AJ Coots

Mrs. Sample
Biology Hon
5 March 2020
EOC Review: Spring Break Questions
1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory. What scientific tool helped with the development?
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Cell are the most basic unit of life.
- All living things are made of cells.
Microscopes helped with the development of cells.
2. Compare a plant and animal cell.
- Plant cells: have a rectangular shape, contains chloroplasts, central vacuole, and a cell wall,
which is not in an animal cell.
- Animal Cells: have a circular shape, contains centrioles and lysosomes, which both aren’t found
in plant cells.
3. Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
- Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. the genetic information (DNA) is
stored in the nucleus. can be single or multi-celled organisms.
- Prokaryotes: does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. the genetic information
(DNA) is found in the cytoplasm. all prokaryotes are microscopic, single-celled organisms.
4. List the 4 carbon molecules.
- Carbohydrates: C, H, O. Monomer: Monosaccharides. Used for quick energy. Ex: rice, pasta,
pizza crust.
- Lipids: C, H, O. Monomer: Glycerol Heads/Fatty acid chains. Used for long term energy storage.
Ex: oil, cheese, butter.
- Proteins: C, H, O, N. Monomer: Animo acids. Used for support, transport, and regulations. Ex:
meat, nuts, beans.
- Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P. Monomer: Nucleotides. Used for genetic information (DNA), which
carries the code for making proteins. Ex: DNA & RNA.
5. Discuss the properties of water and give examples.
- Cohesion: makes water stick to water. Also causes surface tension. Ex: surface tension allows a
spider not to sink while standing on water.
- Adhesion: makes water stick to other molecules. Ex: adhesion transports water from plants
roots through the stem and to the leaves.
- High specific heat: water can resist changes in temperature and absorb heat. Ex: regulating the
temperature in the ocean, keeping the water cool.
6. What is a biochemical reaction?
The transformation of one molecule to a different molecule. Started by enzymes. Controlled by
pH, temperature, and concentration. A change in pH can affect the bonds in enzymes.
7. List 10 main organelles in eukaryotes and function.
nucleus: storehouse for most of the genetic informations, or DNA in your cells
endoplasmic reticulum: interconnected network of thin folded membranes, productions of lipids
and proteins
ribosomes: tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins
golgi apparatus: stacks of closely layered membrane that process, sort and deliver proteins
vesicles: membrane bound sacs that transport materials from place to place within a cell
mitochondria: supplies energy to the cell
vacuole: fluid filled sac used for storage
 lysosomes: membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes, defend cells from bacteria
choloplast: carries out photosynthesis, which makes glucose
cell membrane: protective layer (controls what goes in and what comes out of the cell)
8. What is cancer?
Disease caused uncontrollable cell division.
9. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

10. Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
CO2= carbon dioxide
H2O= water
C6H12O6= glucose
O2= oxygen
The chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis takes sunlight energy and
makes sugars that store chemical energy.
(Reactants: 6CO2 + 6H2O, Products: C6H12O6 + 6O2)
11. Cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
Cellular respiration releases chemical energy from sugars to make ATP. When a phosphate
group is removed, you get a lower energy molecule, called ADP.
12. What is the relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Choloplasts absorb energy from the sunlight to build sugars. Mitochondria release chemical
energy to make ATP. One without the other would not work.
13. Draw the cell cycle. (See last page.)
14. Discuss passive and active transport.
Passive transport moves molecules across a cell membrane without energy from the cell (goes
from high to low, with the gradient). Active transport drives molecules across a membrane from
low to high concentration (goes against the concentration gradient). There are 3 types: simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis (the movement of water).
15. Describe DNA replication.
The DNA unzips. An enzyme (Helicase) breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together (A
with T, C with G). The strands replicate differently and the bases get paired up and the gaps are
filled by new nucleotides. Now we have two new double helixes.
16. Give the steps in protein synthesis describing each.
One strand of DNA get copied, then the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm. After it’s in the
cytoplasm, it moves to the ribosome. The tRNA matches up with open DNA base and then it
releases the amino acids at the top.
17. Use the following DNA strand and give the mRNA, tRNA, and the amino acids produced:
TACATCCTTAACGAG
mRNA- ATGTAGGAATTGCTC
tRNA- UACAUCCUUAACGAG
Amino Acids- TYR, ILE, LEU, THR, GLU
18. Punnet square: (see last page)
19. List the 5 things that support evidence of evolution.
Biogeography: Studies different plants and animals that were distrusted among different
geographical locations.
Anatomy: Similarities between different structures. Homologous- structures looking the same
but have different functions. Analogous- structures look different but have the same function.
Vestigial- structures that don’t have a anatomical purpose in the current organism.
Molecular biology- the branch of biology that deals with the function of macromolecules
essential to life.
Embryology- the branch of biology that deals with embryos and their development.
Paleontology- the branch of science that studies the fossils of animals and plants.
20. Name the two ways of increasing genetic information in any population.

