Beruflich Dokumente
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British Standard
construction
jointing in building
Design of joints and
BS 6093:1993
BS 6093:1993
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
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1 Scope 1
2 References 1
2.1 Normative references 1
2.2 Informative references 1
3 Definitions 1
3.1 Joint design 1
3.2 Materials for jointing 2
4 Design of joints 2
4.1 General 2
4.2 The need for joints 3
4.3 Location and frequency of joints 3
4.4 Procedure for the design of a joint 3
4.5 Joint functions 3
4.6 Variation in the sizes of joints 4
4.7 Dimensioning joints on drawings 7
5 Materials for jointing 7
5.1 General 7
5.2 Sealants 7
5.3 Gaskets 13
5.4 Sealing strips 16
5.5 Joint fillers 16
5.6 Baffles 17
5.7 Fire resistant materials 17
6 Generation of solutions of joints of external walls and roofs 17
6.1 Basic mechanisms 17
6.2 Basic examples of external walls 17
6.3 Single stage sealing of joints of external walls 17
6.4 Multiple stage sealing of joints or assemblies in external walls 22
7 Accommodation of movement 30
7.1 Structural and major movement joints 30
7.2 Minor movement joints 33
8 Assembly, installation and maintenance 35
8.1 Communication 35
8.2 Control of jointing on site 35
8.3 Preparation for jointing 35
8.4 Application and insertion of jointing products 35
8.5 Safety in application of jointing products 35
8.6 Maintenance 35
Annex A (informative) Data for the design of movement joints 36
Annex B (normative) Recommendations for the presentation of
joint drawings 37
Figure 1 — Examples of type 1 joints 6
Figure 2 — Examples of type 2 joints 6
Figure 3 — Examples of type 3 joints 7
Figure 4 — Examples of type 4 joints 8
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types
in an opening 8
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BS 6093:1993
Page
Figure 6 — Use of back-up materials and bond breakers
in movement joints 12
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ii © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Foreword
This revision of BS 6093 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/212, Tolerances, drawing practice, modular coordination, joints,
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project information. BS 6093 gives guidance on the design of joints and jointing
in order to improve performance in building practice and to reduce the incidence
of technical failure. Sound building construction depends on proper joints being
formed between building components.
As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and
particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not
misleading.
The general structure of BS 6093:1981, which is withdrawn, is retained in this
updated version but the emphasis on jointing between precast concrete walling
components has been reduced. Greater emphasis is now given to lightweight rain
screens. The manner in which the basic principles of jointing are described
remains unchanged.
In recent years, many developments in design, construction and materials have
supplanted traditional practices. Many proprietary products now encompass the
total element, for example curtain walling, compared with separate walling
components such as masonry, windows and sealants. The design of jointing for
these components is now an integral part of the design of the whole, and
performance is dependent on test work and established standards. The basic
mechanisms by which these joints perform are however the same as those
described in this standard, such as profile and geometry.
Materials for components such as glass and metal are capable of precision
manufacture and the range of dimensional tolerances is not as coarse as that
needed for traditional materials, for example masonry and concrete.
The consequences of jointing failures are often such as to render buildings
unserviceable and to necessitate extremely costly remedial repair works.
With the ever increasing importance now being attached to the performance of
joints and to the need to specify clearly each type of joint and the standard of
workmanship that should be achieved on site, a logical design process is of
fundamental importance. This code therefore describes the design processes and
mechanisms of a broad range of basic jointing methods in the belief that if the
designers are guided along these lines they are better equipped to solve problems
for their specific designs. Great emphasis is placed upon the need to design for
each particular situation in which a joint has to function. The principal factors
that the designer has to consider are listed in 4.5 and 4.6, which are based on
ISO 3447. Guidance on the use of sealants for joints is given in BS 6213.
Considerably greater knowledge is needed about the performance of materials,
building components and jointing solutions, and it is strongly recommended that
designers test the joint designs if they have doubts about the design concepts,
particularly where the consequences of failures would be costly. Testing, or at the
least the interpretation of test results, needs to take particular account of the
effects of accuracy and movements, which it may not be practical to simulate
completely under test conditions.
