CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

BAB 6 ELEKTRIK DAN KEMAGNETAN

Prepared by scholastica rayner

 Electrical energy is produced by an electrical generator and is usually a big dynamo
propelled by a spinning turbine. / Kuasa elektrik dihasilkan oleh penjana elektrik dan
biasanya terdiri daripada dinamo besar yang memutarkan turbin.
 Electric generators include generators like: / Penjana elektrik termasuk perjana
seperti:
- Hydro / Hidro
- Thermal/ Terma
- Gas turbine / Turbin gas
- Diesel
 There are several power station in Malaysia such as: / Terdapat beberapa stesen janakuasa di
Malaysia seperti:

1. Hydroelectric Power station in Bakun, Sarawak. / Stesen janakuasa hidroelektrik Bakun Di

Sarawak.
2. Tuanku Jaafar Power Station in Negeri Sembilan. / Stesen janakuasa Tuanku Jaafar di Negeri
Sembilan (Energy resources/ Sumber tenaga: Gas)
3. Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station in Manjung, Perak. / Stesen janakuasa Sultan Azlan Shah di
Manjung, Perak ( Energy resources/ Sumber tenaga: Coal/Arang batu).
4. Gelugor Power Station in Pulau Pinang. / Stesen janakuasa Gelugor di Pulau Pinang. ( Energy
resources / Sumber tenaga: Diesel)
5. TSH Bio Energy Sdn Bhd Biomass Power Station in Sabah. / Stesen janakuasa biojisim TSH Bio
Energy Sdn Bhd di Sabah (Energy resources / Sumber tenaga: Biomass / Biojisim)
6. Hybrid Power Station in Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu. / Stesen jana kuasa hybrid di Pulau
Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu. ( Energy resources / Sumber Tenaga : Wind, Solar, Diesel / Angin,
Solar, Diesel)
The Process Of Generation Of Electricity / Proses Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik
 Generator is the instrument used to generate electric energy. / Generator ialah alat
yang digunakan untuk menjana tenaga elektrik.
 Generally, all these electrical energy generators use the same principle of generation.
/ Pada amnya, semua penjana tenaga elektrik tersebut menggunakan prinsip
penjanaan yang sama.
The turbine turns the
dynamo that is
connected to it. The The wire coil cuts
dynamo has a wire coil across the magnetic
placed in between a lines of force and
Turbine is rotated. / magnet. / electric current is
Turbin diputarkan Turbin menggerakkan produced. / Gegelung
dynamo disambung dawai memotong garis
kepadanya. Dinamo daya magnet dan wrus
mempunyai gegelung eletrik terhasil.
dawai yang terletak di
antara magnet.
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
1) Thermal Generator / Penjana Terma
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
1) Thermal Generator / Penjana Terma
 Fuels such as coal, natural gas or petroleum gas are burnt in a boiler to boil water
and produce steam. / Bahan api seperti arang batu, gas asli atau gas petroleum
dibakar di dalam dandang untuk mendidih air dan menghasilkan steam
 Steam under high pressure and temperature is used to rotate the turbine and then
generate electrical energy. ./ Stim di bawah tekanan dan suhu yang tinggi digunakan
untuk memutarkan turbin dan seterusnya menjanakan tenaga elektrik.
 Then, the steam is condensed back to water in the condenser. / Kemudian, stim
dikondensasi kepada air di dalam condenser.
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Generator
Water was produce
Stim spin the
Burning of fuel / boiled and electrical
turbine/ Stim
Pembakaran become steam / energy/
memutarkan
bahan api Air didihkan Penjana
turbin
menjadi stim menghasilkan
tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

Chemical Kinetic Energy

Heat Energy / Electric
Energy / / Tenaga
Tenaga Haba Energy
Tenaga Kimia Kinetic
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
2) Solar Generator / Penjana Solar
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Solar Panel change the light

energy from sun to electrical
Sunlight / Sinaran Matahari energy / Panel suria menukarkan
tenaga cahaya daripada
matahari kepada tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