21. Define gene flow and gene drift.

Gene flow– transfer of genetic variation from one population to another.
Gene drift– change in frequency of an existing gene variant and a population due to random
sampling of organisms.
22. Give four things that support the theory of natural selection.
Heritability, variation, adaptation, and competition for limited sources.
23. Give scientific explanations on life in earth and explain early earth.
Life on earth is changed tremendously over time different living organisms with evolved to
adapt, and change based off the environment. This creates a new species of animals we have
today. During early earth, almost every species was more before all the organisms went through
evolution.
24. Compare isotonic and hypotonic condition to the cell.
Isotonic- a solution is isotonic to the cell if it has the same concentration of solute as the cell.
equal amount of water enter and exit the cell, so the cell size is constant.
Hypotonic- a hypotonic solution has fewer solutes in the south. more water enters the cell,
causing the cell to expand or even bust.
25. Describe the Miller and Urey experiment and how they believe organic molecules were created.
A chemical experiment that simulates the conditions thought at the time to to present on Early
Earth. They believed that organic molecules were formed from inorganic molecules.
26. Give the trends in hominid evolution. How did man change?
Tools, bipedal, shelter, brain size, and diet.
Man changed by becoming bipedal so that they could get food from higher places, becoming
bipedal also freed up our hands.
27. What things leads to changes in organism classification?
Scientists learn new things over time. The system that we use in the present is always temporary
because scientists learn new things every day. For example, one day we may find new DNA
evidence that proves one animal group is more related to another than we thought.
28. List the Linnean Classification system from broadest to most specific.
Domain
Kingdom
 Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
29. Give the three domains and the kingdoms under each.
Archaea: Archaebacteria
Bacteria: Eubacteria
Eukarya: Plantae, Protista, Animalia, Fungi
30. Give distinguishing characteristics of all kingdoms under the Eukarya Domain.
Plantae: Multicellular. Autotrophs. Cell walls; cellulose.
Protista: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
Animalia: Multicellular. Heterotrophs. No cell walls.
Fungi: Cell walls; chitin. Reproduce through spores. Heterotrophs.
31. Discuss the scientific method; give steps, and how to defend conclusions.
The scientific method is a process of research. You gather information about a problem and test
the problem with an experiment. The steps include:
Step 1: Make observations.
Step 2: Ask Questions
Step 3: Form a Hypothesis/ Prediction.
Step 4: Conduct an experiment.
Step 5: Draw conclusions and make revisions.
You can defend conclusions…
32. What is the difference between a theory and a law?
A theory is an in-depth explain on how or why a phenomenon exists. A law is a statement about
the phenomenon.
33. What do you use when you make an inference?
When making an inference, you use prior knowledge to make an educated estimate about what
you don’t know.
34. How do you analyze data?
You first have to figure out what you are trying to find. Then you collect data and see how the
data can compare and contrast against your original statement.
35. Draw the human brain-identifying all parts. Include the 3 parts of the brain stem. (see last page)

