5.

5 FOUNDATIONS

This subsection deals with the following types of founda-

tions:
pads
pilecaps
tie beams for pilecaps
A B
strip
ground beams
Strip footings
continuous footings
anchor or strap beams type Fabric Reinforcement
rafts. BS reference
The methods of detailing these items, in particular tie A none
beams and rafts, are similar to those employed in detailing
slabs and beams (see subsections 5.2 and 5.4.), but there B C283 B
A 8 c
are certain additional considerations to take into account,
C C283 T & B
and described in this subsection.
Ground floor slabs are dealt with in clause 5.2.26d.
Retaining walls are dealt with in subsection 5.6. Pilecaps
Caissons, cofferdams, basements, shafts, piles and dia-
phragm walls are not illustrated specifically, but can be
detailed using the principles and details in this section. Iacer
type reinforcement I, reinforcement ly bars starters links
5.5.10 Design information A lOTIO lOTIO 4Tl6 4T32 Tl2-200
These data are output from the approved foundation
design calculations and should indicate: B 10Tl6 10T16 4Tl6 4T25 Tl2-200
(a) (i) concrete grade to determine laps, durability, c lOTIO 15T16 4Tl6 6TI5 Tl2-200
etc. D 12Tl6 12Tl6 4Tl6 4TI5 Tl2-200
(ii) dimensions of each foundation
(iii) level to top of each foundation E 15Tl6 20T16 4Tl6 5TI5 Tl2-200
(iv) type of reinforcement and any size restrictions
(v) required area and distribution of all reinforce-
r' \../
r' \./r'
ment \,/

(vi) lap, anchorage and splice lengths -r-

(vii) curtailment of reinforcement
(viii) link type, size and pitch
(ix) position of reinforcement to avoid cut-off tops of
piles
(x) cover requirements, bottom, sides, top
(xi) position, number, size of starter bars
(xii) type and thickness of blinding
(xiii) position, number and size of holding down bolts,
if any
(xiv) any other special requirements
(xv) type of backfill between the top of the bases and
the underside of the ground floor slab.
(b) Summary of calculations
For convenience and simplicity it is often possible to 5.5.11.1 General
rationalize reinforcement:
(i) For pad footings, simple strip footings, pilecaps-
by tabulating the reinforcement for the foundation
pad, Iacer bars, column starters bars and starter
bar links, and cross referencing to preliminary
general arrangements for orientation of columns.
Pad footings
type reinforcement I, reinforcement /, starters links
A 10Tl6 10Tl6 4T25 Tl2-200
B 10T20 20Tl6 4T25 Tl2-200
,, 7'[Q]
\../ \../. \./
C,E
Lt.
(ii) For solid rafts, grillage rafts, combined or con-
tinuous footings, tie beams and strap or anchor
beams, the reinforcement can be presented or
summarized for the detailer by the methods out-
lined for slabs (see clauses 5.2.10c and IOd) or
beams (see clauses 5.4.10c and 10d).
5.5.11 Design code requirements
(a) BS 8004
BS 8004: 1984: Code of practice for foundations deals
with the overall design of all types of foundations for all
types of buildings and various types of soils. It does not
deal with the detailing of individual elements of RC
foundations.
(b) BS 8110
BS 8110: 1985: The structural use of concrete contains
guidelines for detailing individual elements of RC
foundations.
(c) Cover
Covers recommended by BS 8110 are set out in
subsection 3. 9. Where concrete is cast directly against
earth faces, the nominal cover should be a minimum of

IStructE Detailing Manual 89