MODULE -3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Introduction

Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks
went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems
in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with
respect to time.
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the
computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide,
and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a
basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

Philosophy of AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to
wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in
machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI

1. To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

2. To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand,

think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer

Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of
AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such
as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent
system.

Programming Without and With AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

What is AI Technique?

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI A computer program with AI can
can answer the specific questions answer the generic questions it is
it is meant to solve. meant to solve.
AI programs can absorb new
modifications by putting highly
Modification in the program leads independent pieces of information
to change in its structure. together. Hence you can modify even a
minute piece of information of
program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and
easy. It may lead to affecting the Quick and Easy program modification.
program adversely.
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that
−

 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.

Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.

Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice
to the users.

Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,

 A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
 Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

 Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text

written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of
the letters and convert it into editable text.

Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition,
they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new
environment.

History of AI

Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Yea Milestone / Innovation

r

192 Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in
3 London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

194 Foundations for neural networks laid.

3

194 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the

5 term Robotics.

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

195
published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
0
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

195 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration

6 of the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.
195 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.
8

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can

196
understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word
4
problems correctly.

196 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that

5 carries on a dialogue in English.

196 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

9 equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy,

197
the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and
3
assemble models.

197 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart,

9 was built.

198 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing

5 program, Aaron.

Major advances in all areas of AI −

 Significant demonstrations in machine learning

 Case-based reasoning
199  Multi-agent planning
0  Scheduling
 Data mining, Web Crawler
 natural language understanding and translation
 Vision, Virtual Reality

 Games

199 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion,
7 Garry Kasparov.

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT

200 displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The
0 robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates
meteorites.
Search and optimization

Many problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many

possible solutions: Reasoning can be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical
proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads from premises to conclusions, where
each step is the application of an inference rule. Planning algorithms search through trees
of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called means-
ends analysis. Robotics algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use local
searches in configuration space. Many learning algorithms use search algorithms based
on optimization.
Simple exhaustive searches are rarely sufficient for most real-world problems: the search
space (the number of places to search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers. The result
is a search that is too slow or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use
"heuristics" or "rules of thumb" that prioritize choices in favor of those that are more likely
to reach a goal and to do so in a shorter number of steps. In some search methodologies
heuristics can also serve to entirely eliminate some choices that are unlikely to lead to a
goal (called "pruning the search tree"). Heuristics supply the program with a "best guess"
for the path on which the solution lies. Heuristics limit the search for solutions into a
smaller sample size.

Logic
Logic is used for knowledge representation and problem solving, but it can be applied to
other problems as well. For example, the satplan algorithm uses logic
for planning[188] and inductive logic programming is a method for learning.
Several different forms of logic are used in AI research. Propositional logic involves truth
functions such as "or" and "not". First-order logic  adds quantifiers and predicates, and can
express facts about objects, their properties, and their relations with each other. Fuzzy set
theory assigns a "degree of truth" (between 0 and 1) to vague statements such as "Alice is
old" (or rich, or tall, or hungry) that are too linguistically imprecise to be completely true or
false. Fuzzy logic is successfully used in control systems to allow experts to contribute
vague rules such as "if you are close to the destination station and moving fast, increase
the train's brake pressure"; these vague rules can then be numerically refined within the
system. Fuzzy logic fails to scale well in knowledge bases; many AI researchers question the
validity of chaining fuzzy-logic inferences.
Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
Many problems in AI (in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require
the agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have
devised a number of powerful tools to solve these problems using methods
from probability theory and economics.
Bayesian networks are a very general tool that can be used for various problems: reasoning
(using the Bayesian inference algorithm). learning (using the expectation-maximization
algorithm), planning (using decision networks) and perception (using dynamic Bayesian
networks). Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing and
finding explanations for streams of data, helping perception systems to analyze processes
that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or Kalman filters).  Compared with
symbolic logic, formal Bayesian inference is computationally expensive.

