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List of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Past simple Translation Example


I was at school yesterday.
Be Was A fi
Angela was not home yesterday.
Were We were at the theatre last week
We began our lessons at 7 o’clock last week
Begin Began A începe
Mummy bought a nice doll for me yesterday
Buy Bought A cumpăra
Sam caught a cold last week
Catch Caught A prinde
She came home early yesterday
Come Came A veni
Cut Cut A tăia
Dig Dug A săpa
Do Did A face
Draw Drew A desena
Drink Drank A bea
Eat Ate A mînca
Fall Fell A cădea
Fight Fought A lupta
Fly Flew A zbura
Get Got A obține
Give Gave A da
Go Went A pleca
Have Had A avea
Hear Heard A auzi
Keep Kept A păstra
Know Knew A ști
Leave Left A pleca
Make Made A face
Put Put A pune
Read Read A citi
Ring Rang A suna
Run Ran A alerga
Say Said A spune
See Saw A vedea
Sell Sold A vinde
Send Sent A trimite
Sit Sat A ședea
Sleep Slept A dormi
Speak Spoke A vorbi
Spend Spent A petrece
Stick Stuck A lipi
Swim Swam A înota
Take Took A lua
Teach Taught A preda
Tell Told A spune
Think Thought A gîndi
Wake Woke A trezi
Wear Wore A purta
Write Wrote A scrie

PAST SIMPLE
I played/went I didn’t play/go Did I play/go?
You played/went You didn’t play/go Did you play/go?
He played/went He didn’t play/go Did he play/go?
She played/went She didn’t play/go Did she play/go?
It played/went It didn’t play/go Did it play/go?
We played/went We didn’t play/go Did we play/go?
You played/went You didn’t play/go Did you play/go?
They played/went They didn’t play/go Did they play/go?
Expresses a simple past action yesterday, last….., …ago
I went to the circus yesterday. I was at school last week
I was I was not Was I?
You were You were not Were you?
He was He was not Was he?
She was She was not Was she?
It was It was not Was it?
We were We were not Were we?
You were You were not Were you?
They were They were not Were they?
Portfolio Content 4th Grade
1. Present Simple Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Past Simple Tense
4. Future Simple Tense
5. Irregular verbs
6. What / When/ W here / How/ Who
7. Some or Any
8. Plural of nouns
9. Possessive dependent pronouns
10. Prepositions next to, in front of, behind, near, between
11. MUST, CAN, MAY
12. Imperatives DON’T BE LATE
13. Describing people
14. To be going to do something +, -. ?
15. Degrees of comparison
16. Should +, -, ?
17. MANY, MUCH, A LOT OF, FEW, LITTLE
18. HOW MUCH…? HOW MANY…?
19. Vocabulary List
20. Pronunciation guide
21. Autumn, Winter, Spring, Easter Breaks Tasks
22. Test Papers (1st and 2nd semester)
a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
23. Projects (1st and 2nd semester)
a) ____________________ c) ____________________
b) ____________________ d) ____________________
24. Compositions (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
Portfolio Content 3rd Grade
1. First, Second, Third …………………….
2. Plural of nouns, Irregular nouns
3. Personal Pronouns
4. Possessive Pronouns
5. Jobs
6. Prepositions AT/ IN
7. Prepositions NEAR, UNDER, ABOVE, BETWEEN, ON, IN
8. Present Simple
9. There is/ are +, -, ?/ Yes, No………………./ Answers
10. Who ……………
11. 20ty, 30ty……………100
12. Can
13. Present continuous +, -, ? / Yes, No………………../Answers
14. Degrees of Comparison
15. Possessive Case of Nouns
16. Was / Were
17. Past Simple of Regular Verbs +, -, ? / Yes, No………………../Answers
18. Past Simple of Irregular Verbs +, -, ? / Yes, No………………../Answers
19. WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHO
20. Future Simple
21. Vocabulary List
22. Pronunciation guide
23. Autumn, Winter, Spring, Easter Breaks Tasks
24. Test Papers (1st and 2nd semester)
a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
25. Projects (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) ____________________ c) ____________________
b) ____________________ d) ____________________
26. Compositions (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
Portfolio Content 5th Grade
1. Present Simple and Past Simple of the verb to be
2. the Present Simple
3. Have / Have Got
4. Possessive Case of Nouns
5. There is / There are
6. The Article
7. Degrees of Comparison
8. Present Continuous
9. On Monday, in August, in winter, at 5 o’clock
10. WHERE, WHO, WHEN, WHAT
11. Plural of Nouns
12. Personal Pronouns
13. Past Simple WAS/WERE
14. Past Simple Tense (with regular and irregular verbs)
15. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, …./ the 25th of September …, 1993, 2010
16. CAN, MAY, MUST
17. Adjectives and Adverbs
18. Regular and Irregular Verbs
19. Present Perfect
20. Future Simple
21. Tag Questions
22. Vocabulary List
23. Pronunciation guide
24. Autumn, Winter, Spring, Easter Breaks Tasks
25. Test Papers (1st and 2nd semester)
a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
26. Projects (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) ____________________ c) ____________________
b) ____________________ d) ____________________
27. Compositions (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
English Language
Portfolio
rd
3 Grade