In addition to this code, the following standards are relevant to joints and
jointing: BS 5606, BS 6213, BS 6750, BS 6954 and BS 8000.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
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contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 40, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
iv © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
2 References 3.1.5
joint (2)1)
2.1 Normative references
position in the construction works where the
This British Standard incorporates, by reference, joint (1) is situated
provisions from specific editions of other
3.1.6
publications. These normative references are cited
joint clearance2)
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page 40. Subsequent distance between the joint faces of adjacent building
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these components, i.e. the joint gap widths considered in
publications apply to BS 6093 only when order to achieve fit
incorporated in it by updating or revision. 3.1.7
joint gap2)
space between adjacent components, with or
without a jointing product
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BS 6093:1993
3.1.8 3.2.5
joint geometry elastoplastic sealant4)
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disposition of all the parts that contribute to the sealant which after application has predominantly
functions of a joint elastic properties but exhibits some plastic
3.1.9 properties when stressed for other than short
joint profile3) periods
form of that part of the cross section of a joint 3.2.6
derived from each of its components plastoelastic sealant4)
3.1.10 sealant which after application has predominantly
joint reference plane4) plastic properties with some elastic recovery when
stressed for short periods
theoretical reference plane from which the relative
position of the joint profiles of adjacent building 3.2.7
components and/or associated jointing products may back-up material4) 5)
be determined material inserted in a joint that limits the depth of
3.1.11 sealant applied and defines the back profile of the
movement accommodation factor (MAF) of a sealant
sealant NOTE See also 3.2.12.
3)
Definition repeated from BS 6100-1.5.2.
4)
Definition differs from that given in BS 6100.
5) Definition identical to that given in BS EN 26927.
2 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
4.2 The need for joints c) Establish the joint reference plane for each
Decisions should first be made with regard to the joint and relate it to a building reference plane.
d) Check the joint functions (see 4.5), and
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© BSI 03-1999 3
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components are to support joined components in one The accommodation of movement after assembly
or more directions, to resist differential deformation (inherent deviations) and the variability in size and
of joined components, and to permit operation of position of jointed parts (induced deviations) have to
movable components. be finally resolved at joints.
4.5.5 Appearance Data about inherent and induced deviations in
Joints should have an acceptable appearance. components and spaces are needed to determine the
The effects of weathering of the appearance (colour) effects of these deviations on joint dimensions and to
of the jointing material itself should be borne in aid selection of appropriate joint mechanism and
mind during its selection. materials.
Joints should also avoid: The data needed are as follows:
a) promotion of mould and plant growth; a) the predicted variability in the size and
position of elements and spaces normally
b) discoloration due to UV radiation and achievable in construction given in BS 5606:1990
biological, physical or chemical action; (or, when not given therein, the normally
c) all or part of the internal structure showing; achievable deviations estimated by the building
d) dust collection. designer);
4.5.6 Durability b) the predicted changes in sizes of components
and spaces in services due to thermal, moisture,
If a joint is likely to be less durable than the
creep and load deformation;
components joined, then the consequences and ease
of repair should be considered. In considering c) the number of joints in the assembly
durability and the minimum life of a joint, designers involved/required to accommodate the deviations
should aim to reduce its exposure, minimize damage predicted in a) and b).
to the fabric and, should the joint fail, provide access NOTE Guidance on calculations to predict target size,
clearances and fit are given in BS 5606 and BS 6954-3.
for repair or replacement, and establish the
expected frequency of replacement (see also 8.6). When building components are located in relation to
a continuous reference system such as a modular
Joints may be required to resist abrasive action and
grid so that the structure is subjected to overall
damage or unauthorized dismantling. They may
dimensional control, deviations of size, shape and
also be required to resist the action of animals and
position have to be absorbed within the jointing
insects, plants and micro-organisms, water and
system.
water vapour and aqueous solutions or suspensions,
polluted air, light and radiation, freezing of water, The consideration of tolerances for the manufacture
extremes of temperatures, airborne or structure of components and for the construction of buildings
borne vibrations, shock waves and high intensity is therefore inseparable from the design of joints to
sound, and acids, alkalis, oils, fats and solvents. provide the required dimensional flexibility
(see ISO 2445:1972). This does not mean that all
4.5.7 Maintenance (see also 8.6) joints should necessarily have this capability, but it
The design of joints should allow for inspection, is necessary for deviations to be accommodated at
partial or complete dismantling and reassembly, some point; this may be achieved at the joints
and the replacement of decayed jointing products, between individual components, or by the provision
during maintenance. of special joints at intervals.
