2.00 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 1.00 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA

1.2 m
W2
0.9 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 39.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° i
b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 11.3°
α = Slope of wall = 78.7° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 0.90 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
H = Height of active soil pressure = 2.00 m HA
a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 1.00 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.
SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 0.57 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.5
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.40
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (KAE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 14.80 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.9
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.39
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 15.73 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.7
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 7.60 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.13 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 9.60 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.27 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 30.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 0.65 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 14.80 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 0.87 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw = 0.57 kN yAE = 0.60H = 1.20 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 15.73 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.33 m

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

= = Σ(PA+PAE)
SLIDING: Σ(Sliding forces)

= 4.09 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.1 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE