Tribology Transactions

ISSN: 1040-2004 (Print) 1547-397X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on

Friction and Wear Properties of Silicone-Based
Magnetorheological Elastomer

Chenglong Lian, Kwang-Hee Lee & Chul-Hee Lee

To cite this article: Chenglong Lian, Kwang-Hee Lee & Chul-Hee Lee (2017): Effect of
Temperature and Relative Humidity on Friction and Wear Properties of Silicone-Based
Magnetorheological Elastomer, Tribology Transactions, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2017.1306636

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1306636

Published online: 27 Apr 2017.

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TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1306636

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Friction and Wear Properties

of Silicone-Based Magnetorheological Elastomer
Chenglong Lian, Kwang-Hee Lee, and Chul-Hee Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this study, the effect of varying temperature and humidity on the friction and wear properties of a Received 20 December 2016
silicone-based isotropic magnetorheological (MR) elastomer were examined with an applied magnetic Accepted 10 March 2017
field. Specifically, MR elastomer specimens were fabricated, and a temperature- and humidity-adjustable KEYWORDS
reciprocating friction tester was employed. The results indicated that the friction coefficient decreased Friction and wear; high
across all tests when a magnetic field was applied. The friction coefficient increased when the temperature; relative
temperature increased and slightly decreased following an increase in relative humidity. The wear depth humidity;
results also exhibited an increasing pattern as the temperature increased and a decreasing pattern when magnetorheological
the relative humidity increased. The surface state experienced significant changes under varying elastomer
temperatures and relative humidity conditions with and without a magnetic field.

Introduction
Magnetorheological (MR) materials are “smart” materials with
rheological properties that can be changed rapidly and revers-
ibly by applying a magnetic field. This effect is known as the
MR effect, and it was discovered in 1948 (Levin, et al. (1).
Mechanical properties (e.g., shear modulus, elastic modulus,
and hardness) of MR elastomers can be controlled by means of
an external magnetic field (Levin, et al. (1); Ginder, et al. (2).
When compared with MR fluids, MR elastomers have the
advantage of preventing the settling of carbonyl iron (CI) par-
ticles over time. Additionally, MR elastomers do not require
containers to hold them in place because they are solid. Fur-
thermore, the response time of MR elastomers is very short
(Levin, et al. (1); Ginder, et al. (2). Thus, MR elastomers possess
immense research potential due to the aforementioned proper-
ties. Several studies examined MR elastomers to control vibra-
tion issues or as sensors in mechanical systems (Watson (3);
Chen, et al. (4); Liao, et al. (5); Li, et al. (6); B€
ose, et al. (7); Jung,
et al. (8). For example, researchers at the Ford Research Labora-
tory developed variable-stiffness suspension bushings using an
MR elastomer (Watson (3). Chen, et al. (4) investigated MR
elastomers based on natural rubber. Liao, et al. (5) developed
an active damping–compensated MR elastomer adaptive tuned
vibration absorber. Li, et al. (6) developed a force sensor that
used MR elastomers. B€ ose, et al. (7) and Jung, et al. (8) studied
soft MR elastomers as new actuators for valves.
Elastomers were studied widely for applications in various
mechanical engineering devices due to prominent damping, seal-
ing, and other abilities (Dirisamer, et al. (9); Shen, et al. (10). Fric-
tion and wear exist at all contact interfaces of a device, and this is
important for the availability factor, performance, and durability of
devices. The friction and wear properties of elastomers in various
mechanical devices were widely examined by previous studies
(Shen, et al. (10); Maegawa, et al. (11). The MR elastomer is a smart
elastomer with a friction coefficient that can be controlled by exter-
nal magnetic fields by means of changing the hardness of the MR
elastomer (Lee, et al. (12); Lian, et al. (13), (14). Lee, et al. (12) stud-
ied the tribological characteristics of MR elastomers and friction
and wear characteristics of MR elastomers based on a silicone/poly-
urethane hybrid. Additionally, the friction and wear characteristics
of MR elastomers under vibration conditions were studied by
extant studies in 2016 (Lian, et al. (14).
Moreover, MR elastomers were also investigated for use in
various equipment. Specifically, MR elastomers are also used in
various external environments at different temperatures and
relative humidities. Temperature and relative humidity exert a
significant effect on the friction and wear properties because
MR elastomers possess a relatively weak resistance to changes
in the environment (Hiratsuka and Hosotani (15). However,
there is a paucity of studies examining the friction and wear
properties of MR elastomers under different temperature and
humidity conditions. Hence, it is necessary to confirm the
aforementioned properties under various external conditions
in the interest of future studies on MR elastomers.
The present study involved investigating the effects of the
temperature and relative humidity on the friction and wear
properties of a silicone-based isotropic MR elastomer. A recip-
rocating friction tester was set up to conduct the experiment.
The friction coefficient was measured to determine friction
properties under different temperatures and relative humidity
conditions. The wear depths were then measured, and surface
state profiles were observed to evaluate the wear properties.

CONTACT Chul-Hee Lee chulhee@inha.ac.kr

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/utrb.
Review led by Daniel Nelias.
© 2017 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
2 C. LIAN ET AL.
Experimental specimens
Silicone was used as the substrate for the MR elastomers in the
present study because silicone-based MR elastomers possess an
optimal MR effect and are widely applied in various medical
and mechanical applications for their stable and nontoxic prop-
erties (Levin, et al. (1); Ginder, et al. (2); Jung, et al. (8); Lian,
et al. (14). Figures 1a and 1b show the pin and MR elastomer
specimens. The pin was designed as a ball with a 10-mm diam-
eter at the bottom of the aluminum pin (Fig. 1b) to prevent
extreme tearing on the contact surface between the pin and MR
elastomer. The thickness of the specimen of the MR elastomer
was set as 10 mm by considering its MR effect and hardness.
The shape of the MR elastomer was designed as a cuboid.
The average size of the interior CI particles approximately cor-
responded to 10 mm, and their proportion by weight corre-
sponded to 80 § 2.0%. Extant research confirmed that the level
of CI particle content produced an optimal MR effect through
many tests (Lee, et al. (12); Lian, et al. (14). The fabrication pro-
cess of the MR elastomers was mainly divided into mixing, vac-
uum treatment, hardening, and cooling. A silicone gel is
composed using a hydrosilylation reaction of a;x-vinyl polydi-
methylsiloxane and a;x-hydrido polydimethylsiloxane. Five dif-
ferent macromolecules (high polymers) of different viscosities
and Fe, Ni, and Co powder are filled with the influence of mag-
netic polarity. As a catalyst, a coordinate number 6 of platinic
acid and divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane synthesis is added and
adjusted to the proper Pt content. The air bubbles in the MR
elastomer were eliminated to the maximum possible extent
prior to hardening, and a vacuum air pump was used to lower
unnecessary impacts on the friction and wear results. The
Figure 1. Test specimens and their dimensions: (a) pin and (b) MR elastomer.
mixed MR elastomer was hardened for 2 h at 150 C and then
cooled at room temperature.
A sealed temperature- and humidity-adjustable reciprocat-
ing tribology tester was employed to perform the tests related
to the friction and wear properties of the MR elastomer under
various temperatures and relative humidities because recipro-
cating friction often appears in actual situations. Figures 2a and
2b show a schematic diagram and a photograph of the recipro-
cating friction tester, respectively. The tester included the MR
elastomer, an aluminum pin, a heating pad, an electromagnet,
a laser displacement sensor, an indicator, a motor, a personal
computer, a power supply, and a load cell. The heating pad was
used to adjust the applied temperatures. A humidifier and
dehumidifier were used to control the relative humidity. A con-
tactless temperature and humidity sensor was used to monitor
the environmental conditions during the tests.
The pin was in direct contact with the surface of the MR
elastomer that was located on the heating pad. The electromag-
net was placed below the heating pad to directly apply a mag-
netic field to the MR elastomer. The pin was connected to a
horizontal load cell that was connected to a horizontal motor
to produce a reciprocating movement. The sliding stroke corre-
sponded to 20 mm with a frequency of 0.5 Hz, which resulted
in a velocity of 10 mm/s. The load was set as approximately
2 N because the MR elastomer surface was unable to bear a
high load and high heat. The friction distance was set as
1,800 mm, and a magnetic field strength of 80 mT was applied.
The horizontal load cell was used to measure the horizontal
force (i.e., frictional force) in real time. The friction coefficient
was then calculated and transferred to a personal computer. A
laser displacement sensor was used to measure the wear depth.
The first stage involved measuring and discussing the effect
on friction and wear properties of the MR elastomer under
room conditions (temperature of 25 C and relative humidity of
60%). This was followed by measuring and discussing the fric-
tion and wear properties of the MR elastomer at various tem-
peratures (50, 75, and 100 C) and relative humidities (40 and
80%). The errors of the applied temperature and relative
humidity corresponded to §4 and §5%, respectively. Each test
was repeated several times.
Results and discussion
Physical property
Figure 3 shows the scanning electron microscopy images of the
MR elastomer. The CI particles (in white) are distributed on
the silicone substrate (in gray). When a magnetic field was
applied, the CI particles coalesced, and this led to an increase in
the hardness of the MR elastomer. The hardness of the MR
elastomer was measured without and with a magnetic field
using a shore durometer prior to the tests. The hardness of the
MR elastomer increased to 13.5 HA at room temperature
(25 C) when a magnetic field (80 mT) was applied, which cor-
responded to an increase of approximately 35% when com-
pared with those without a magnetic field (10.5 HA). This
occurred because the CI particles coalesced when the magnetic
field was applied (Levin, et al. (1); Ginder, et al. (2). When a
temperature of 100 C was applied, the hardness of the MR

Figure 2. Experimental setup: (a) schematic and (b) photograph of the friction tester.
elastomer decreased to 10.2 HA without a magnetic field. The
hardness decreased to 13.1 HA from 13.5 HA with a magnetic
field. The hardness of the MR elastomer did not exhibit a sig-
nificant decrease when a high temperature was applied. This
was potentially because the original hardness of the MR elasto-
mer was small, and the interior CI particles prevented a reduc-
tion in the hardness of the MR elastomer. The reduction in the
hardness was low at a high temperature. However, the reduced
hardness could affect the friction and wear properties of the
MR elastomer.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 3
Friction coefficient and wear depth at different
temperatures
Figure 4 shows the baseline results (room conditions) for
the friction coefficient and real-time wear depth of the MR
elastomer. The friction coefficient with an applied magnetic
field was lower than that without a magnetic field. With
respect to an applied magnetic field, the increased hardness
of the MR elastomer led to a small deformation on the con-
tact surface, and the friction coefficient then decreased. This
4 C. LIAN ET AL.
Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy image of the MR elastomer.
result matched the results obtained by Lee, et al. (12) and
Lian et al. (13), (14). Additionally, the friction coefficient
increased slowly as the sliding distance increased. This was
because tiny wear particles were generated between the MR
elastomer surface and the pin when the sliding distance
increased, and this increased the real contact area, thereby
increasing the friction coefficient. Similar results were
reported in previous studies (Lian, et al. (13), (14). The
wear depth was measured in real time by a laser displace-
ment sensor. Prior to the sliding corresponding to 300 mm,
the wear depth corresponded to at a low value and then
increased rapidly. Following the sliding corresponding to
300 mm, the wear depth increased slowly. This was because
the wear of the MR elastomer occurred first by the transfer
of the elastomer to the harder mating surface, and this was
followed by removal as wear particles led to a quick
increase in the wear depth. The wear rate was generally
small and stable when a steady-state condition was reached
(approximately 300 mm; Bhushan (16). When a magnetic
field was applied, the wear depth was lower than the wear
depth without a magnetic field. Given the magnetic field,
Figure 4. Results for the friction coefficient and wear depth at 25 C and a relative
humidity of 60%.
the increased hardness of the MR elastomer led to a small
wear depth.
Figures 5a–5c show the friction coefficient and real-time
wear depth results at a relative humidity corresponding to 60%
and temperatures of 50, 75, and 100 C, respectively. At 50 C,
the friction coefficients with a magnetic field for all of the
recorded points were lower than those without a magnetic field
because the hardness of the MR elastomer increased due to the
magnetic field. The friction coefficient increased slowly as the
sliding distance increased because of the wear particles gener-
ated at the contact surface as previously mentioned. The results
for the temperatures of 75 and 100 C show the same tendencies
as those for 50 C. Prior to the sliding corresponding to
300 mm, the wear depth increased quickly and then increased
slowly across all temperatures. The results were in agreement
with those obtained under room conditions.
Figure 6a shows the results for the average friction coefficient
at different temperatures with and without a magnetic field. The
average friction coefficient was calculated using a steady-state
friction coefficient range. The results clearly showed that the fric-
tion coefficient decreased at all temperatures when a magnetic
field was applied because the hardness increased. The tempera-
ture affected the hardness of the MR elastomer. However, it did
not have an obvious effect on the friction coefficient without a
magnetic field when compared with that in the case involving a
magnetic field due to the small hardness variation at high tem-
perature. Irrespective of the applied magnetic field, the average
friction coefficient increased when the temperature increased.
The friction coefficient of the elastomers was significantly
affected by the surface temperature. A high temperature can lead
to low resistance to the surface flow (Bhushan (16). The surface
flow increased when the surface temperature increased, and this
led to a large friction coefficient (Lian, et al. (14). Additionally,
the high temperatures reduced the hardness of the MR elasto-
mer, and this could reduce the friction coefficient.
Figure 6b shows the results for wear depth at different tem-
peratures with and without a magnetic field. When a magnetic
field was applied, the wear depth reduced across all temperature
conditions. This was because the increased hardness led to a
smaller wear depth. The elastomer surface flowed readily at
high pressures, temperatures, loads, and velocities, and these
corresponded to the main factors that affected wear (Bhushan
(16). In the tests, when the applied load and velocity were fixed,
the temperature of the contact surface was the main factor that
affected the wear. The increased temperature of the contact sur-
face led to a larger wear depth due to the increasing surface flow
of the MR elastomer as shown in Fig. 6. Furthermore, the
reduced hardness at high temperature could increase the wear.
Friction coefficient and wear depth at different relative
humidities
Figures 7a and 7b show the results for the friction coefficient
and real-time wear depth at 25 C under different relative
humidities of 40 and 80%, respectively. As shown in Fig. 7a,
the friction coefficient slowly increased as the sliding distance
increased due to the distribution of the wear particles in the
gap on the surface, which led to increases in the contact area
and subsequently in the friction coefficient. Additionally, the

Figure 5. Results for the friction coefficient and wear depth at a relative humidity
of 60% and different temperatures of (a) 50 C, (b) 75 C, and (c) 100 C.
friction coefficient was lower with a magnetic field when com-
pared to that without a magnetic field across all of the recorded
points due to the increase in the hardness of the MR elastomer
with a magnetic field.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 5
Figure 6. Results for the average friction coefficient (a) and wear depth (b) at dif-
ferent temperatures.
Figure 7b shows the same tendency of the friction coefficient
as that in Fig. 7a. When compared with Fig. 7a, the wear depth
in Fig. 7b quickly reached the steady-state value and then
exhibited a small wear rate. As stated by previous studies
(Bhushan (16); Chowdhury and Helali (17); Xie, et al. (18),
(19), this could be because vapor may have gathered on the
contact surface when the relative humidity increased. This
could be followed by the local hydrodynamic effect of the
microasperities and cavities, which could have a lubricating
effect in the interface. Hence, the wear depth could reach the
steady-state value quickly and then exhibit a small wear rate.
In order to compare the effects of friction and wear under differ-
ent relative humidities with and without a magnetic field, the aver-
age friction coefficient and wear depth were measured as shown in
Figs. 8a and 8b, respectively. As observed in the figures, the friction
coefficient was significantly smaller when a magnetic field was
applied across all relative humidities because the hardness of the
MR elastomer increased. Additionally, the friction coefficient
slightly decreased as the relative humidity increased.
6 C. LIAN ET AL.
Figure 7. Results for the friction coefficient and wear depth at 25 C and different
relative humidities of (a) 40% and (b) 80%.
A possible reason could be attributed to the local hydrody-
namic effect of the microasperities and cavities in the interface as
the humidity increased, which in turn may result in a lubricating
effect. It was speculated that the adsorbed water could reduce the
shear strength of the contact interface between the MR elastomer
and the pin and reduce the friction coefficient (Xie, et al. (18), (19).
Furthermore, the wear depth decreased as the relative
humidity increased. This could potentially be attributed to the
local hydrodynamic effect that reduced the shear strength of
the contact interface between the MR elastomer and the pin.
This thereby reduced the energy loss due to the friction move-
ment, which in turn reduced the wear. When the applied rela-
tive humidity exceeded 60%, the rate of wear reduction was
lower than the rate of wear reduction prior to a relative humid-
ity of 60%. It was assumed that the lubricating effect reached
saturation. The wear rate became small and stable when a criti-
cal condition was reached (Bhushan (16).
Wear surface image
Figure 9 shows the images of the wear surface under room con-
ditions. Figures 9a and 9b show the results obtained without
and with a magnetic field, respectively. Generally, Schallamach
Figure 8. Results for the (a) average friction coefficient and (b) wear depth at dif-
ferent relative humidities.
waves occur in polymer and elastomer materials during a fric-
tion or wear test (Barquins (20), Karnath, et al. (21); Iqbal, et al.
(22). In the present study, Schallamach waves are observed in
both Fig. 9a and Fig. 9b. However, the worn hole was not
observed. The Schallamach waves in the case with a magnetic
field were smaller than those in the case without a magnetic
field. This was because when the magnetic field was applied,
the hardness of the MR elastomer increased and reduced the
wear, and this matched the results obtained by Lee, et al. (12)
and Lian, et al. (13), (14).
Figure 10 shows the images of the wear surface state at dif-
ferent temperatures. Figures 10a, 10c, and 10e show the wear
surface states without a magnetic field at temperatures of 50,
75, and 100 C, respectively. Figures 10b, 10d,f and 10f show
the wear surface states with a magnetic field at temperatures of
50, 75, and 100 C, respectively. The Schallamach waves were
observed at 50 and 75 C with a magnetic field. Additionally,
the worn hole was observed for the results obtained at high
temperatures. The worn hole with the magnetic field was signif-
icantly smaller than the worn holes without the magnetic field
 TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 7