4.5.8 Ambient conditions 4.6.2 Inherent deviations
Joints should be able to perform the required 4.6.2.1 Reversible inherent deviations
functions over a specified range of temperature,
Reversible inherent deviations are due to cyclic
atmospheric humidity, air or liquid pressure
environmental factors such as thermal and
differential joint clearance variation, and driving
moisture variations and vibration. These factors can
rain volume.
induce the movement described in 7.2.2.
4.5.9 Functions that apply to a specific position
A joint in a specific position may have particular
requirements that need to be identified and
specified accordingly.
4 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
The greatest range of temperature is usually In such environments as are found in swimming
experienced on the external face of buildings and pools and certain industrial processes where high
especially on south facing elevations, but resulting humidity occurs, the behaviour of
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dimensional changes may tend to be balanced by moisture-sensitive materials should be given special
opposite movements due to changes in moisture consideration.
content. Internally, both thermal and moisture 4.6.2.2 Irreversible inherent deviations
movements may be less significant depending on the
environment within the building. Irreversible inherent deviations are due to
non-cyclic factors. They occur over predictable short
Whereas the annual air temperature range in the
or long term periods depending on the nature of the
United Kingdom is about 35 K (– 5 °C to 30 °C), the material.
actual temperature range to which materials are
subjected due to radiant heat is greater and depends In addition to reversible movement, concrete is
on the orientation of, and the incidence of radiation subject to irreversible drying shrinkage and
on, the surface, as well as on the colour and degree thermal contraction.
of protection (insulation or shading). Surface Plastic shrinkage may occur during the first few
temperatures can in extreme circumstances be as hours after placing through the loss of water from
high as 80 °C and as low as – 20 °C. the plastic concrete by evaporation or, sometimes,
Thermal movement per unit length may be by absorption into adjacent materials. Plastic
influenced by: shrinkage is common in hot weather and in drying
winds and can result in cracking. It can largely be
a) temperature range;
avoided by slowing down the drying of the concrete.
b) degree of exposure;
Early thermal contraction can be significant in
c) response of materials to thermal change; concrete over about 0.5 m thickness. It is due to the
d) colour of surfaces; natural cooling that takes place when the heat of
e) restraint of movement. hydration passes its peak. The temperature rise can
typically be about 20 K, 2 days after placing. The
NOTE Information concerning the calculation of thermal
movement per unit length is given in BRE Digests 227, 228 designer should be aware of the effect of early
and 229 [1]. thermal contraction and, where appropriate, should
The capability of joints to accommodate movement provide joints or planes of weakness to confine
determines the maximum interval between them, cracking to predetermined positions.
taking account of the way in which fixings may Drying shrinkage is a long term process and may
permit or distribute movement. continue over many months. Any movement is
While it may be sufficient for a designer to make influenced by the size of section, the concrete mix,
allowance for movement for in-service conditions on the amount of reinforcement and the environment.
the basis of thermal movement only (see Annex A Allowance should be made for the effects of drying
for list of coefficients), the validity of this shrinkage when detailing concrete blockwork.
assumption should always be confirmed. Examples Calcium silicate bricks need to be protected against
of exceptions are sandstone and timber excessive moisture up to and during construction.
(across grain), where movement due to moisture Provision should be made for the free circulation of
may exceed that due to thermal change air within the stack so that the bricks may dry out
(see Annex A). Movement due to moisture along the before they are built in.
grain of timber is not significant. Fired clay units exhibit reversible movements due
Some materials respond to changes in moisture to changes in moisture content. These are usually
content following changes in weather conditions, small but there is a permanent moisture expansion,
and appropriate allowance has to be made taking the rate of which decreases with time and is
into account the environment at the time of dependent upon the type of clay and firing process.
construction. Examples of such materials are For various masonry materials, information on
concrete blockwork and timber. moisture movement and thermal properties is given
Care should be taken about the moisture content of in BS 5628-3 together with guidance on the
absorbent materials in storage and during the determination of spacing and design width of
course of construction, in order to minimize movement joints.
subsequent movement.