Learner: _________
From:_________

Teacher: Kristina Cernei

2012 – 2013
English Language
Portfolio
th
4 Grade

Learner: _________
Form:_________

Teacher: Kristina Cernei

2012 - 2013
English Language
Portfolio
th
5 Grade

Learner: _________
Form:_________

Teacher: Kristina Cernei

2012 - 2013
English Language
Portfolio
th
10 Grade

Learner: _________
Form:_________

Teacher: Kristina Cernei

2012 - 2013
Domains / Grounding Application Integration Total
Contents
Text Work 28*5/100=1,4 28* 7/100=1,96 28*8/100=2,24 20 %
~ 1 item ~ 2 items ~ 2 items
5 7 8 5 items
25*20/100=5 35*20/100=7 40*20/100=8
Grammar 28*9/100=2,52 28*12/100=3,36 28*14/100=3,92 35 %
~ 3 items ~ 3 items ~ 4 items
9 12 14 10 items
25*35/100=8,75 35*35/100=12.25 40*35/100=14
Creativity 28*11/100=3,08 28*16/100=4,48 28*18/100=5,04 45 %
~ 3 items ~ 5 items ~ 5 items
11 16 18 13 items
25*45/100=11,25 25*20/100=5 25*20/100=5
Total 25 % 35 % 40 % 100%

~ 28 items

Domains / Grounding Application Integration Total


Contents
Text Work Item = 2 points Item 1= 2 points Item 1= 2 points 11
Item 1= 3 point Item 1= 2 points
Grammar Item 1= 2 points Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 3 points 38
Item 2= 3 points Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 3 points
Item 3= 4 points Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 4 points
Item 1= 4 points
Creativity Item 1= 3 points Item 1= 3 points Item 1= 3 points 45
Item 2= 3 points Item 1= 3 points Item 1= 3 points
Item 3= 4 points Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 3 points
Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 4 points
Item 1= 4 points Item 1= 4 points
Total 21 35 35 94
94 – 100% 94 – 100% 94 – 100%
21 – 22,34% 35 – 37,23% 35 – 37,23%

Scoring
100 points
94 Points for Item Solution 3 Points for Spelling 3 Points for Neat Writing
10 94 – 85
9 84 – 76
8 75 – 67
7 66 – 57
6 56 – 48
5 47 – 39
4 38 – 29
3 28 – 20
2 19 – 10
1 9-0

Test Objectives
1. To test grounding of text comprehension skills;
2. To test application of text comprehension skills;
3. To test the ability of integrating text comprehension skills;
4. To test grounding of grammar comprehension skills;
5. To test application of grammar comprehension skills;
6. To test integration of grammar comprehension skills;
7. To test grounding of creativity skills;
8. To test application of creativity comprehension skills;
9. To test integration of creativity comprehension skills;
Specification Matrix

Domains / Grounding Application Integration Total


Contents
Dictation 0,24 0,32 0,4 12%
Vocabulary 0,4 0,56 0,64 20%
Grammar 0,72 096 1,12 35 %
Creativity 0,72 0,96 1,04 33 %
Total 27 % 33 % 40 % 100%
8 items

Domains / Grounding Application Integration Total


Contents
Dictation 1 item 12 points
7 points 2 points 3 items
Vocabulary 1 item 1 item 1 item 20 points
5 points 7 points 8 points
Grammar 1 item 1 item 1 item 25 points
5 points 10 points 10 points
Creativity 1 item 1 item 1 item 23 points
5 points 8 points 10 points
Total 1 item 1 item 1 item 80 points
22 points 27 points 31 points
~ 27 % ~ 33 % ~ 39 % ~ 100 %
Scoring
100 points
80 Points for Item Solution 10 Points for Spelling 10 Points for Neat Writing
10 94 – 85
9 84 – 76
8 75 – 67
7 66 – 57
6 56 – 48
5 47 – 39
4 38 – 29
3 28 – 20
2 19 – 10
1 9-0

Test Objectives
1. To test grounding of text comprehension skills;
2. To test application of text comprehension skills;
3. To test the ability of integrating text comprehension skills;
4. To test grounding of grammar comprehension skills;
5. To test application of grammar comprehension skills;
6. To test integration of grammar comprehension skills;
7. To test grounding of creativity skills;
8. To test application of creativity comprehension skills;
9. To test integration of creativity comprehension skills;
SPECIFICATION MATRIX
Domains / Contents Grounding Application Integration Total
20 %
Text Work
2 items 3 items 3 items 8 items
Questions based on 10 %
general knowledge 1 item 2 items 2 items 5 items
4 items 25%
Grammar
3 items 4 items 11 items
25%
Creativity
3 items 4 items 4 items 11 items
Culture and 20 %
civilization 2 items 4 items 4 items 9 items
25 % 35 % 40 % 100%
Total
44 items

Domains / Grounding Application Integration Total


Contents
Text Work Item 1- 2 points Item 1- 2 points Item 1- 2 points
Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points 18
Item 3 – 3 points Item 3- 3 points
Grammar Item 1- 3 points Item 1- 3points Item 1- 3 points 17
Item 2- 4 points Item 2- 4 points
Questions based Item 1- 2points Item 1- 2 points Item 1- 2 points
on general Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points 29
knowledge Item 3- 3 points Item 3- 3 points Item 3- 3 points
Item 4 – 4 points Item 4 – 4 points
Creativity Item 1- 2points Item 1- 2 points Item 1- 2 points
Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points 29
Item 3 – 3 points Item 3- 3 points Item 3- 3 points
Item 4 – 4 points Item 4 – 4 points
Culture and Item 1- 2points Item 1- 2 points Item 1- 2 points
civilization Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points Item 2- 2 points 23
Item 3- 3 points Item 3- 3 points
Item 4 – 4 points Item 4 – 4 points
Total 25 points 44 points 47 points 116 points
22% 38% 40 % 100 %

Scoring
122 points
116 Points for Item Solution 3 Points for Spelling 3 Points for Neat Writing
10 116 – 105
9 104 – 93
8 92 – 80
7 81 – 71
6 70 – 59
5 58 – 47
4 46 – 36
3 35 – 24
2 23 – 13
1 12 - 1

Test Objectives
1. To test grounding of text comprehension skills;
2. To test application of text comprehension skills;
3. To test the ability of integrating text comprehension skills;
4. To test grounding of grammar comprehension skills;
5. To test application of grammar comprehension skills;
6. To test integration of grammar comprehension skills;
7. To test grounding of creativity skills;
8. To test application of creativity comprehension skills;
9. To test integration of creativity comprehension skills;
10. To test grounding of culture and civilization skills;
11. To test application of culture and civilization skills
12. To test integration of culture and civilization skills
Portfolio Content 10th Grade
1. Classification of Nouns
2. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
3. Noun Formation
4. Number of Nouns
5. Collective Nouns and Their Plurals
6. Possessive Case of Nouns
7. Compound Adjectives / Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives
8. Adjective Derivation
9. Demonstrative Adjectives
10. The Adverb / Composition of Adverbs / Adverbs in Final Position
11. Types of Adverbs
12. The Simple Tenses
13. The Progressive Tenses
14. The Perfect Tenses
15. The Perfect Progressive Tenses
16. The Passive Voice
17. Reported Speech
18. Vocabulary List
19. Pronunciation guide
20. Autumn, Winter, Spring, Easter Breaks Tasks
21. Test Papers (1st and 2nd semester)
a) ___________________ e) ___________________
b) ___________________ f) ___________________
c) ___________________ g) ___________________
d) ___________________ h) ___________________
22. Projects (1 and 2 semester)
st nd

a) ____________________ c) ____________________
b) ____________________ d) ____________________
23. Compositions (1st and 2nd semester)
a) _____________________ e) _____________________
b) _____________________ f) _____________________
c) _____________________ g) _____________________
d) _____________________ h) _____________________
SOME (positive ANY (negative,
sentences) interrogative sentences)
There are some books on Are there any books on the
the table. table?
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
There are some toys under Are there any toys under
the bed. the bed?
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

I bought some apples from I didn’t buy any apples


the market yesterday. from the market
yesterday.
Mother will buy some Mother won’t buy any
vegetables from the vegetables from the
supermarket tomorrow. supermarket tomorrow.

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Prepositions
NEXT TO, IN FRONT OF, BEHIND,
NEAR, BETWEEN, ON, IN, UNDER,
ABOVE, BELOW
MODAL VERBS
CAN MAY MUST
I can read in English. May I go out? We must do our homework.

Sam can ride a bike. May Angela take your pen? Tom must take his
medicine.

We can write compositions. May we draw in our I must follow the school
exercise – books? rules.

Tom can drive a car. May John open the Susan must come to school
window? on time.

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IMPERATIVES
Be polite!

Be helpful!

Greet your teacher and classmates!

Keep the school clean!

Behave yourself!

Don’t be late!

Don’t be noisy!

Don’t cheat!

Don’t shout in school!

Don’t run in school!

Don’t fight!

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Describing People
Physical Description
Describing People
Moral Description
AM/IS/ARE GOING TO
+ DO SOMETHING
On Monday I am going to visit my grandparents.

On Tuesday Sam is going to do my homework.

On Wednesday you are going to watch a cartoon.

O Thursday they are going to learn a poem.

On Friday I am going to help mother in the kitchen.

On Saturday John is going to take the rubbish out.

On Sunday we are going to rest.

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SHOULD + VERB
We should be polite at school. We
shouldn’t shout at school.
We should do our homework. We shouldn’t
forget our books at home.
We should take medicines when we catch
a cold. We shouldn’t wear shorts in winter.
We should come to school on time. We
shouldn’t be late.
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MANY, MUCH, A LOT OF, FEW, LITTLE
A LOT OF

Flowers, balls, plums, dresses, butter, sugar, milk, juice

BUT

Many /few flowers Much / little flour

Many /few balls Much / little sugar

Many /few pencils Much / little water

Many /few plums Much / little butter

Many /few nuts Much / little jam

Many /few apples Much / little bread

Jam, potatoes, tea, coffee, eggs, oranges, sugar, books

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Vocabulary
Unit 1 Topic:

Lesson one _____________________________

Word Translation Example

THE NUMERAL

CARDINAL ORDINAL
1 ONE THE FIRST THE 1ST

2 TWO THE SECOND THE 2ND

3 THREE THE THIRD THE 3RD

4 FOUR THE FOURTH THE 4TH

5 FIVE THE FIFTH THE 5TH

6 SIX THE SIXTH THE 6TH

7 SEVEN THE SEVENTH THE 7TH

8 EIGHT THE EIGHTH THE 8TH

9 NINE THE NINETH THE 9TH

10 TEN THE TENTH THE 10TH

11 ELEVEN THE ELEVENTH THE 11TH

12 TWELVE THE TWELTH THE 12TH

13 THIRTEEN THE THIRTEENTH THE 13TH

14 FOURTEEN THE FOURTEENTH THE 14TH

15 FIFTEEN THE FIFTEENTH THE 15TH

16 SIXTEEN THE SIXTEENTH THE 16TH

17 SEVENTEEN THE SEVENTEENTH THE 17TH

18 EIGHTEEN THE EIGHTEENTH THE 18TH

19 NINETEEN THE NINETEENTH THE 19TH

20 TWENTY THE TWENTIETH THE 20TH


CARDINAL ORDINAL

21 TWENTY ONE THE TWENTY FIRST THE 21ST

22 TWENTY TWO THE TWENTY SECOND THE 22ND

23 TWENTY THREE THE TWENTY THIRD THE 23RD

24 TWENTY FOUR THE TWENTY FOURTH THE 24TH

25 TWENTY FIVE THE TWENTY FIFTH THE 25TH

26 TWENTY SIX THE TWENTY SIXTH THE 26TH

27 TWENTY SVEN THE TWENTY SEVENTH THE 27TH

28 TWENTY EIGHT THE TWENTY EIGHT THE 28TH

29 TWENTY NINE THE TWENTY NINETH THE 29TH

30 THIRTY THE THIRTIETH THE 30TH

31 THIRTY ONE THE THIRTY FIRST THE 31ST

32 THIRTY TWO THE THIRTY SECOND THE 32ND

33 THIRTY THREE THE THIRTY THIRD THE 33RD

34 THIRTY FOUR THE THIRTY FOURTH THE 34TH

40 FORTY THE FOURTIETH THE 40TH

50 FIFTY THE FIFTIETH THE 50TH

60 SIXTY THE SIXRIETH THE 60TH

70 SEVENTY THE SEVENTIETH THE 70TH

80 EIGHTY THE EIGHTIETH THE 80TH

90 NINETY THE NINETIETH THE 90TH

100 ONE HUNDRED THE ONE HUNDREDTH THE 100TH


THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS
‘S OF
My mother’s name is Helen. The roof of the house is broken.

His baby’s hair is brown. The color of the dress is yellow.

The doctor’s room is 301. The door of the school was made of
wood.

The teacher’s telephone is The roads of the city have been


234478 repaired.

The girl’s house is in New York. The leaves of the book are ripped off.

His wife’s purse was stolen. The heels of the shoes are high.

Our neighbor’s dog is lost. The tail of the cat is very long.

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THE PRESENT AND PAST SIMPLE FORMS OF THE
VERB TO BE

PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE


+ - ? + - ?
I am I am not Am I? I was I was not Was I?

You are You are not Are you? You were You were not Were you?

He is He is not Is he? He was He was not Was he?

She is She is not Is she? She was She was not Was she?

It is It is not Is it? It was It was not Was it?

We are We are not Are we? We were We were not Were we?

You are You are not Are you? You were You were not Were you?

They are They are not Are they? They were They were not Were they?

My name is Angela. I am from London. Tom is from


Spain. We are friends.

I was at the theatre yesterday. Sam and John were at


the circus. My friend was at the library.

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HAVE HAVE GOT
I have It has I have got It has got
You have We have You have got We have got
He has You have
He has got You have got
She has They have
She has got They have got
I have not I don’t have

You have not You don’t have I have not got It hasn’t got
He has not He does not have You have not got We haven’t got
She has not She does not have
He has not got You haven’t got
It has not It doesn’t have
She hasn’t got They haven’t got
We have not We don’t have

You have not You don’t have Have I got?

They have not They don’t have Have you got?

Have I? Do I have? Has he got?


Have you? Do you have?
Has she got?
Has he? Does he have?
Has it got?
Has she? Does she have?
Have we got?
Has it? Does it have?
Have you got?
Have we? Do we have?
Have they got?
Have you? Do you have?

Have they? Do they have?


ON, IN, AT

ON MONDAY
ON TUESDAY
ON SUNDAY
IN AUGUST
IN SEPTEMBER
IN AUTUMN
IN SPRING
AT 5 O’CLOCK
AT 10 O’CLOCK
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25 September = the 25th of September
3 October = the 3rd of October
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1932 = nineteen thirty-two
1674 = sixteen seventy-four
2000 = two thousand
2012 = two thousand twelve
2038 = two thousand thirty eight
2356 = twenty-three fifty-six
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ADJECTIVE AND/OR ADVERB?

