Chapter 1 Lecture 1-2 Profkssim

Chapter 1:
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES
IN MODERN SOCIETY
1-2 Assurance of public safety,
health and clean environment
Chapter 1: Engineering Challenges in Modern Society
The challenges faced by engineers in making modern life possible. Assurance of public safety,
health and clean environment. Impacts of human-induced climate change, greenhouse effects,
global warming. Incorporation of public and environmental safety in engineering designs. Threat of
depletion of fossil fuels, energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Lecture Objectives
Engineering Challenges in Modern Society
The challenges faced by engineers in making modern life possible. Assurance of public safety,
health and clean environment. Impacts of human-induced climate change, greenhouse effects,
global warming. Incorporation of public and environmental safety in engineering designs. Threat of
depletion of fossil fuels, energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Learning Outcomes
LO1 - Characterize professional ethics, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in

√
engineering design and practice.(cognitive, understanding, level 2)
LO2 - Apply engineering principles in handling societal and environmental issues and
engineering practices (cognitive, applying, level 3)
√
LO3 - Apply professional and ethical judgement in design and development of
√
engineering obligations (cognitive, applying level 3)
LO4 - Establish high integrity of professionalism of engineering practices in societal
√
and environmental contexts.(cognitive, analysing, level 4)
Programme Outcomes
PO8 - Understand the importance of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in design and

development of professional engineering solutions, and their impacts in societal and
environmental contexts
EHM3066 Engineer and Society 2

Contents
 Occupational Safety & Health Statistics
 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
(Act 514)
 Factories and Machinery Act 1967
 Environmental Quality Act, 1974
 Types of Environmental Aspects from Process
Facility and Operation

National Accident Rate
(2004-2014)

National Accident Rate
(2004-2014)

OSH Act Background
Three main OSH Acts
1. Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994 (Act 514)
2. Factories and Machinery Act 1967
(Act 139)
3. Petroleum Act (Safety Measures)
1984 (Act 302)
Occupational Safety
and Health Act 1994
(Act 514)

Occupational Safety and Health
Act 1994
• It provides the legislative framework to secure the
safety, health and welfare among all Malaysians
workforce and to protect others against risks to
safety or health in connection with activities of persons
at work.
• The provisions of the Act are based on self-regulation
scheme. Its primary responsibility is to ensure safety
and health of work lies with those who create the
risks and those who work with risks. This Act also
aims to establish effective safety and health organisation
and performance.

Objective of the OSH Act
 to make further provisions for securing
that safety, health and welfare of persons at
work, for protecting others against risks to
safety or health in connection with the
activities of persons at work, to establish the
National Council for Occupational Safety
and Health, and for matters connected with
it.

Industries affected by Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
 Manufacturing
 Mining and Quarrying
 Construction
 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
 Utilities (Gas, Electricity, Water and Sanitary Services)
 Transport, Storage and Communication
 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
 Wholesale and Retail Trades
 Hotels and Restaurants
 Public Services and Statutory Authorities
Act 1994 (Act 514)
The list of regulations under this Act are:
1. Occupational Safety and Health (Employers' Safety and Health General Policy
Statements)(Exception) Regulations 1995
2. Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industry Major Accident Hazards)
Regulations 1996
3. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations
1996
4. Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of
Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997
5. Occupational Safety and Heath (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997
6. Occupational Safety and Health (Prohibition of Use of Substance) Order 1999
7. Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
8. Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulation
2004

Act 1994 (Act 514)
Guidelines under OSHA 1994
 Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Site 1994
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in the Office 1996
 Guidelines on First-Aid Facilities in the Workplace 1996
 Examination Syllabus for Engineer's Certificate of Competency (Steam and
Internal Combustion Engines) Examination 1996
 Guidelines on Method of Sampling and Analysis for Airborne Lead 1997
 Guidelines for the Formulation of a Chemical Safety Datasheet 1997
 Guidelines for the Classification of Hazardous Chemicals 1997
 Guidelines for Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals 1997
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Tunnel Construction 1998

Act 1994 (Act 514)
Guidelines under OSHA 1994 (cont’d)
 Garispanduan Pendaftaran Tenaga Pengajar dan Pengendalian Kursus
Induksi Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja Sektor Binaan 2000
 Guidelines for the Registration of Assessors, Hygiene Technician and
Occupational Health Doctor 2000
 Guidelines for the Preparation of a Chemical Register 2000
 Guidelines on Trenching for Construction Safety 2000
 Assessment of the Health Arising from Use of Hazardous Chemical in the
Workplace (2nd Edition) 2000
 Guidelines on the Control of Chemicals Hazardous to Health 2001
 Guidelines on Medical Surveillance 2001
 Garispanduan Penyediaan Dokumen Demonstrasi Operasi Selamat (Am)
2001

