Telephony

Telephony
 the art of projecting a sound wave into
a given apparatus, transforming the
sound wave into an electrical wave,
passing the electrical wave over a wire
or circuit and then transforming the
electrical wave back into a sound
wave.
Three Major Fundamentals

 PHYSICAL

HUMAN ELEMENT
 MECHANICAL

APPARATUS OR EQUIPMENT
 ELECTRICAL

ELECTRICITY
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 EXCHANGE PART
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 SUBSCRIBER PART
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 INTER - EXCHANGE PART

 Main Functions of Telephone Set
 To call the Local Exchange
 To
transmit the desired subscriber’s
number
 To receive different tone signals
 To transmit and receive speech
 to order the clearing of connection
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

1. Transmitter (mouth piece) – converts the sound wave

into electrical wave.

2. Receiver (ear piece) – converts the varying electric

current that represents the transmitted speech signal
into an audible sound that will re-create the sound.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

3. Ringer (bell) - a signaling system from a telephone

exchange to a called phone to impart that a
call should be answered.
Modern Components of a Telephone Set

4. Hybrid Function (speech transformer) – an

indication coil which is a multiple winding
transformer intended to interface a 2-wire
circuit to a 4-wire circuit to permit 2-way
transmission of signals, that is, in both direction
at the same time.
 Modern Components of a Telephone Set

5. Balancing Network – small amount of the transmitted

signal is also fed to the receiver of the talking phone.
Such signal is called the sidetone. Varistor is used for
automatic adjustment of the sidetone level for
telephone set.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

6. Over-Voltage and Reverse Polarity Protection – Zener

diode is used to protect the circuits from transients
and over-voltages. Rectifier Bridge is the method
commonly used to protect against polarity reversal.

7. Transmission regulation circuit – together with the speech

transformer, it regulates the strength and quality of sound.
 Modern Components of a Telephone Set

8. Dial system / Push button keypad

Rotary Dial (Pulse Dialing) is marked from 0 to 9 with
each number representing a corresponding number of
pulses that would be generated once the dial is rotated
from a starting position towards the fixed point.
Modern Components of a Telephone Set

Keypad System
(DTMF; Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
utilizes specific pairs of frequency within the voice
band for each key. Pressing one of the keys causes an
electronic circuit to generate two tones in the voice
frequency band. There is a low frequency tone for
each column.
Modern Components of a Telephone Set

Keypad System
(DTMF; Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
 DTMF vs Pulse Dialing
 DTMF dialing recognizes digit tones in 50
msec, with an interdigit interval of
another 50 msec.

 Pulse Dialing requires 60 msec break

and 40 msec make (total of 100 msec)
for each dial pulse. The interdigit
interval is 700 msec.
 Example
 How much time would you save if you dial 781-
1005 using DTMF dialing over pulse dialing?
 Switching Systems
1. Manual Control
– early telephone switchboards were operated
manually using a jack for each line and two plugs
on a long flexible wire, called cord pair, for
making the connection.
 MANUAL CONTROL

- to make connection, the operator picked up a cord,

plugged it into the jack corresponding to the line
requesting service, obtained from the calling party the
name or number of the desired party, and then
plugged the other end of the cord pair into the correct
outgoing line jack.
 Switching Systems
2. Progressive Control (Step by Step Switching)
- a call is progressively carried out to the desired
terminal under the direct control of the subscriber’s
initiated pulses.

- invented by Almon B. Strowger in 1889

PROGRESSIVE CONTROL
PROGRESSIVE CONTROL
 Switching Systems
3. Common Control (Crossbar System)
- method of switching which when directed to a
common control unit will select and close a path
through a matrix arrangement of switches called
crossbar or crosspoint switches.
 Switching Systems
4. Stored Program Control
(Electronic Switching System; ESS)
- the switching procedures are controlled by means
of a computer and program software that monitors
all office activity, sees what service needs are, and
initiates action to fulfill the need
 STORED PROGRAM
CONTROL
Stored Program Control
(Electronic Switching System; ESS)

Features:
1. Touch tone calling 7. Malicious Call Trace
2. DDD 8. Caller ID
3. Call waiting 9. Video Phone
4. Call forwarding 10. Video Conferencing
5. Teleconferencing 11. Camp on
6. Speed Calling 12. Call Barring
 Signaling
 Refers to the specific signals on the transmission
line that are used for controlling the
connection from the calling telephone to the
called telephone and signals that are used to
indicate the status of a cal as it is being
interconnected.