© BSI 03-1999 5
BS 6093:1993
The effect of creep may need to be taken into account Examples of joints for which each assumption is
in joint sizes. Continuous loading of concrete usually made are given in Figure 1 to Figure 4.
structural frames will cause beams and slabs to Having made a provisional assumption about the
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continue to deflect beyond their initial elastic design of the joint, the designer should then
deflection and columns and concrete walls to consider:
shorten over a long period of time. After the first 1) the significance and values of dimensional
year, movements due to creep are very small but deviations to be accommodated;
recognition should be given and allowance made in
2) the consequences of this assumption for joints
the joints between the frame and components fitted
elsewhere in that assembly.
to it.
4.6.3 Induced deviations
An individual component normally deviates both
from its intended size and from its intended position
in the building. Both kinds of deviation occur
three-dimensionally. When two components are
placed with a joint clearance between them, these
deviations affect the size and shape of the joint
three-dimensionally. Designers have to design for
the generality of such deviations, but a particular
assembly when constructed contains deviations
with particular values. If systematic account is
taken of deviations, the majority of joints can be
expected to lie within the desired joint clearance
limits.
If the size of a joint is likely to exceed the specified
limits, consideration should first be given to the
possibility of adjusting the position of the
components in the assembly so as to distribute
excess deviation among the joints in the assembly
and optimize the joint clearances. Particular types
of deviation in joint size may still need special Figure 1 — Examples of type 1 joints
action, for example, the tapering of joint clearances, (no allowance made for any deviations)
bow and twist of components and inaccuracy in
component alignment.
When it is not practical to rectify joints that have
sizes outside the specified limits, an alternative
joint design should be adopted.
4.6.4 Provision for dimensional deviations
4.6.4.1 General
The initial generation of solutions may be based
upon four assumptions that can be made about the
distribution of induced and inherent deviations
(see clause 3). These are as follows.
a) Type 1 joint. No allowance made for any
deviations.
b) Type 2 joint. Allowance made for inherent and
induceddeviations.
c) Type 3 joint. Allowance made for inherent
deviations only.
d) Type 4 joint. Allowance made for induced
deviations only.
Figure 2 — Examples of type 2 joints
(allowance made for inherent and induced
deviations)
6 © BSI 03-1999
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NOTE 1 Joint at base: assumed type 4. Panels are supported at the base. Induced deviations are taken into account to ensure
verticality of jamb joints and to distribute the total vertical clearance between head and base joints. Inherent deviations are assumed
not to occur. (A supporting joint without adjustability would be type 1.)
NOTE 2 Joint at head: assumed type 2. Allowance for induced deviation is shared with the joint at the base. Allowance is made for
inherent deviation due to change in panel size (thermal and moisture movement) and change in size of the opening (thermal
movement, deflection and creep).
NOTE 3 Joint at jambs: assumed type 2. Inherent and induced deviations are shared by these joints but not with the centre joint
(type 1).
NOTE 4 Joint at centre: assumed type 1. This joint is butted and fixed on assembly and is subject to neither inherent nor induced
deviations.
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types in an opening
8 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
(See 5.2.2)
Hot poured sealants Bitumen Plastic Low Up to 10
Bitumen/rubber Plastoelastic Medium Up to 10
Pitch/polymer Elastoplastic Medium Up to 10
Cold poured, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 20
chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
sealants Epoxy Elastoplastic Low-Medium Up to 20
Gun-applied, Oil Plastic Low Up to 10
non-curing sealants Butyl Plastic Low Up to 10 (not
exposed)
Acrylic Plastoelastic Low-medium Up to 15
Gun-applied, one-part, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 25
chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
sealants Silicone Elastic Medium-high Up to 25
Gun-applied, two-part, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 25
chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
sealants Silicone Elastic Low-high Up to 25
Hot-applied, non-sag Bitumen Plastic Low Up to 10
sealants Bitumen/rubber Plastoelastic Medium Up to 10
Sealing strip (mastic) Oil Plastic Up to 15
Butyl Plastic Up to 15
Low
Bitumen/rubber Elastoplastic Up to 15
Polyisobutylene/butyl Elastoplastic Up to 15
Sealing strip (cellular) PVC
Polyethylene Range in properties
Polyurethane from plastic to Low to high Up to 20
Butyl elastic
Neoprene
EVA
Gaskets Neoprene
Natural rubber
EPDM
Butyl rubber
Polyurethane Elastic Low to high Up to 20
Silicone
EVA
Cork
Baffles Neoprene
PVC Profiles loosely Low to high Up to 40
Polyethylene fitted with
Aluminium adjoining
Stainless steel components
Zinc
Copper
NOTE The actual service life of a sealant is dependent not only on composition but also on environmental conditions and quality
of application.
