Introduction

About the author ,Jeremy L. Wyatt is Professor of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence at
the University of Birmingham , He works on robot autonomy for the real world,including
mobile and manipulation robots.
What he wanted to tell us, The first wave of robotics was industrial. Today, we are in
the midst of a second wave, with inexpensive, smart mobility. The third wave will
autonomize physical, real world operations of which only humans are capable today. As
machines become ever more autonomous, the real-life consequences will be enormous.
He works on robot autonomy for the real world, including mobile and manipulation
robots.
Summarized points:
 We must understand at first that robotics technology comes in waves. The first
wave was robotics for structured manipulation, the second unstructured
mobility, and the third wave yet to come is unstructured manipulation.
 In the 1980s, the first wave of robotics revolutionized manufacturing. This wave
was based on precise, reprogrammable position control at which robot perform
tasks like positioning and handling masses and objects and they perform these
operations much more quickly and reliably than a human but still
reprogrammable; this means they represented the first really flexible automation
.
 So we can say that This first wave of technology is excellent for situations in
which conditions for robots can be controlled precisely: it is ideal for a factory
production line, but not for washing your dishes at home.
 But although it revolutionized productivity and improved quality, it didn’t
eliminate employment. In fact,automotive employment in Europe grew by 22%
from 1.92 million (1995) to 2.36m (2006) people, and it grew fastest (37% in that
period) in Germany,
 So, in one sense, the first wave of robotics has already shown its impact on
patterns of employment: the jobs follow the robots. But this kind of robotics is
still limited to carefully con-trolled environments, and thus to a relatively small
number of industries.
 The second wave of robotics is changing this not in manipulation, but in mobility,
It has made a revolution can be critically called “machine learning revolution”,
although it isn’t just about learning. It is more generally about the use of
 powerful probabilistic reasoning to extract meaning from data to train robots in
performing tasks .
 The result has been an enormous increase in the ability of computer software to
learn and reason about uncertain and unreliable data, it took twenty years.
 The most significant application in robotics has been what roboticists call
mapping and localization: before a mobile robot can do anything useful it must
know where it is, and how to get to where it wants to be, The first demonstration
of these innovations to catch the public imagination was the autonomous car
Stanley driving for 212 kilometers across the Mojave desert in 2004.
 Indeed, this one piece of technology alone is having a huge influence on science
as : our robots have maps, they know where they are going. Coupled with a long-
standing ability for robots to plan their own routes, they also know how to get
there. These three abilities: mapping, localization and route planning represent
the pillars of unstructured mobility, which might also be called “mobile
autonomy”.
 Also at that wave it has increased the sensors, sensing has also improved
substantially. The development of “depth” cameras or 3dLidar that can produce
dense, complete and fairly accurate local maps many times a second, has been
crucial see the difference here , The first Google car used a 64,000 dollar sensor:
it was worth more than the car it helped drive. Now we can do nearly as much
with a pair of cameras for under a thousand dollars.
 The applications are already widespread: autonomous submarines searching for
mh370on the seabed, self-driving cars, fleets of robot shelves in giant
warehouses, and airborne robots (uavs or drones) surveying agricultural land and
industrial installations also appearance of service robotics.
 The third wave