Figure 9. Images of the surface state at 25 C and a relative humidity of 60%: (a) without a magnetic field and (b) with a magnetic field.

across all temperatures. When the magnetic field was applied,
the hardness of the MR elastomer increased and reduced the
wear. The worn hole grew as the temperature increased. High
temperature led to a high surface flow for the MR elastomer
and resulted in severe wear. Furthermore, an air hole existed in
the MR elastomer despite the vacuum treatment performed
during the MR elastomer manufacturing process. When a high
temperature was applied, the air hole enlarged and the surface
weakened, which could lead to significant wear.
Figure 11 shows the images of the wear surface state at dif-
ferent relative humidities. Figures 11a and 11c show the wear
surface states without a magnetic field at relative humidities of
40 and 80%, respectively. Figures 11b and 11d show the wear
surface states with a magnetic field at relative humidities of 40
and 80%, respectively. The worn hole and the most obvious
Schallamach waves were observed at the relative humidity of
40% without a magnetic field. Obvious Schallamach waves and
holes were not observed at the relative humidity of 80% with a

Figure 10. Images of the surface state without a magnetic field at (a) 50 C, (c) 75 C, and (e) 100 C and with a magnetic field at (b) 50 C, (d) 75 C, and (f) 100 C.
8 C. LIAN ET AL.
Figure 11. Images of the surface state without a magnetic field at relative humidities of (a) 40% and (c) 80% and with a magnetic field at relative humidities of (b) 40%
and (d) 80%.
magnetic field. The wear with a magnetic field was lower than
that without a magnetic field because the hardness increased
under the applied magnetic field. Moreover, the wear decreased
as the relative humidity increased. At a high relative humidity,
a local hydrodynamic effect of the microasperities and cavities
in the interface between the MR elastomer and the pin had a
lubricating effect and decreased the energy loss, thereby leading
to low wear (Xie, et al. (18), (19).
Conclusion
The study examined the effects of temperature and relative
humidity on the friction and wear properties of a silicone-based
MR elastomer. A reciprocating friction tester and MR elasto-
mer samples were designed and fabricated to evaluate the fric-
tion and wear properties of MR elastomers under varying
temperatures and relative humidities. The friction coefficient
and wear depth were measured, and the wear surface state was
observed to evaluate the friction and wear properties.
The results indicated that the friction coefficient and wear
depth of the MR elastomer decreased across all tests when a
magnetic field was applied due to the increase in hardness. The
surface flow of the MR elastomer increased when the applied
temperature increased, which led to a large friction coefficient.
The increased temperature also led to a higher wear depth due
to the increased surface flow of the MR elastomer. Additionally,
the reduced hardness at the high temperature could have
increased the wear.
The friction coefficient slightly decreased when the relative
humidity increased because of the lubricating effect of the local
hydrodynamic effect of the microasperities and cavities in the
interface. This may have reduced the shear strength of the con-
tact interface between the MR elastomer and the pin and
thereby reduced the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the wear
depth decreased as the relative humidity increased.
When a magnetic field was applied, the worn states of the con-
tact surface decreased across all tests because the hardness of the
MR elastomer increased. When the temperature increased, the
worn hole increased due to the high surface flow. Furthermore, the
air hole in the MR elastomer was enlarged, and this led to a weak-
ened surface that could have caused high wear. The local hydrody-
namic effect of the microasperities and cavities in the interface had
a lubricating effect when the relative humidity increased, and this
decreased the energy loss during the friction test and led to low
wear. Although the friction and wear characteristics under different
relative speeds between two surfaces have not been discussed in this
article, different relative speeds may have an impact on the friction
coefficient and wear characteristics. As the speed increases, the
temperature of the contact interface increases, which influences the
friction and wear characteristics. Moreover, in a humid environ-
ment, the microinterface of the MR elastomer will tend to form a
local hydrodynamic water film and hydrodynamic effect under rel-
atively high speed. This may influence the friction and wear prop-
erties of the test samples. The results presented in this study are
only applicable for a silicone-based MR elastomer. This is because
other elastomer materials could have different friction and wear
properties at different temperatures and relative humidities. The
results may be used as a reference for future applications and stud-
ies on MR elastomers under various external conditions.
Funding
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
Education, Science and Technology of the Korean government (Grant No.
NRF-2015R1D1A1A09060901). The research was also supported by a

grant from the Advanced Technology Center R&D Program funded by the
Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy of Korea (10048876).
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