© BSI 03-1999 9
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10 © BSI 03-1999
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5.2.4 Conditions of temperature and moisture The calculation is concerned with the ability of the
content of components sealant to accommodate the range of tensile strain
that will be imposed upon it. For the purpose of
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© BSI 03-1999 11
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12
BS 6093:1993
© BSI 03-1999
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5.2.6.3 Movement frequency The joint seal shape is of less importance with
This may range from a steady movement in one plastic sealants at low rates of movement, but it is
particularly important for elastic, and to a lesser
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© BSI 03-1999 13
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NOTE These examples show two-point contact primary and secondary seals with a gap between (see 5.3.3.2).
Figure 7 — Typical examples of gaskets in joints
14 © BSI 03-1999
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5.3.3.7 For movement joints, gaskets should be 5.4.3 Impregnated or coated cellular strips
stressed sufficiently to maintain compression over Impregnated or coated cellular strips may be
the movement range, yet not be so highly stressed as
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16 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Many materials used as joint fillers may be A range of proven, intumescent joint sealing
considered to present a fire hazard. In practice, materials is available, both in the form of gun-grade
however, the filler is usually enclosed in a confined sealants, mastic strips and impregnated foam
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space within the joint, so access to fire and oxygen is strips. These materials have been evaluated under
limited. Improved fire resistance, if needed, can be test conditions and shown to be capable of
obtained by the use of mineral or some synthetic maintaining a 4 h fire resistance of a separating
fibre materials. element both in the vertical and horizontal planes.
Synthetic polymer foams may be used as joint fillers However, extra care should be exercised where such
in special situations where their low compressive materials are used in damp and humid conditions.
loading does not cause undesirable load transfer
across a movement joint. 6 Generation of solutions for joints of
It should be emphasised that expanded polystyrene external walls and roofs
is not a suitable material for a joint filler. It has a 6.1 Basic mechanisms
very limited compatibility with sealants and The basic mechanisms for fulfilling certain
primers, poor solvent resistance, inadequate service functions of joints are illustrated. For simplicity, the
temperature range and very little resilience. functions dealt with are limited to water and air
One such application is in the provision of penetration for external walls and roofs. The basic
movement joints in fired clay brickwork, where mechanisms that fulfil these functions either
moisture induced expansion occurs reducing the separately or in combination are described by the
width of the joint in service. Such a width reduction terms geometry, profile and seal.
could, with the incorrect choice of filler, lead to Notional applications of some of these basic
unacceptable compressive loads being developed mechanisms are shown in Table 3.
across the joint in the brickwork. See 7.1.
Only those joint profiles specifically designed to
5.6 Baffles serve a function, e.g. to stop the flow of water, are
Materials for baffles are listed in Table 1. considered.
Baffles are fitted loosely in multi-stage joints of 6.2 Basic examples of external walls
cladding panels (see 6.4.2.1) to divide the drainage Examples of joints and sub-assemblies of external
zone into parts. To remain effective, they have to be walls are used to illustrate the basic mechanisms
adequately secured in position. Metal baffles may and limited functions described in 6.1.
rattle in a wind. Copper is not recommended in
situations where staining would be detrimental. For the purpose of discussion and illustration in this
context, two basic forms are considered in 6.3
5.7 Fire resistant materials and 6.4:
Little information is available on the fire a) single stage sealing of joints of external walls;
performance in situ of jointing materials. The
b) multiple stage sealing of joints or assemblies in
overall performance of a joint will be governed by
external walls.