Rapid Rapidly
Glad Gladly
Proud Proudly
Beautiful Beautifully
Happy Happily
Rude Rudely
Quick Quickly
Slow Slowly
The girl is very beautiful - This girl is beautifully dressed
She has a happy face - The girls sing happily at school
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TAG QUESTIONS
Present Simple +You have a dog, don’t you?
-Sam doesn’t sing in the choir, does he?
Present Continuous +I am seeing a doctor tomorrow, am I not?
-I am not playing chess well, am I?
+Tom is sleeping now, isn’t he?
-Angela is not drawing, is she?
+We are dancing nicely, aren’t we?
-They aren’t cooking dinner, are they?
Past Simple +Dan bought a guitar, didn’t he?
-Sandy didn’t read the book, did he?
Future Simple +We will go to the circus tomorrow, won’t we?
-You will not visit my friend in Spain, will you?
Present Simple +_____________________________________
-_____________________________________

Present Continuous +_____________________________________


-_____________________________________

Past Simple +_____________________________________


-_____________________________________

Future Simple +_____________________________________


-_____________________________________

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CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
Common nouns Dog, man, table
Proper nouns France, Spain, Angela
Abstract nouns Beauty, charity, courage
Collective nouns Crowd, group, team
Characterize the nouns according to their criteria.
Example: growth – abstract, uncountable, common noun
Joy - _________________________________________________
Honesty - ______________________________________________
Ceremony - _____________________________________________
Ice-cream - ____________________________________________
Flower - _______________________________________________
Goal - _________________________________________________
Running - _______________________________________________
Surfing - _______________________________________________
Idea - _________________________________________________
Basket - _______________________________________________
Dreaming - _____________________________________________
Education - _____________________________________________
Potato - _______________________________________________
Behavior - ______________________________________________
Sorrow - _______________________________________________
Glue - _________________________________________________
Attic - ________________________________________________
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NOUN FORMATION
CONTRACTION Means the shortening of a word by omitting its first part, its
middle or its ending
Ex. Pen (fountain pen)
Exam (examination)
DEFLEXION Means the derivation of one word from another one by changing
the vowel
Ex. Long – length Lose - Loss
Sing – song Choose - Choice

CONVERSION Means the formation of a new word from another part of


speech without adding any derivative elements
Ex. To race – race Let’s watch the race
Poor – poor The rich will not understand the poor
AFFIXATION Formation of nouns by adding a suffix or prefix, or both to the
stem of the word.
Ex. Courage – discouragement
Habit – habitation
Engineer - engineering
Form nouns from the words: Name the name of derivation:
Deep - _______________________ Generosity - _______________________
To result- _______________________ Height- _______________________
To matter- _______________________ Bike- _______________________
To place- _______________________ Explanation- _______________________
Hot- _______________________ Disobedience- _______________________
To force - _______________________ Poverty- _______________________
To affect - _______________________ Cut- _______________________
To cause - _______________________ Belief- _______________________
To occur - _______________________ Wonderer- _______________________
To speed - _______________________ Name- _______________________
To develop - _______________________ Champ- _______________________
To fish - _______________________ End- _______________________
To hammer - _______________________ Video- _______________________
Precious - _______________________ Warmth- _______________________
To hate - _______________________ Ad- _______________________
Wise - _______________________ Gym - _______________________
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS AND THEIR
COUNTABLE EQUIVALENTS
Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used
with a/an
Ex: I don’t want (any) advice. I want (some) information
These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little
or by a bit of, a piece of, a slice of, a drop of etc.
Ex: a bit / bits of news, a piece / pieces of information,
a loaf / loaves of bread, a box / boxes of matches,
a piece / pieces of advice
Add nouns to form expressions denoting specific pieces of uncountable
nouns. Then form their plural equivalents:
A piece of ___________ Pieces of ___________
A sheet of ___________ Sheets of ___________
A cube of ____________ Cubes of ____________
A cup of _____________ Cups of _____________
A jar of _____________ Jars of _____________
A kilo of _____________ Kilos of _____________
A game of ___________ Games of ___________
A glass of ___________ Glasses of ___________
A pot of ____________ Pots of ____________
A jug of ____________ Jugs of ____________
A package of __________ Packages of __________
A lump of ____________ Lumps of ____________
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Crew, family, team, jury, police, clothes, glasses, arms etc.
- Can take singular verb if we consider the word to mean
a single group or unit
Ex: Our team is the best.
- Can take a plural verb if we consider the word to mean
a number of individuals
Ex: Our team are wearing their new uniforms.
- Certain words always take the plural
Clothes, police
Garments consisting of 2 parts: pants, pajamas,
trousers
Tools or instruments consisting of two parts:
glasses, scissors
Other words as: goods, stairs, savings, damages
A number of words ending in ics: acoustics,
athletics, mathematics, physics, politics
- Some collective nouns that are plural in form always
take the verb in singular:
Ex: news, billiards, bowls, dominoes, draughts, mumps,
crossroads
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