Classifiers and statistical learning method

The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers ("if shiny then
diamond") and controllers ("if shiny then pick up"). Controllers do, however, also classify
conditions before inferring actions, and therefore classification forms a central part of
many AI systems. Classifiers are functions that use pattern matching to determine a closest
match. They can be tuned according to examples, making them very attractive for use in AI.
These examples are known as observations or patterns. In supervised learning, each
pattern belongs to a certain predefined class. A class can be seen as a decision that has to
be made. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set.
When a new observation is received, that observation is classified based on previous
experience.

Artificial neural networks

Neural networks were inspired by the architecture of neurons in the human brain. A simple
"neuron" N accepts input from multiple other neurons, each of which, when activated (or
"fired"), cast a weighted "vote" for or against whether neuron N should itself activate.
Learning requires an algorithm to adjust these weights based on the training data; one
simple algorithm (dubbed "fire together, wire together") is to increase the weight between
two connected neurons when the activation of one triggers the successful activation of
another. The neural network forms "concepts" that are distributed among a subnetwork of
shared neurons that tend to fire together; a concept meaning "leg" might be coupled with
a subnetwork meaning "foot" that includes the sound for "foot". Neurons have a
continuous spectrum of activation; in addition, neurons can process inputs in a nonlinear
way rather than weighing straightforward votes.
Deep feedforward neural networks
Deep learning is any artificial neural network that can learn a long chain of causal links
[dubious –  discuss]. For example, a feedforward network with six hidden layers can learn a
seven-link causal chain (six hidden layers + output layer) and has a "credit assignment
path" (CAP) depth of seven[citation needed]. Many deep learning systems need to be able
to learn chains ten or more causal links in length. Deep learning has transformed many
important subfields of artificial intelligence, including computer vision, speech
recognition, natural language processing and others.
Deep learning often uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs), whose origins can be
traced back to the Neocognitron introduced by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1980. In 1989, Yann
LeCun and colleagues applied backpropagation to such an architecture. In the early 2000s,
in an industrial application CNNs already processed an estimated 10% to 20% of all the
checks written in the US. Since 2011, fast implementations of CNNs on GPUs have won
many visual pattern recognition competitions.
CNNs with 12 convolutional layers were used in conjunction with reinforcement learning by
Deepmind's "AlphaGo Lee", the program that beat a top Go champion in 2016.

Deep recurrent neural networks

Early on, deep learning was also applied to sequence learning with recurrent neural
networks (RNNs) which are in theory Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to
process arbitrary sequences of inputs. The depth of an RNN is unlimited and depends on
the length of its input sequence; thus, an RNN is an example of deep learning.  RNNs can be
trained by gradient descent but suffer from the vanishing gradient problem. In 1992, it was
shown that unsupervised pre-training of a stack of recurrent neural networks can speed up
subsequent supervised learning of deep sequential problems.

Evaluating progress
AI, like electricity or the steam engine, is a general purpose technology. There is no
consensus on how to characterize which tasks AI tends to excel at.  While projects such
as AlphaZero have succeeded in generating their own knowledge from scratch, many other
machine learning projects require large training data sets. Researcher Andrew Ng has
suggested, as a "highly imperfect rule of thumb", that "almost anything a typical human
can do with less than one second of mental thought, we can probably now or in the near
future automate using AI." Moravec's paradox suggests that AI lags humans at many tasks
that the human brain has specifically evolved to perform well. Games provide a well-
publicized benchmark for assessing rates of progress. AlphaGo around 2016 brought the
era of classical board-game benchmarks to a close. Games of imperfect knowledge provide
new challenges to AI in the area of game theory. E-sports such as StarCraft continue to
provide additional public benchmarks.

Problem Solving Agents.

Intelligent agents are supposed to maximize their performance measure

• This can be simplified if the agent can adopt a goal and aim at satisfying it
• Goals help organize behaviour by limiting the objectives that the agent is trying to
achieve
• Goal formulation, based on the current situation and the agent’s performance measure,
is the first step in problem solving
• Goal is a set of states. The agent’s task is to find out which sequence of actions will get
it to a goal state
• Problem formulation is the process of deciding what sorts of actions and states to
consider, given a goal

• An agent with several immediate options of unknown value can decide what to do by
first examining different possible sequences of actions that lead to states of known value,
and then choosing the best sequence.
• Looking for such a sequence is called search
• A search algorithm takes a problem as input and returns a solution in the form of
action sequence
• One a solution is found the actions it recommends can be carried out – execution
phase.

• “formulate, search, execute” design for the agent

• After formulating a goal and a problem to solve the agent calls a search procedure to
solve it
• It then uses the solution to guide its actions, doing whatever the solution recommends
as the next thing to do (typically the first action in the sequence)
• Then removing that step from the sequence
• Once the solution has been executed, the agent will formulate a new goal

Environment Assumptions
• Static, formulating and solving the problem is done without paying attention to any
changes that might be occurring in the environment.
• Initial state is known and the environment is observable.
• Discrete, enumerate alternative courses of actions.
• Deterministic, solutions to problems are single sequences of actions, so they cannot
handle any unexpected events, and solutions are executed without paying attention to
the percepts.

Importance of Artificial Intelligence

 AI automates repetitive learning and discovery through data. But AI is different

from hardware-driven, robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks,
AI performs frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks reliably and without
fatigue. For this type of automation, human inquiry is still essential to set up the
system and ask the right questions.
 AI adds intelligence to existing products. In most cases, AI will not be sold as an
individual application. Rather, products you already use will be improved with AI
capabilities, much like Siri was added as a feature to a new generation of Apple
products. Automation, conversational platforms, bots and smart machines can
be combined with large amounts of data to improve many technologies at home
and in the workplace, from security intelligence to investment analysis.
 AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the
programming. AI finds structure and regularities in data so that the algorithm
acquires a skill: The algorithm becomes a classifier or a predictor. So, just as the
algorithm can teach itself how to play chess, it can teach itself what product to
recommend next online. And the models adapt when given new data. Back
propagation is an AI technique that allows the model to adjust, through training
and added data, when the first answer is not quite right.

 AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural networks that have many hidden
layers. Building a fraud detection system with five hidden layers was almost
impossible a few years ago. All that has changed with incredible computer power
and big data. You need lots of data to train deep learning models because they learn
directly from the data. The more data you can feed them, the more accurate they
become.
 AI achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural networks – which was
previously impossible. For example, your interactions with Alexa, Google Search and
Google Photos are all based on deep learning – and they keep getting more accurate
the more we use them. In the medical field, AI techniques from deep learning, image
classification and object recognition can now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the
same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.
 AI gets the most out of data. When algorithms are self-learning, the data itself can
become intellectual property. The answers are in the data; you just have to apply AI
to get them out. Since the role of the data is now more important than ever before, it
 can create a competitive advantage. If you have the best data in a competitive
industry, even if everyone is applying similar techniques, the best data will win.

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Natural-language understanding (NLU) or natural-language interpretation (NLI) is a subtopic
of natural-language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading
comprehension. ... NLU has an ontology around the particular product vertical that is used
to figure out the probability of some intent. natural language processing (NLP)
Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of a computer program to understand
human language as it is spoken. NLP is a component of artificial intelligence (AI).
The development of NLP applications is challenging because computers traditionally
require humans to "speak" to them in a programming language that is precise,
unambiguous and highly structured, or through a limited number of clearly enunciated
voice commands. Human speech, however, is not always precise -- it is often ambiguous
and the linguistic structure can depend on many complex variables, including slang,
regional dialects and social context.

How natural language processing works: techniques and tools

Syntax and semantic analysis are two main techniques used with natural language
processing. Syntax is the arrangement of words in a sentence to make grammatical sense.
NLP uses syntax to assess meaning from a language based on grammatical rules. Syntax
techniques used include parsing (grammatical analysis for a sentence), word segmentation
(which divides a large piece of text to units), sentence breaking (which places sentence
boundaries in large texts), morphological segmentation (which divides words into groups)
and stemming (which divides words with inflection in them to root forms).