the design of the joint and fire performance of the
jointing material and the parts being joined. When Single stage sealing implies the sole or primary use
a jointing material is enclosed within the confined of one mechanism only as the barrier to air and
space of a joint, access for fire and oxygen is limited. water penetration. Multiple stage sealing implies
In a fire, jointing materials can generate toxic gases, that this barrier is built up from more than one
but in practice the volume of such materials is small mechanism.
and comparatively insignificant when considered in 6.3 Single stage sealing of joints of external
relation to the whole building. walls
Most jointing materials are organic based and 6.3.1 General principles
susceptible to degradation in fire, thus the integrity
Sealing for both air and water penetration of joints
of the joint should be provided by other means.
is effected simultaneously, usually by a sealant,
Improved fire resistance may be obtained by using
gasket or membrane.
joint fillers (see Table 2) made from ceramic-fibre,
material or mineral-fibre, made from crushed rock These jointing products form the sole barrier. The
or blast furnace slag, packed tightly into joints joint profile and the joint geometry however may be
either on their own or as back-up to normal sealant. designed to provide some secondary support to the
function of the seal, as given in Figure 9.
© BSI 03-1999 17
BS 6093:1993
Jointing products have to maintain contact with Broadly, for sealants with predominantly elastic
joint faces and to remain cohesive or elastic in use. properties, stress on the sealant due to component
Satisfactory performance depends upon the movement is reduced as the depth to width ratio
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durability of the jointing products and upon decreases and is further reduced with increase in
workmanship during installation. Jointing products volume of sealant.
may often need to be replaced during the life of the A greater movement range can be accommodated by
building. Consideration should be given to the adjustment of the profile from a) to b) of Figure 9.
protection of the joint, to access for periodic
The performance of the seal in a lap joint is
inspections, to the expected frequency of repair and
improved because of the lower stresses to which it is
to the consequences of periodic failure.
subjected for a given amount of joint movement and
6.3.2 The needs of seals because it is less exposed to weather than in a butt
In addition to cohesion or elasticity of the seal itself, joint. However, in many lap joints seals are
the effectiveness of the seal is dependent on inaccessible for maintenance and replacement.
adhesion in the case of sealants, and on compression Gasket seals may need a profile to locate their
in the case of gaskets. Some gaskets may combine position in the joint, as in Figure 9 f). The need for
adhesive properties on one or more faces to location may be to aid correct positioning in
overcome surface imperfections or as an aid in assembly or to secure the seal in position on one
assembly. component (as for seals to opening components).
Joint profiles and gaps determine the sizes of seals Unlike sealants, gaskets depend for effectiveness on
and it is an essential factor in that ranges of the pressure they exert and this may depend in turn
movement, i.e. changes in size of joints, have to lie on the variability of joint gap widths according to
within the capabilities of products. Some general how they are used. Size, shape and cross section
comparative data are given in Annex A. need to be considered carefully. Gaskets may impose
greater demands on dimensional accuracy than do
sealants. (See 5.3.)
Key to Table 3
The diagrams do not represent specific materials
Abbreviations Terms Notes
EV External walls: vertical joint Column 1 of Table 3 gives a code for each joint and
EH External walls: horizontal joint column 5 gives a code for those joints at right angles
that can be used with it.
R Roofs Column 1 reference code.
G Geometry The notations in column 2 of Table 3 are in the
P Profile sequence in which penetration is resisted.
S Seal
Symbols Terms Notes
Column 3 of Table 3 illustrates the jointing
Single seal
mechanism.
Linked seal
Continuous seal
Bonding
Flashing
18 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
diagrammatic plans
Reference code Abbreviations Mechanisms Comments Use with
EV1 S Sealant to provide single line of EH1
defence with greatest exposure.
If movement is also to be
accommodated, the demands on
product performance are
particularly great
EV2 PS As EV1 but with gasket joint EH2
© BSI 03-1999 19
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6.3.6 Interchangeability of components Many systems comprise wall and window panels
The use of one-stage joint sealant places little which are supported by an extruded aluminium
framework of mullions and transoms and to which
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NOTE A wider face joint can disguise the appearance of variations in joint width in a facade.