NOUN+ADJECTIVE Color-blend
NOUN+PAST PARTICIPLE Horse-drawn
NOUN+PRESENT PARTICIPLE See-faring
ADJECTIVE+ADJECTIVE Red-hot
ADJECTIVE+ADJECTIVE Long-forgotten
NUMERAL+NOUN Two-day conference
ADJECTIVE+NOUN Blue-eyed, dark-haired
ORDINAL NUMBER+NOUN Second-hand car
WELL,BADLY+PAST PARTICIPLE Well-done
ILL, POORLY+PAST PARTICIPLE Poorly-informed
Form compound adjectives: Translate the adjectives:
A girl with fair hair A high-flying person
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A trip that lasted three months A double-breasted coat
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A cart drawn by two horses A long-drawn-out visit
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A table that is lit by a candle A point-blank refusal
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A flat situated on the fifth floor An evil-minded person
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A person with eyeballs turned towards the nose A cold-hearted reception
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Praise that is fully deserved A one-sided argument
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Tender-hearted parents
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
- Comparative of superiority - Comparative of inferiority
Longer, more interesting not as beautiful, less important
 Using much or far
She is much younger and far happier than me
 Repeating the adverb more
It is more and more difficult to do
 Repeating the monosyllabic adjective
Worse and worse; taller and taller
 Using the adverb ever before the comparative
Ever cheaper; ever more exquisite
-Comparative of Equality (Similarity)
 As….as
As busy as a bee
 The same
The two bags are the same
 The same as
Her hairdo is the same as mine
 Almost, exactly, just, nearly + as + adjective
 He is almost as smart as his brother
 Almost, exactly, just, nearly + like + noun
She is just like her mother
 Almost, exactly, just, nearly, (not) quite + the same
The twins are exactly the same
 Completely, entirely, quite + different
These four girls are completely different
ADJECTIVE DERIVATION
1. By adding suffixes to nouns
-y, -ly, -ous, -ic(al), -ish, -like, -ary, -ery, -less,
-wide
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2. By adding suffixes to verbs
-ent, -ant, -able, -ible, -ive, -ed, -ing, -some,
-ile, -(at)ory, -worthy
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THE ADVERB
TYPES OF ADVERBS
1. Adverbs of manner
How - carefully, awkwardly, softly, quickly
2. Adverbs of place and direction
Where – to the country, from school, below, indoors
3. Adverbs of time
When – recently, lately, already, still, since
4. Adverbs of frequency
How often – twice (a day), every (week), on weekdays, never, always,
occasionally, regularly
5. Adverbs of degree
To what extent – quite, fairly, rather, almost, a bit, somewhat
6. Intensifiers – are used with adjectives, adverbs, and sometimes
with verbs
Very (much), so (much), pretty (well), very (good indeed), extremely
(useful), greatly (admired), deeply (respected)

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

One syllable adverbs +er, the + est


Fast – faster – the fastest
Two syllable adverbs more, the most
Rapidly – more rapidly – the most rapidly

ADVERBIALS IN FINAL POSITION

!!! PLACE MANNER TIME


She visits her mother in the country more often this year
BUT:
- A shorter adverbial precedes a longer one
- A one word adverbial of place here, there, away usually remains closest to the
verb
- An adverbial of definite time tomorrow, the day before yesterday usually
comes last

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