Semantics involves the use and meaning behind words. NLP applies algorithms to
understand the meaning and structure of sentences. Techniques that NLP uses with
semantics include word sense disambiguation (which derives meaning of a word based on
context), named entity recognition (which determines words that can be categorized into
groups), and natural language generation (which will use a database to determine
semantics behind words).
Current approaches to NLP are based on deep learning, a type of AI that examines and uses
patterns in data to improve a program's understanding. Deep learning models require
massive amounts of labeled data to train on and identify relevant correlations, and
assembling this kind of big data set is one of the main hurdles to NLP currently.

Earlier approaches to NLP involved a more rules-based approach, where simpler machine
learning algorithms were told what words and phrases to look for in text and given specific
responses when those phrases appeared. But deep learning is a more flexible, intuitive
approach in which algorithms learn to identify speakers' intent from many examples,
almost like how a child would learn human language.
Three tools used commonly for NLP include NLTK, Gensim, and Intel NLP Architect. NTLK,
Natural Language Toolkit, is an open source python modules with data sets and tutorials.
Gensim is a Python library for topic modeling and document indexing. Intel NLP Architect is
also another Python library for deep learning topologies and techniques.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS

According to Dr. John Kelly III, IBM Senior Vice President for Research and Solutions: “The
success of cognitive computing will not be measured by Turing tests or a computer’s ability
to mimic humans. It will be measured in more practical ways, like return on investment,
new market opportunities, diseases cured and lives saved.”Yes, AI technology isn’t the end
but only a means towards effectiveness and efficiency, improved innovative capabilities,
and better opportunities. And, we’ve seen this in several industries that have begun to
adopt AI into their operations.
According to a survey by Tech Pro Research, up to 24 percent of businesses currently
implement or plan on using artificial intelligence. Stand-outs are in the health, financial
services and automotive sectors.
AI and Business Decisions
Prior to the resurgence of AI and its eventual commercial application, executives have had
to rely on inconsistent and incomplete data. With artificial intelligence, they have data-
based models and simulations to turn to.

According to PwC’s Rao, limitless outcome modeling is one of the breakthroughs in today’s
AI systems. He reiterates: “There’s an immense opportunity to use AI in all kinds of decision
making”
Today’s AI systems start from zero and feed on a regular diet of big data. This is augmented
intelligence in action, which eventually provides executives with sophisticated models as
basis for their decision-making.There are several AI applications that enhance decision-
making capacities. Here are some of them:

Marketing Decision-Making with AI

There are many complexities to each marketing decision. One has to know and understand
customer needs and desires, and align products to these needs and desires. Likewise,
having a good grasp of changing consumer behavior is crucial to making the best marketing
decisions, in the short- and long-run.AI modeling and simulation techniques enable reliable
insight into your buyer personas. These techniques can be used to predict consumer
behavior. Through a Decision Support System, your artificial intelligence system is able to
support decisions through real-time and up-to-date data gathering, forecasting, and trend
analysis.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Artificial intelligence within CRM systems enable its many automated functions, such as
contact management, data recording and analyses and lead ranking. AI’s buyer persona
modeling can also provide you with a prediction of a customer’s lifetime value. Sales and
marketing teams can work more efficiently through these features.
Recommendation System
Recommendation systems were first implemented in music content sites. This has since
been extended to different industries. The AI system learns a user’s content preferences
and pushes content that fit those preferences. This can help you reduce bounce rate.
Likewise, you can use the information learned by your AI to craft better targeted content

AI IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, which use data and algorithms to mimic the cognitive
functions of the human mind, and have the ability to learn and solve problems
independently, are rapidly being deployed across a variety of industries and use cases. The
automotive industry is among the industries at the forefront of using AI to mimic, augment,
and support the actions of humans, while simultaneously leveraging the advanced reaction
times and pinpoint precision of machine-based systems. Indeed, today’s semi-autonomous
vehicles and the fully autonomous vehicles of the future will rely heavily on AI systems.
Automotive applications of artificial intelligence include driverless cars which capture the
maximum attention, this is only one of many uses for artificial intelligence in the car
industry. Have a look at artificial intelligence automotive industry trends below, to see what
constituents are pushing this explosive new market.

Driverless Cars
Driverless cars were the part of science fiction movies in the past, but now it would be seen
in our day to day lives all thanks to the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is
advancing at a great speed, even tech firms have been developing technology that can help
in the installation of self-sufficient automobiles.Some of the automotive leaders like Google
and Tesla are spending millions of dollars on R&D to come up with better technology and to
make autonomous cars hit the road.
The autonomous applications of artificial intelligence include driverless cars, which is only
one of many uses for artificial intelligence in the automobile industry. Have a look at
artificial intelligence automotive industry trends below, to see what constituents are
pushing this explosive new market.

1.Cloud Computing
Cloud computing has many benefits which make it an ideal platform for staging and
deploying AI technology in the automotive field, which includes analytics, big data access
and centralized connectivity. As companies striving hard to develop forefront automotive
technology, to develop cloud-based platforms to help them.
Here is an example of where the potential of the cloud is being applied to the partnership
between General Motors and IBM’s Watson supercomputer.GM and IBM are working on
cloud-based AI platforms to make drivers’ life easier, below are the few subsequent
applications which are already present or will be introduced very soon,Finding gas stations
and allowing the driver to pay for their fuel purchase from inside the vehicle.Recognizing
nearby restaurants that are related to those revisited by the driver.Providing notes to buy
required household items as the driver approaches relevant stores.

2. The Internet of Things

There are many intelligent devices which get connected to the internet every day from Fit
Bits to monitor health to smartphones. The technology, electrical components and
software will help automobile manufacturers to collaborate with software development
teams and other firms in the same sector. This will promote the successful blend of cars
that depend on IoT devices.
Internet of Things has made a lasting impression on the automobile industry and will be
getting bigger in the coming years. In the future, the combination of artificial intelligence
and IoT devices in the future will allow manufacturers to update vehicles with additional
features such as:

predictive maintenance
repair scheduling
identification of performance issues
using smart sensors to identify medical emergencies
automatic toll collection

3. Machine Learning
Machine learning, which is a branch of artificial intelligence, completely tries to replicate
the way in which humans learn and also when applied on to devices and machines, will
think and act almost like human beings which are done by repetition of tasks using the past
data.Toyota has gone a step ahead and has brought together Big data, Machine Learning
and Artificial Intelligence to generate highly sensitive autonomous systems that support in
the movement for those to help an ageing population mobile and ensure they can still use
their cars.

4.Deep Learning
Deep Learning is the process to achieve Machine Learning. It is because of Deep Learning
there no possibility of any issues coming up during AI activities. DL helps split down tasks to
make it easier to manage. The software in DL learns and then it starts copying the actions in
the neuron layers of our brain.
DL techniques have been very useful in the automobile industry as it helps in advanced
driving assistance systems and autonomous driving. Even in services where technology was
not that until now, it was DL that induced in a tremendous advancement.
Lately, Nvidia and Bosch’s partnership came into the picture, they are working together to
enhance the quality and characteristics of autonomous vehicles. Bosch is in a process to
develop a supercomputer that will be installed in such vehicles, and Nvidia is working on to
produce the Deep Learning technology to power it.

5. Infotainment Systems
Infotainment has become industry-standard a bag full of “information” and
“entertainment” is the umbrella term describing the main technological interface of a car.
Artificial Intelligence develops in-vehicle infotainment systems in a better way. Because of
this trend, the need for better quality hardware and software solutions has also risen
because they all have to be compatible with AI.In the infotainment, you can expect a spike
in characteristics like eye tracking, speech recognition, gesture recognition, monitoring
driving, and database of natural languages.
There are infotainment human-machine interfaces previously connected to vehicles to
monitor and operate according to the algorithms collected from cloud-based neural
networks.

6. Cognitive Capabilities
There will be not only the small cars with AI capabilities will hit the road but there will be
the huge trucks with the same capabilities cruise along the streets in the future. With
abilities such as pattern identification, natural language interpretation and the ability to
build knowledge, cognitive analytics gives us a way to mine and make sense of this
information.
Cognitive systems are assumed to work similar to a human which would interpret a real-life
situation, and in order to do that, a deeper knowledge of unstructured data is required. Car
manufacturers have now started incorporating this into their vehicles.