Act 1994 (Act 514)
 Garispanduan Penyediaan Dokumen Demonstrasi Operasi Selamat
(Penstoran Gas Petroleum Cecair Di Dalam Selinder) 2001
 Panduan Bagi Pencegahan Tekanan Dan Keganasan Di Tempat Kerja 2001
 Guidelines on Monitoring of Airbone Contaminant For Chemicals Hazardous
To Health 2002
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Standing at Work 2002
 Guidelines on Reproductive Health Policy & Programmes at the Workplace
2002
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture 2002
 Guidelines on Occupational Vibration 2003
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Seating at Work 2003
 Garispanduan Untuk Memohon Sebagai Pusat Pengajar Pegawai
Keselamatan dan Kesihatan 2003

Act 1994 (Act 514)
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Fishing and Aquaculture
Operation 2003
 Guidelines on Gender Issues in Occupational Safety and Health 2003
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Working with Video
Display Unit (VDU’s) 2003
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health In Logging Operations 2004
 Guidelines on Preventing and Responding to Drugs and Alcohol Problems In
The Workplace 2004
 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health In Service Sector 2004
 Guidelines on First-Aid in the Workplace (2nd Edition) 2004
 Guidelines on Occupational Health Services 2005

Part IV: General Duties of Employers
and Self-Employed Persons
15. General duties of employers and self-employed

persons to their employees.
(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-
employed person to ensure, so far as is practicable, the
safety, health and welfare at work of all his
employees.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the
matters to which the duty extends include in particular-
(a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that
are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health;
(b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable,
safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use
or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and
substances; EHM3066 Engineer and Society 16
persons to their employees (cont’d).
(c) the provision of such information, instruction training and
supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable,
the safety and health at work of his employees;
(d) so far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the
control of the employer or self-employed person, the
maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks
to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of
access to and egress from it that are safe and without such
risks;

persons to their employees (cont’d).
(e) the provision and maintenance of a working environment for
his employees that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without
risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities for their
welfare at work.

16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy.
Except in such cases as may be prescribed, it be the duty of
every employer and every self-employed person to
prepare and as often as may be appropriate revise a written
statement of his general policy with respect to the safety
and health at work of his employees
and the organisation and arrangements for the time being in
force for carrying out that policy, and to bring the
statement and any revision of it to the notice of all of
his employees.

persons to persons other than their employees.

employed person to conduct his undertaking in such
a manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he
and other persons, not being his employees, who may be
affected thereby are not thereby exposed to risks to their
safety or health.

persons to persons other than their employees
(cont’d).
employed person, in the prescribed circumstances and in
the prescribed manner, to give to persons, not being his
employees, who may be affected by the manner in
which he conducts his undertaking, the prescribed
information on such aspects of the manner in which he
conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or
health.

18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons
other than his employees.
(1) An occupier of non-domestic premises which has been made
available to persons, not being his employees, as a place of
work, or as a place where they may use a plant or substance
provided for their use there, shall take such measures as are
practicable to ensure that the premises, all means of access
thereto and egress therefrom available for use by persons
using the premises, and any plant or substance in the
premises or provided for use there, is or are safe and
without risks to health.

18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other
than his employees (cont’d).
(2) A person who has, by virtue of a contract or lease or otherwise,
an obligation of any extent in relation to -
(a) the maintenance or repair of a place of work or any
means of access thereto or egress therefrom; or
(b) the prevention of risks to safety and health that may
arise from the use of any plant or substance in the place of
work, shall for the purpose of subsection (1) be deemed to have
control of the matters to which his obligation extends.

19. Penalty for an offence under section 15, 16, 17 or
18.
A person who contravenes the provisions of section

15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be guilty of an offence and
shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two years or to both.

Part V: General Duties of Designers,
Manufacturers and Suppliers
20. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as regards
plant for use at work.
(1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs,
manufactures, imports or supplies any plant for use at work-
(a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and
constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when
properly used;
(b) to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and
examination as may be necessary for the performance of the duty
imposed on him by paragraph (a); and

Part V: General Duties of Designers,
Manufacturers and Suppliers
20. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as regards plant for use
at work (cont’d).
(1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or
supplies any plant for use at work-
(c) to take such steps as are necessary to secure that there will be available in connection
with the use of the plant at work adequate information about the use for which it is
designed and-has been tested, and about any condition necessary to ensure that,
when put to that use, it will be safe and without risks to health.
(2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or manufacture of
any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of any
necessary research with a view to the discovery and, so far as is practicable, the
elimination or minimisation of any risk to safety or health to which the design or plant
may give rise.
(3) It shall be the duty of a person who erects or installs any plant for use by persons at
work to ensure, so far as is practicable, that nothing about the way in which it is
erected or installed makes it unsafe or a risk to health when properly used.

Factories and
Machinery Act 1967
(Act 139)

Factories and Machinery
Act 1967 (Act 139)
An Act to provide for the control of

factories with respect to matters
relating to the safety, health and
welfare or persons therein, the
registration and inspection of machinery
and for matters connected therewith.

Factories and Machinery Act
1967 (act 139)
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139
Factories and Machinery (Steam Boiler And Unfired Pressure Vessel)

Regulations, 1970
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/538-16-factories-and-machinery-steam-boiler-
and-unfired-pressure-vessel-regulations-1970/file
Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger And Goods Lift) Regulations,

1970
Factories and Machinery (Fencing Of Machinery And Safety) Regulations,
1970
Factories and Machinery (Person-In-Charge) Regulations, 1970
Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health And Welfare) Regulations, 1970
Factories and Machinery (Administration) Regulations, 1970
Factories and Machinery (Certificates Of Competency-Examinations)
Regulations, 1970
Factories and Machinery (Notification, Certificate of Fitness And Inspections)
Regulations, 1970
Factories and Machinery Act
1967 (act 139)
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139
Factories and Machinery (Compounding Of Offences) Rules, 1978

Factories and Machinery (Compoundable Offences) Regulations, 1978
Factories and Machinery (Lead) Regulations, 1984
Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process) Regulations, 1986
Factories and Machinery (Building Operations And Works Of Engineering
Construction) (Safety) Regulations, 1986
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/508-06-factories-and-machinery-building-
operations-and-works-of-engineering-construction-safety-regulations-1986/file
Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations, 1989

Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations, 1989
Factories and Machinery (Notification, Certificate of Fitness and Inspection)
(Amendment) Regulations, 2004 Factories and Machinery (Steam Boiler and
Unfired Pressure Vessel ) (Amendment) Regulations, 2005
https://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws

Environmental
Quality Act, 1974
Chapter 1-2 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 31

Department of Environment
The Department of Environment
(DOE) under the Ministry of
Science, Technology and
Environment has been given the onus
of monitoring and enforcing
environmental standards in
Malaysia.

DOE Main Objective
Environmental management is conducted at the federal
level by the Department of Environment (DOE) of the
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.
- Its main objective is to administer and enforce the

Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendments 1985,
1996), and the Section of the Economic Exclusive
Zone Act, 1984.

Strategies for Environmental
Improvement
Within the EQA (ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT),
there are several progressive provisions that can
contribute to pollution prevention:
1.The prescription for the reduction, recycling,
recovery, or regulation of specified hazardous
substances (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV,
section 30A);
2.The prescription of minimum percentages of
recycled substances for specified products, and the
labelling of such with declarations on recycled
constituents as well as methods of manufacture and
disposal (eco-labelling) (EQA (1974) Act 127,
Part IV, section 30A);
Strategies for Environmental
Improvement
Strategies for Environmental Improvement (cont’d)
Within the EQA (ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT), there are several
progressive provisions that can contribute to pollution prevention:
3. The prescription of rules on deposit and rebate schemes to ensure
environmentally sound recycling or disposal of specified products (EQA
(1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 30B);
4. The provision for environmental audits to be conducted,

irrespective of whether the operator is operating out of prescribed
premises (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part IV, section 33A); and
5. The right to impose a “research cess” on wastes to finance research

into any aspect of pollution or prevention (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part
VA, section 36A).

Authorities Involved in
Environmental Issues

Authorities Involved in
Environmental Issues

Types of Environmental Aspects from
Process Facility and Operation
Fume Odour
Noise
Hazardous/Solid Waste Wastewater

Effluent Discharge Quality
Standard
The effluent quality of any discharge from a sewage treatment
process to an inland water (that is, other than one having an
ocean outlet) shall meet the minimum requirements of the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the limits set down by
the Environmental Quality (Sewage Industrial Effluent
Regulations, 1979.
Standard A for discharge upstream of
1.
drinking water take-off
2. Standard B for inland waters
Note:
Standard A criteria applies only to catchments areas
located upstream of drinking water supply off-takes.