Figure 10 — Accessibility for preparation, application and maintenance
of joints with seals. Diagrams of profiles on plan
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Figure 11 — Typical details of curtain walling
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Depending on fixing design, horizontal joints may 6.4.2.9 Precast concrete panels: accessibility for
also incorporate devices or packings to transfer application, inspection and repair
loads. Profiles of horizontal joints may also
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For plain profiled joints without a labyrinth, tests Consideration should be given to all the factors
indicate the relatively small open joints of up affecting movement, how they may be absorbed as
to 6 mm in width reduce driving rain across the additional stresses, how the structure may deform
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cavity to negligible quantities (with a minimum and how to subdivide it into units with major joints.
cavity width of 25 mm). Where the structure is protected by insulation or
Only general guidance can be given about design for cladding, the thermal movement of the structure is
pressure equalization. Because of different less than when it is exposed. Differential
pressures due to wind acting at the same time in movements between claddings and structure need
different areas of a facade the cavity should be consideration.
compartmented to isolate areas of different When it is considered that the effects of temperature
pressure. Obvious pressure differences occur at and moisture are too large to be absorbed as strain,
edges and corners of facades; BS 8200 gives distinct provision for movement in the structure
guidance about frequency of divisions. Even with an should be made by the provision of joints. Though
“engineered” system, complete exclusion of water often called expansion joints, these have in practice
from the cavity cannot be guaranteed. to accommodate both expansion and contraction.
Intermediate open horizontal joints should ideally Their actual locations are determined according to
be profiled with a labyrinth which provides lippings, particular circumstances but for the general
throatings and upstands. These joints provide the separation of framed structures into sections the
main source of inlet and outlet ventilation to the frequency of joints is usually about 30 m to 40 m.
cavity providing protection against direct ingress of The external claddings applied to structural
water and providing the openings required for members may require movement joints at more
pressure equalization, as shown in Figure 21. frequent intervals depending on the materials
For engineered pressure equalization, wider joints because of the exposure to a more rigorous thermal
are necessary (10 mm to 20 mm), and these joints and moisture regime than that of the structure they
often need a catchment tray to deal with high protect.
kinetic energy droplets, passing through the joint For advice on movement in masonry see Appendix A
gap without touching the joint profiles. of BS 5628-3:1985. The main recommendations are
to space vertical movement joints for horizontal
7 Accommodation of movement movement at about 12 m, 7.5 m to 9 m and 6 m, for
fired clay, calcium silicate and concrete masonry
7.1 Structural and major movement joints
respectively. Because expansion is a predominant
In addition to the accommodation of thermal and feature of fired clay compared with contraction of
moisture changes, movement joints in the structure concrete/cement masonry, joint fillers for use with
have also to accommodate dimensional changes due fired clay in particular need to be sufficiently
to other factors. compressible. Rigid board type fillers should not be
Distortions from expansion/contraction can be due used, for example, fibreboard and cork.
to the thermal movement of structures. Jointing products usually have to be incorporated to
Other movement can be caused by: form the joint initially in order either to transfer
a) differential settlement, e.g. a structure load (sliding joint) or to prevent dirt collecting in the
exerting different pressures on underlying strata space needed for movement, and allowance for
[see Figure 22 a)]; movement then has to be made in the design of all
associated parts of the structure (the cladding,
b) variation in soil properties under a building finishes, etc.) so that other functions, e.g. weather
[see Figure 22 b)]; exclusion, can be met.
c) phased construction of abutting buildings;
Examples of typical major movement joints for
d) subsidence due to mining; structure and finishes are shown
e) variations in loading, e.g. wind; in Figure 23, Figure 24 and Figure 25.
f) earthquakes.
In special cases, major structural movement may be
dealt with by structures stiff enough to resist wind
forces but flexible enough to follow ground
subsidence by allowing for movement in all main
joints.
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Loadbearing wall/floor joints should not in 8.4 Application and insertion of jointing
themselves cause problems but designers should be products
aware of their relation with associated construction, It is essential that manufacturer’s
for example loadbearing wall leaves of timber will recommendations on the application of their
shrink more than an associated non-loadbearing products should be followed. The sequence of
external cladding of brickwork. Movement between building operations should be such that ready
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leaves needs to be accommodated (see Figure 26). access by the operator to the joints is ensured and
NOTE Further information may be found in that interaction with other trades is avoided.