Recently, BMW has partnered with IBM to combine cognitive capabilities to its cars.
Through Big Blue’s Watson AI technology, the purpose is to help vehicles interact with each
other.

AI IN HEALTH CARE
Many industries have been disrupted by the influx of new technologies in the Information
Age. Healthcare is no different.Particularly in the case of automation, machine learning,
and artificial intelligence (AI), doctors, hospitals, insurance companies, and industries with
ties to healthcare have all been impacted – in many cases in more positive, substantial ways
than other industries.
According to a 2016 report from CB Insights, about 86% of healthcare provider
organizations, life science companies, and technology vendors to healthcare are using
artificial intelligence technology. By 2020, these organizations will spend an average of $54
million on artificial intelligence projects.
So what solutions are they most commonly implementing? Here are 10 common ways AI is
changing healthcare now and will in the future.

1. Managing Medical Records and Other Data

Since the first step in health care is compiling and analyzing information (like medical
records and other past history), data management is the most widely used application of
artificial intelligence and digital automation. Robots collect, store, re-format, and trace data
to provide faster, more consistent access.

2. Doing Repetitive Jobs

Analyzing tests, X-Rays, CT scans, data entry, and other mundane tasks can all be done
faster and more accurately by robots. Cardiology and radiology are two disciplines where
the amount of data to analyze can be overwhelming and time consuming. Cardiologists and
radiologists in the future should only look at the most complicated cases where human
supervision is useful.

3. Treatment Design
Artificial intelligence systems have been created to analyze data – notes and reports from a
patient’s file, external research, and clinical expertise – to help select the correct,
individually customized treatment path.

4. Digital Consultation
Apps like Babylon in the UK use AI to give medical consultation based on personal medical
history and common medical knowledge. Users report their symptoms into the app, which
uses speech recognition to compare against a database of illnesses. Babylon then offers a
recommended action, taking into account the user’s medical history.

5. Virtual Nurses
The startup Sense.ly has developed Molly, a digital nurse to help people monitor patient’s
condition and follow up with treatments, between doctor visits. The program uses machine
learning to support patients, specializing in chronic illnesses.
In 2016, Boston Children’s Hospital developed an app for Amazon Alexa that gives basic
health information and advice for parents of ill children. The app answers asked questions
about medications and whether symptoms require a doctor visit.

6. Medication Management
The National Institutes of Health have created the AiCure app to monitor the use of
medication by a patient. A smartphone’s webcam is partnered with AI to autonomously
confirm that patients are taking their prescriptions and helps them manage their condition.
Most common users could be people with serious medical conditions, patients who tend to
go against doctor advice, and participants in clinical trials.

7. Drug Creation
Developing pharmaceuticals through clinical trials can take more than a decade and cost
billions of dollars. Making this process faster and cheaper could change the world. Amidst
the recent Ebola virus scare, a program powered by AI was used to scan existing medicines
that could be redesigned to fight the disease.

The program found two medications that may reduce Ebola infectivity in one day, when
analysis of this type generally takes months or years – a difference that could mean saving
thousands of lives.

8. Precision Medicine
Genetics and genomics look for mutations and links to disease from the information in
DNA. With the help of AI, body scans can spot cancer and vascular diseases early and
predict the health issues people might face based on their genetics.

9. Health Monitoring
Wearable health trackers – like those from FitBit, Apple, Garmin and others – monitors
heart rate and activity levels. They can send alerts to the user to get more exercise and can
share this information to doctors (and AI systems) for additional data points on the needs
and habits of patients.

10. Healthcare System Analysis

In the Netherlands, 97% of healthcare invoices are digital. A Dutch company uses AI to sift
through the data to highlight mistakes in treatments, workflow inefficiencies, and helps
area healthcare systems avoid unnecessary patient hospitalizations.These are just a sample
of the solutions AI is offering the healthcare industry. As innovation pushes the capabilities
of automation and digital workforces, from providers like Novatio, more solutions to save
time, lower costs, and increase accuracy will be possible.