Light Energy / Electrical Energy

Tenaga Cahaya / Tenaga Elektrik
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
3) Hydroelectric Power Station / Stesen jana kuasa Hidroelektrik
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
3) Hydroelectric Power Station / Stesen jana kuasa Hidroelektrik
 The water dam is built to collect water. Water from the dam flows through a tunnel to
rotate the turbine. Electrical energy is then generated. / Empangan air di bina untuk
mengumpul air. Air dari empangan mengalir menerusi terowong dan seterusnya
memutarkan turbin. Kemudian tenaga elektrik dijanakan.
 The turbine is huge and is rotated at a rate of 250 turns per minute to generate 400
MV power. A typical hydro power stations has 4 turbines. Turbin adalah sangat besar
dan diputarkan pada kadar 250 putaran per minit untuk menjanakan kuasa 400 MV.
Stesen kuasa yang lazim mempunyai 4 turbin.
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Water is stored Water flows Generator

Water flows
in high dams / from high level produce
spins the
Air tersimpan to low level / Air electricity /
turbine / Aliran
dalam mengalir dari Penjana
air memutarkan
empangan aras tinggi ke menghasilkan
turbin
yang tinggi aras rendah tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

gravitational
Electric Energy /
energy / Tenaga Kinetic energy / Tenaga kinetik
Tenaga elektrik
keupayaan graviti
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
4) Power Station By Wind Energy / Stesen jana kuasa menggunakan tenaga angin
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Generator
The wind
Wind and the Blade spins the produce
moves the
air moves / turbine / Bilah electricity /
blade / Angin
Angin dan memutarkan Penjana
mengerakkan
udara bergerak turbin menghasilkan
bilah
tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

Kinetic Electric
energy / Energy /
Tenaga Tenaga
Kinetik elektrik
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
5) Nuclear Generator Power Station / Stesen jana kuasa Nuklear
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
5) Nuclear Generator Power Station / Stesen jana kuasa Nuklear
 In a nuclear power station, nuclear energy is produced in a reactor. / Di dalam stesen
kuasa nuclear, tenaga nuclear dihasilkan di dalam reactor
 Nuclear generator produces heat energy by a reaction called nuclear fission. /
Penjana nuclear menghasilkan tenaga haba melalui tindak balas yang dipanggil
pembelahan nucleus.
 This heat energy is used to boil water into steam. Steam is then used to rotate the
turbine. / Tenaga haba ini digunakan untuk mendidih air kepada stim. Stim
kemudiannya digunakan untuk memutarkan turbin
 The turbine rotates and moves the generator to produce electrical energy. / Turbin
memutarkan dan menggerakkan penjana bagi menghasilkan tenaga elektrik.
 Hot steam is cooled by the water in the condenser. The cooled steam turn into liquid
and is redirected into the reactor. / Stim yang panas disejukkan oleh air di dalam
kondensar. Stim yagn disejukkan berubah menjadi cecair dan disalurkan semula ke
dalam reactor.
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Generator
produce
Nuclear Boiled water Stim spin the
electrical
reaction / become steam / turbine/ Stim
energy/
Tindak balas Air dididihkan memutarkan
Penjana
nuklear menjadi stim turbin
menghasilkan
tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

Nuclear Energy Kinetic Energy

Heat Energy /
/ Tenaga / Tenaga Electric Energy
Tenaga Haba
Nuklear Kinetic
Electrical Energy generated at Power Plant / Tenaga Elektrik dijanakan di Stesen Jana
Kuasa
6) Biomass Generator Power Station / Stesen jana kuasa biojisim
 Mechanism / Mekanisma

Generator
Metane
produce
produced from Boiled water Stim spin the
electrical
biomass / become steam / turbine/ Stim
energy/
Metana Air dididihkan memutarkan
Penjana
dihasilkan oleh menjadi stim turbin
menghasilkan
biojisim
tenaga elektrik

 Changes of energy / Perubahan Bentuk Tenaga

Chemical Kinetic Energy

Heat Energy / Electric
Energy / / Tenaga
Tenaga Haba Energy
Tenaga Kimia Kinetic
DIRECT CURRENT (D.C) & ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C) / ARUS TERUS (A.T) &
ARUS ULANG ALIK
 Direct current is where the electric current that flows in one direction only. The
example are calculator, torchlight.. / Arus terus ialah arus yang mengalir dalam satu
arah sahaja. Contonya, kalkulator, lampu suluh..

 Alternating current is where the electric current flows change continuously. The
example are toaster, air conditioner.. / Arus ulang alik ialah arus yang arusnya
mengalir berubah ubah secara berterusan. Contohnya, pembakar roti, penghawa
dingin..