 Provides a means for operating and

supervising a telephone communication
system.

 Establishes connections, announces incoming

calls and reports the fact that a line is busy.
 Signaling Functions
1. Ringing Signals
- used to operate a visible or audible alarm to alert
someone of an incoming call.
Note:
Supervisory signals and
2. Supervisoryaddress
Signals signals are
accomplished by means of
- used to convey information regarding switchboard
conditions.direct current
(On-hook (DC) while
or Off-hook)
ringing signals by AC.
3. Address Signals
- convey dialing or digital information when is necessary
to establish the desired connections.
 Signaling Functions
Three Methods of Subscriber Loop Signaling

1. Wet – Dry
 Signaling information is indicated by the presence (wet)
and absence (dry) of a battery and ground condition on
the line at the called end of the trunk.
2. Reverse Battery
 Loop signaling is accomplished by reversing the polarity of
the battery on the line to indicate supervisory conditions.
3. High – Low Method
On Hook – high resistance
Off Hook – low resistance
 E & M Signaling
 Employs 2 leads to connect the signaling equipment to
the trunk circuit.

 M lead transmits Battery or ground signals to the distant

end of the circuits while incoming signals are received
on the E lead as either a ground or open condition

 E & M basically stands for Ear and Mouth

 Out of Band Signaling
 Makes use of one or more AC tones which lie within the
passband of the transmission facility but just outside the
voice band.
 In Band Signaling
 Signaling tones are transmitted within the speech band,
usually 1600, 2400 or 2600 Hz.
 Common Channel
Signaling System
 All signaling for a number of voice paths is carried over
one common channel, instead of within each individual
channel.
 Alternate Channel

Signaling
Two channels are used, one carries the signaling signal
while the other carries the voice signal. An error
detector monitors the error rate in the signaling channel.
If the error is tolerable, the system is normal; if more then
3 errors occur for a period of 10 second, the line switch
unit automatically switches the signaling channel
information to the alternate voice channels and the
alternate channel information to the signal channel.
 CCITT Signaling System
1. Signaling system number 1
- It is a 500/20 – Hz system used in the international
manual service.

2. Signaling System Number 2

- It is a 600/750 Hz system that had never been
used in international services.

3. Signaling System Number 3

- Uses one inband frequency; 2280 Hz,
unidirectional operation of circuits, for the
transmission of both line and intermission signals
used for terminal traffic.
 CCITT Signaling System
4. Signaling System Number 4
- It is used for unidirectional operation of circuits; to inband
frequencies: 2040 and 2400 Hz, for the end-to-end
transmission of both line and register signals.

5. Signaling System Number 5

- Both-way operation of circuits using to inband frequencies;
2040 and 2400 Hz, for the link-by link transmission of line
signals and six inband frequencies; 700, 900, 1100, 1300,
1500, and 1700 Hz in a two-out-of six code for the
transmission of register signals.
 CCITT Signaling System
6. Signaling System Number 6
- Signaling link carries information by serial mode of
synchronous data transmission; based on principles
of common channel signaling techniques in which
the signaling is removed from the voice path for
both analog and digital transmission facilities.

7. Signaling System Number 7

- For integrated Digital Networks (IDN) for both
telephony and circuit-switched data.
 Telephone Audible Tone
Tone
Signaling
Frequencies Cadence

Dial tone 350 440 Continuous

Note: On Hook refers to a
Busy tone telephone
480 not in use620
(handset 0.5 sec ON
resting on the switch) and Off
Ringing
Hook refers to a telephone in 0.5 sec OFF
tone use (handset
440 is removed
480 from
the switch).
2 sec ON

4 sec OFF