Standard
Standard
Parameters (Units)
A (1) B (2)
1 Temperature oC 40 40
2 pH - 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0
3 BOD5 @ 20oC mg/l 20 50
4 COD mg/l 50 100
5 Suspended Solids mg/l 50 100
6 Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05
7 Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02
Chromium,
8 mg/l 0.05 0.05
Hexalent
9 Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.10
10 Cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.10
11 Lead mg/l 0.10 0.5

Standard
Standard
Parameters (Units)
A (1) B (2)
12 Chromium, Trivalent mg/l 0.20 1.0
13 Copper mg/l 0.20 1.0
14 Manganese mg/l 0.20 1.0
15 Nickel mg/l 0.20 1.0
16 Tin mg/l 0.20 1.0
17 Zinc mg/l 1.0 1.0
18 Boron mg/l 1.0 4.0
19 Iron (Fe) mg/l 1.0 5.0
20 Phenol mg/l 0.001 1.0
21 Free Chlorine mg/l 1.0 2.0
22 Sulphide mg/l 0.50 0.50
23 Oil and Grease mg/l Not detectable 10.0
Chapter 1-2 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 41

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or
potential threats to public health or the environment.
There are four factors that determine whether or not
a substance is hazardous:
Ignitability (i.e., flammable)
Corrosovity
Reactivity
Toxicity
A Solid Waste is any discarded

material which is:
• Abandoned
• Recycled
• Inherently Waste-Like

Materials are solid waste if they are abandoned by

being:
•Disposed of
•Burned or Incinerated
•Accumulated, stored, or treated (but not recycled)
before or in lieu of being abandoned by being
disposed of, burned, or incinerated

Materials are solid waste if they are recycled - or

accumulated, stored, or treated before recycling -
by being:
•Used in a manner constituting disposal
•Burned for energy recovery
•Reclaimed
•Accumulated Speculatively



Industry and Type of Industrial Pollution

Industry and Type of Industrial Pollution (cont’d)

ISO 14000
 A set of international standards to bring
worldwide focus to the environment.
 Environmental efforts based on an
internationally accepted criterion.
 Avert any conflicts between regional
interpretations
 Need environmental management
certification to compete globally.
Terminology in ISO 14000 (1)
 Policy statement
 Legislation compliance
 Preparatory review and external audit
 Environmental Management System

 Policy statement:
 In existence within the organization
 Legislation compliance:
 To clarify compliance with Environmental
Legislation that may effect the organization
and stress a commitment to continual
improvement.

 Preparatory review and external
audit:
 Consider input processes and output at sites,
and identify all relevant environmental
aspects that may arise.
 Environmental Management System:
 Provides further detail on the environmental
program.

 Management review:
 To ensure that it is suitable (for the
organization and the objectives) and effective
in operation.

The ISO 14000 Family (1)
 Environment Management System (EMS) – ISO
14001
 Environment Auditing (EA) – ISO 14010
 Environmental Labeling (EL) – ISO 14020
 Environment Performance Evaluation (EPE) –
ISO 14030
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040
 Environmental Aspect of Product – ISO 14060

Opportunities and Threats of
ISO 14000
 Obtaining ISO 14001 not a confirmation of
success, but failure to achieve it will
guarantee failure in future
 EMS also focuses on continuous
improvement
 Cost is the main reason SMI not involved in
ISO 14001
 SMI should not focus only on local market

Chapter 1 Lecture 1-2 Profkssim

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 1 Lecture 1-2 Profkssim

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 1:

LO1 - Characterize professional ethics, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in

PO8 - Understand the importance of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in design and

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 2

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 3

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 4

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 5

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 7

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 8

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 9

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 11

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 12

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 13

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 14

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 15

15. General duties of employers and self-employed

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 17

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 18

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 19

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 20

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 21

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 22

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 23

A person who contravenes the provisions of section

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 24

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 25

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 26

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 27

An Act to provide for the control of

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 28

Factories and Machinery (Steam Boiler And Unfired Pressure Vessel)

Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger And Goods Lift) Regulations,

Factories and Machinery (Compounding Of Offences) Rules, 1978

Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations, 1989

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 30

Chapter 1-2 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 31

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 32

- Its main objective is to administer and enforce the

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 33

4. The provision for environmental audits to be conducted,

5. The right to impose a “research cess” on wastes to finance research

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 35

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 36

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 37

Hazardous/Solid Waste Wastewater

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 38

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 39

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 40

Chapter 1-2 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 41

A Solid Waste is any discarded

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 43

Materials are solid waste if they are abandoned by

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 44

Materials are solid waste if they are recycled - or

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 45

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 46

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 47

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 48

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 49

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 51

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 52

EHM3066 Engineer and Society 53