Differential Equations

Lecture notes

Intergrating Factor by Inspection (TYPE IV)

- This section aims to determine by inspection the integrating factor of the differential equation; and solve the
differential equation by the use of integrating factor.

Recall the concept of exact differential equations which has bearings and based on the test:
∂M ∂ N
=
∂ y ∂x
1. xdy + ydx=0
1 2
2. xydx + x dy=0
2
3. y e xy dx + x e xy dy =0
1 y
4. dy− 2 dx=0
x x

The above are said to be exact equations, because, we can associate each with an exact differential. i.e.

1. x dy+ y dx =d ( x y ) , recall your product rule in finding derivatives

1 2
2. xydx + x dy=0, or 2 x y dx+ x2 dy=d (x 2 y )
2
3. y e xy dx + x e xy dy =d (e x y ), recall the chain rule in finding derivatives
1 y x dy− y dx y
4. dy− 2 dx=0 ,∨
x x x 2
=d
x
,() recall the quotient rule in finding derivatives

xdy− ydx y
5. 2 2 =d arctan
x +y ( x)
ydx+ xdy
6. =d (ln xy)
xy
xdy− ydx y
7.
xy ( )
=d ln
x
xdx+ ydy 1
8. 2
x +y 2 {
=d ln( x 2 + y 2)
2 }
If the differential equation M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy=0 is not exact, occasionally, however, it is possible to transform
the non-exact differential equation by a judicious multiplication which we call as integrating factor.
A function I is an integrating factor on a differential equation with the equation
I { M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy =0 } to become an Exact D.E.

Note: Proper grouping is important before determining the integrating factor.

e.g.
1. Find the integrating factor of the D.E. ( x ¿ ¿ 2+ y 2) dx + xydy=0 ¿
Solution: x 2 dx + y 2 dx + xydy=0 , notice the first term must be treated independently because it is a pure function of x.
x 2 dx + y ( ydx + xdy )=0 Here, the correct grouping must be done in the 2 nd and 3rd terms
{ x 2 dx+ y ( ydx + xdy )=0 } x, Multiplying by x, we get
x 3 dx+( y x ) ( ydx + xdy ) =0
Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

x 3 dx+( yx)d ( yx )=0 integrating both sides

x 4
( yx )2
3
∫ x dx+ ∫ ( yx )d ( yx )= ∫ 0, we get + =C ,∨x 4 + 2 y 2 x2 =4 C ,∨x 4 +2 y 2 x 2=C answer
4 2

2. Solve the equation xydy−( y 2−3 x2 ) dx=0, rearranging the equation we get
xydy− y 2 dx +3 x 2 dx=0
y (xdy− ydx)+3 x 2 dx=0
2
{ y (xdy − ydx)+3 x 2 dx=0 } 13 , multiplying by 13 we get y ( xdy−2 ydx) +3 x 3 dx=0
( ) ( ) { }
x x x x x
y y 3
x
d()x x
+ dx=0

y y 3 y 2
∫ d
x () x
+ ∫ dx= ∫ 0, we get
x x ()
+3 lnx=C , answer (careful with the exponential and logarithmic rules in simplifying)

1
3. Solve the equation ( x 2 + y 2− y ) dx + xdy=0 , by rearranging the terms we get the integrating factor
x + y2
2

( x 2 + y 2 ) dx− ydx + xdy=0 multiplied by integrating factor we get

xdy − ydx
dx +
( x2 + y 2 )
=0

y
(
dx +d arctan =0
x )
y
(
∫ dx+ ∫ d arctan = ∫ 0
x )
y
x +arctan =C , answer
x

4. Solve ( x− y 2 ) dx +2 xyd y =0
1
xdx− y 2 dx +2 xydy =0, multiplied by integrating factor
x2
dx
− y 2 x−2 dx+ 2 x−1 ydy=0
x
dx
+(− y 2 x −2 dx +2 x −1 ydy )=0
x
dx
∫ + ∫ d ( y 2 x−1 )= ∫ 0, Therefore, we get lnx+ y 2 x−1=C answer
x

5. Solve xdx + ydy=(x ¿ ¿2+ y2 )dx ¿

( xdx+
2
ydy
x +y )2
=dx

1
∫ d { ln (x + y ) }= ∫ dx
2 2
2
1
ln ( x 2+ y 2 )=x +c ,∨¿
2

Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

ln ( x 2 + y 2 )=2 x+ 2 c , exponentiate both sides we get

2 2
c
e ln ( x + y ) =e2 x+2 c ,∨let 2 C=c , could be rewritten as x 2 + y 2=e 2 x . ec , or let e =C
x 2+ y 2=Ce2 x , (up to you students if you want to simplify further)

Exercises:

1. ( y −x y 2 ) dx+ ( x+ x 2 y 2 ) dy=0
2. y ' + y=1+e− x
3. ( 2 y−3 x ) dx + xdy =0
4. xdy− ydx =¿3 x 2 (x 2+ y 2 )
5. ( x 2 + y 2+ x ) dx + xydy=0

Dan