AI IN RETAIL SECTOR
Nearly all the market segments, industries, and business domains are actively interested in
AI and are looking to harness the technology for business benefits. AI offers companies the
power to reduce costs and make the shopping experience much more delightful and
efficient for the end consumers. Naturally, how can the retail segment stay away from the
promising technology.
The Retail-AI Syndicate
According to Global Market Insights, investments in AI by retail segment will exceed USD 8
billion by 2024. As more applications for machine learning, predictive analytics and deep
learning technologies are experimented with success, digital disruption in retail segment is
bound to happen at a much rapid pace.
Globally, AI experts believe that the technology offers a wide range of applications for the
retail segment. In the coming year, retail will see greater infusion of AI-based solutions in
day-to-day operations. AI will definitely change the customer service cycle in retail and both
retailers as well as the consumers are bound to benefit from the AI-Retail syndicate.
The AI Impact
Artificial Intelligence can serve as a boon for retail companies that gather and possess
customer data. AI can derive meaningful conclusions from massive amount of data and
help companies to create personalized shopping experiences via highly-structured web
shops, intelligent in-store bots and online chatbots
1.Digital Racks for Apparel & Fashion Products
With the help of AI technology, apparel retail brands can create virtual racks and trial rooms
with gesture walls and touch-free monitors to find the right style, without having to shuffle
through a pile. Customers can instantly see how a dress would look on them and can
browse through recommendations based on their preferences and style quotient.
All this will not only enhance the shopping experience but will help customers to choose
from millions of options, that is currently not possible due to space constraints inside a
physical store. With AI, a store can be converted into a bustling repository of design and
draping ideas that users can choose from. Also, stores will be able to gather deeper insights
into consumer behaviour, optimising their product portfolio for much better retail
experience delivery.
2.Virtual Trial Rooms for Swift Decision Making
While shopping for a new dress or an apparel, trying out different options can get quite
frustrating and time consuming. With the help of virtual trial rooms equipped with digital
mirrors, customers can actually try dresses without having to change again and again.
Using a gesture and touch-based interface, a shopper can mix and match various outfits,
accessories, shoes, etc. to finalise the perfect look, in no time. Not only for apparel brands,
virtual mirrors can make it easier for cosmetic companies and beauty brands to portray
how a lipstick shade or foundation would appear on real skin without forcing customers to
apply the product.
3.Robotic/digital assistance will be a reality
Using AI, smart analytics and natural language processing technology, retail stores can give
customers the power to get instant support, inside the stores. By placing robots and touch
panels, stores can help customers locate an item, get answers to their queries and find out
how a product can make their life easier.With the help of customer service bots powered by
AI, stores can reduce their manpower costs and provide 24x7 assistance to the customers.
Not only will it improve customer service levels but will definitely attract more buyers to
the store in 2019.
4.Behavioural Analytics Powered by AI-backed Surveillance
Using modern surveillance equipment powered by AI and computer vision technologies,
retailers can capture and study customer behaviour inside stores. This will help them
understand engagement levels with current store layout and optimise operations for higher
engagement and revenues.Video analytics can also improve in-store security and reduce
the chances of theft. With the help of AI, surveillance footage can be monitored in real time
and alerts can be sent to administrators, store owners for immediate action.
5.Better Customer Support via Chatbots
AI-powered chatbots are enabling retail brands to engage customers, efficiently. With the
help of chatbots, brands can handle thousands of queries simultaneously, without having to
employ a large workforce.Chatbots can be configured to answer questions, provide
shopping suggestions and provide prompt support. Using a mixture of AI chatbots and
humans, brands will be able to effectively handle customers and provide users with a better
resolution of their problem. When customers will get prompt and personalized attention,
they will engage deeply with the brand, paving way for enhanced customer loyalty.
All these scenarios are not just a fantasy but will be experienced by retail shoppers in the
coming years. Artificial Intelligence will rule the retail domain and help brands become
more customer-centric and efficient in retail operations.