NHBC Standards: Chapter 6.2: External timber framed walls
and wall panels [3]. 8.5 Safety in application of jointing products
There are few hazards from jointing products in
8 Assembly, installation and application, but some sealants and primers contain
maintenance flammable solvents or toxic constituents, and may
8.1 Communication cause dermatitis and nausea in certain individuals.
Reference should be made to manufacturer’s
Experience suggests that poor communication is at
literature for guidance on the use of their products
the root of many failures. Clear communication is
and the precautions that need to be taken. In
important when traditional building skills cannot
particular, care is needed in the safe disposal of
be applied and when jointing details are unfamiliar.
hazardous waste and containers in accordance with
Inadequate communication of design intentions at
statutory requirements.
repetitive joints may produce correspondingly
repetitive failures. Simple cross sections alone The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
rarely provide sufficient information, especially for Regulations, 1988 [4] requires employers to assess
construction at joint intersections, and the risks which may arise from hazardous
three-dimensional representations should be substances at work and then to determine the
provided wherever necessary (indeed, they are measures needed to prevent or adequately control
usually essential at the design stage if the jointing exposure to them. It may be possible to eliminate
solution is to be considered fully). the hazardous substance by changing the process or
substituting with a safe or safer substance. Where
It is recommended that drawings of jointing details
this is not reasonably practicable, exposure should
should be in accordance with the recommendations
be controlled by, for example, enclosure, the use of
of Annex B.
ventilation equipment, general ventilation, safe
8.2 Control of jointing on site systems of work and handling procedures. Personal
Control on site is essential and should take account protective equipment should only be used where
of critical factors, particularly where specifically other measures cannot adequately control exposure.
identified. Examples are that: 8.6 Maintenance
a) joint clearances are maintained within It is recommended that joints be inspected at
specified limits; (see also 4.7) intervals equivalent to one-fifth of their life
b) continuity of seals is maintained; expectation (see Table 1) and additionally that,
c) operations which are difficult (such as forming after their first year in service, all joints subject to
and sealing of cloaks and cavity trays) are movement be inspected for signs of premature
correctly executed; failure.
d) the correct assembly sequence is followed; Building maintenance manuals should provide:
e) work to be hidden by subsequent work is a) an inspection schedule;
inspected before being covered; b) an expected replacement schedule for jointing
f) features difficult and costly to rectify are products;
checked. c) an identification of joints where lack of
8.3 Preparation for jointing maintenance would lead to significant
consequential damage;
Inadequate preparation of component surfaces to
d) guidance on how to maintain joints (including
receive jointing materials is the major cause of the
any special precautions needed to avoid
failure of a joint system (see 5.2.9). Joint faces are
most commonly contaminated by dust, loose inappropriate repairs);
particles, moisture, oils and greases, and corrosion e) means to identify products or types of jointing
products. Contaminants should be cleaned from the products used.
joint faces before application of primers and NOTE See also BS 8210 for further guidance to building
sealants. Rough surfaces may need to be ground flat maintenance management.
before installation of gaskets. Some components
may be delivered to site with a temporary protective
coating which has to be removed before the
application of the sealant or gasket.
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36 © BSI 03-1999
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Annex B (normative)
Recommendations for the
presentation of joint drawings
It is recommended that each joint drawing is laid
out as follows:
a) on an A4 sheet area, either a single sheet or
part of a larger sheet (A1, A2, A3);
b) drawn to a scale either twice full size, full size
or half full size.
The information contained in the sheet title and on
the drawing itself (see Figure B.1.) should be as
follows:
1) reference planes;
2) material of the building components;
3) material and location of the jointing products;
4) size of clearance;
5) tolerance on the clearance;
6) sequence of assembly;
7) outside of walls, at right or at the base of sheet.
NOTE For further guidance see also BS 1192-1 and BS 1192-2,
BS 5606 and BS 6750.
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blank
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Normative references
Informative references
7)
Referred to in the foreword only.
40 © BSI 03-1999
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8)
Available from the Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
9)
Available from the Library, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts, WD2 7JR.
© BSI 03-1999
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