36. Part A – Describe the female reproduction anatomy and indicate where fertilization occurs.
The egg travels from the ovaries into the fallopian tube where it is fertilized by a sperm cell.
After that, it travels own to the uterus where it is implanted and the fetus forms.
Part B – List parts and functions of the male reproductive anatomy.
Penis- body of this vessel, use for transportation.
Scrotum- controls the temperature for the testicles.
Testicles- responsible for creating sperm and other hormones.
Epididymis- the epididymis matures the sperm.
Urethra- responsible for transporting urine
Vas deferens- transports mature sperm to the urethra.
Seminal vesicles – provide hormones for the sperm.
Prostate gland – provides the sperm with other fluid
37. Describe the development of a fetus in each trimester. List major steps in each trimester.
First Trimester: Organs begin to develop, heart starts beating, brain and spinal cord are
developed, arms and legs have begun to grow, toes and fingers have begun forming by the end
of the first trimester.
Second Trimester: Organs are completely developed, eyelids are formed, bones become denser,
as well as teeth. The fetus starts to move, develops and sleep cycle, and has developed the
ability to hear and swallow.
38. Give 10 examples of how biotechnology has changed the world. Examples GMO, DNA testing
DNA Cloning
Human Fertility
Animal Breeding
Antibiotics/Vaccines
DNA Profiling
Advancements in Genetics
Brewing and Fermentation
Hormones
Detergents
Dairy Products free of Lactose
39. Describe the differences between primary succession and secondary succession. Give where each of
each of these occurs
Primary succession is when animals/plants migrate to land devoid of vegetation, such as a
volcanic island where the animals can live in areas of cooled lava. Secondary succession is when
animals/plants migrate to new land after a major disturbance, possibly a wildfire or human
interference.
40. Compare Logistic growth vs exponential growth. What is carrying capacity?
Carrying capacity in a population is the maximum number that the environment can support.
Logistic growth occurs when the population reaches the carrying capacity therefore, the growth
rate slows. Exponential growth occurs the population’s growth rate increases over time, in
proportion to the size of the population.
41. Draw the carbon cycle. (See last page)
42. Draw the water cycle. (See last page)
43. Draw a food web. (See last page)
44. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem. Draw an energy pyramid and show the energy in
each trophic level. (See last page)
Energy in an ecosystem flows from organism being eaten, to the organism feeding upon it. The
amount of energy decreases by 90% as you move up trophic levels.
45. Aquatic Ecosystems – describe the changes in light based on the depth of the water. How does this
affect the organisms that are able to survive at different depths?
As the depth increases the amount of sunlight penetrating through the water decreases. This
means as you descend it will get darker, as well as colder because the ocean’s temperature is
regulated by surface temperature. Organisms living at shallower depths depend upon the
sunlight and warmth, while organism that sustain themselves in deeper water do not share the
same dependence on sunlight and warmth, they thrive upon the lack thereof.
46. PLANTS – Where does most photosynthetic activity take place? What is the flower’s role? What are
seeds? What types of tissues are located in the roots? What do xylem and phloem transport? What
is the role of the stem?
Most photosynthetic activity takes place within the chloroplast of the plant. The flower
produces seeds/aids in sexual reproduction, nourishes the embryo, helps disperse into new
locations, and remains dormant in harsh conditions. Phloem transports the product of
photosynthesis to the roots and xylem takes water and minerals from the roots to the rest of
the plant. Both phloem and xylem are present in the roots of the plant. The stem’s role is to
provide support for the plant and transports materials between different plant structures.
47. Define renewable resources and nonrenewable resources. Give multiple examples of each.
A renewable energy source is a natural resource with the ability to replenish after usage. Some
examples include solar energy, wind energy, or hydropower. A non-renewable energy source is
one that has a finite amount and is not replenished as quickly as it is consumed, i.e. fossil fuels
are natural gases.
48. List 6 ways that humans positively impact an ecosystem and 6 ways humans negatively impact an
ecosystem.
Positive impacts: Protecting endangered species, growing food sources, cleaning bodies of water
such as lakes, setting biosphere reserves, botanical gardens, recycling waste
Negative Impacts: Pollution, overpopulation, burning fossil fuels, domestication of animals,
deforestation, acid rain
49. What is an invasive species and give some examples in Florida?
An invasive species is one that has been introduced to a foreign environment and thrives, doing
so well that it affects the natural order in that ecosystem, spreading to a degree that damages
the habitat. Some examples in Florida are the feral hog, red lionfish, and Burmese python.
50. What are some of the consequences to biodiversity in ecosystems based human activity?
Some consequences are habitat structure, overfishing/hunting, and animal extinction.
51. What causes blood pressure to increases? How does viscosity of blood impact blood pressure?
Some causes of risen blood pressure are stress, smoking, and lack of physical activity. The level
of blood flow is directly affected by the viscosity of the blood.
52. Discuss the difference between specific responses and non-specific responses in the immune system.
What do vaccines provide? When do you need an antibiotic?
Specific responses treat only specific invades, while non-specific responses repel all micro-organisms.
Vaccines train the immune system to defend the body against harmful bacteria. Antibiotics are needed
when you have very prominent symptoms and need extra measures to ensure your body can rid itself of
bacteria.