BRITISH STANDARD BS 2782-10:

Method 1003:
1977
CONFIRMED
OCTOBER 1983
EN 61

Methods of testing

Plastics —
Part 10: Glass reinforced plastics —

Method 1003: Determination of tensile

properties

UDC [678.5/.8].046.364:620.172
BS 2782-10:Method 1003:1977
This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Executive Board on
31 August 1977
© BSI 03-1999
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PLC/-
Draft for comment 74/54599 DC
ISBN 0 580 09735 8
Cooperating organizations
The European Committee for Standardization, under whose direction this
European Standard was prepared, comprises the national standards
organizations of the following Western European countries:
Austria Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut
Belgium Institut Belge de Normalisation
Denmark Dansk Standardiseringsraad
Finland Suomen Standardisoimisliitto, r.y.
France Association Française de Normalisation
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
Ireland Institute for Industrial Research and Standards
Italy Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
Netherlands Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut
Norway Norges Standardiseringsforbund
Portugal Repartição de Normalização
Spain Instituto Nacional de Racionalización y Normalización
Sweden Sveriges Standardiseringskommission
Switzerland Association Suisse de Normalisation
United Kingdom British Standards Institution
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the EN title page, pages 2 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
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 BS 2782-10:Method 1003:1977

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Brief history 2
Foreword 2
1 Scope and field of application 3
2 Reference 3
3 Definitions 3
4 Apparatus 3
5 Test specimens 4
6 Preconditioning 5
7 Testing speeds 5
8 Procedure 5
9 Expression of results 6
10 Test report 9
Figure 1 — Chart of apparent extension (Z) versus force (F) 7
Figure 2 — Test specimens 8
Figure 3 — Method of preparing test specimens with attached end pieces 9
National appendix AOrigins of work and relationship with other British Standards
Inside back cover

© BSI 03-1999 i
ii blank
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61
NORME EUROPÉENNE Edition 1
March 1977
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

UDC 678.5/8:677.521:539.42

Key words: Plastics, glass reinforced plastics, thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, tests, mechanical tests, tension tests, tensile
strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, tensile stress, test equipment, test specimens, testing conditions

English version

Glass reinforced plastics.

Determination of tensile properties

Matières plastiques renforcées au verre textile. Glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe.

Détermination des caractéristiques en traction Zugversuch

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This European Standard was accepted by CEN on 1977-03-31. The CEN
members are bound to adhere to the CEN Internal Regulations which specify
under which conditions this European Standard has to be given, without any
alteration, the status of a national standard.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Central Secretariat or to
any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three versions (English, French, German)
recognized by CEN as equivalent. National versions in other languages rank
as translations and in case of doubt shall be checked against one of the
recognized versions.
CEN members are the national standards organizations of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: Rue de Bréderode, 2, B-1000 Brussels

© Copyright reserved to all CEN members

EN 61:1977

Brief history
This European Standard was drawn up by CEN
Technical Committee 66 “Testing of glass fibre
reinforced plastics”, the Secretariat of which is held
by AFNOR.
The contents of this standard were submitted for
ballot to the members of CEN in November 1974 in
view of its adoption as a European Standard.
This European Standard was adopted by CEN as a
result of its acceptance by the following member
countries:
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
United Kingdom.

Foreword
This standard is in technical agreement with Draft
International Standard ISO/DIS 3268 “Textile glass
reinforced plastics — Tensile properties” and
includes the definitions from ISO Recommendation
ISO/R 527 — 1966 “Plastics — Determination of
tensile properties”.

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2 © BSI 03-1999

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1 Scope and field of application
1.1 This European Standard specifies a method of
determining certain tensile properties of textile
glass reinforced plastics. The method specified is not
necessarily applicable to materials of very high
tensile strength, for example unidirectional
reinforced materials1). The method is applicable to
reinforced thermosetting resins and also to
reinforced thermoplastics.
Injection-moulded test specimens made from
reinforced thermoplastics are subject to fibre
orientation, and may give values that are
untypically high; however, they may be used if other
methods of specimen preparation are impracticable.
1.2 The method describes the determination of the
following tensile properties:
— the initial tangent modulus of elasticity and
the tensile secant modulus of elasticity (when it is
not possible to determine the initial tangent
modulus of elasticity, the tensile secant modulus
of elasticity at 0.1 % strain is determined);
— maximum tensile stress;
NOTE If there is a clean break the maximum tensile stress
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is the stress at break; in other cases it is the stress
corresponding to the maximum force.
— the elongation at maximum force and,
possibly, the elongation at break.
The force-elongation curves at different
temperatures, degrees of humidity and rates of
strain yield interesting information concerning the
behaviour of the materials.
1.3 It is only possible to obtain comparable values
between different materials if identical test
specimens are used. These should also be tested
under well defined conditions of pretreatment,
temperature, humidity and rate of strain.
Finally, it is the aim of this method to obtain tensile
results that can be used either for
— quality control, or
— the preparation of specifications for materials.
2 Reference
EN 62, Glass reinforced plastics — Standard
atmospheres for conditioning and testing.
3 Definitions
3.1
tensile stress
tensile force per unit area of original cross section
within the narrow parallel portion, carried by the
test specimen at any moment
1) Anew document for the testing of roving laminates (unidirectional) is under study and when completed will be integrated into
this European Standard.
© BSI 03-1999
EN 61:1977
3.2
percentage elongation
increase in the distance between reference lines on
the narrow parallel portion of the test specimen, due
to a tensile force, and expressed as a percentage of
the initial distance between the reference lines
3.3 plastic modulus
Ratio of stress to corresponding strain within the
range of the greatest stress that the material is
capable of sustaining without any deviation of
proportionality of stress to strain, i.e. the slope of
the force-elongation curve obtained in the tensile
test. In the portion of the curve past the limit of
proportionality, or if the limit does not exist, it is
possible to determine:
3.3.1
initial tangent modulus
the slope of the tangent of the force-elongation at its
origin (see note)
NOTE With some testing machines the curves show local
divergences at the origin which make it impossible to draw the
tangent. If this occurs it is necessary to adjust the position of the
origin on the elongation axis (see Figure 1).
3.3.2
secant modulus at x % elongation
slope of the straight line passing through the origin
(corrected, if necessary, as described in 3.3.1) of the
force-elongation curve and the point of the curve
corresponding to an apparent elongation of x %
4 Apparatus
4.1 Testing machine, having a constant rate of
traverse and comprising:
a) A stationary or substantially stationary
member, with a suitable grip, and a movable
member with a second grip.
The grips shall be made so as to allow, at any
moment, alignment of the axis of the test
specimen along the direction of the applied force.
This can be achieved, for example, by using
centring pins in the grips.
It is suggested that self-tightening grips be used
so as to limit as completely as possible any
slipping of the test piece in the grips.
b) A drive mechanism, giving the movable
member a uniform rate of traverse under no load
conditions, the speed being as indicated
in clause 7.
3
EN 61:1977
c) A force indicating mechanism (dynamometer),
showing the force applied to the test specimen
held in the grips. This mechanism shall be
essentially without inertia at the speed of testing
and shall indicate the force with an accuracy of
within 1 % of the indicated value.
The fixed and movable members, the drive
mechanism and the grips shall be constructed of
such materials and be of such dimensions that the
total elastic longitudinal strain of these devices is
not greater than 1 % of the longitudinal strain
shown simultaneously in the gauge length of the
test specimen; these requirements shall be satisfied
for any force less than or equal to the rated capacity
of the testing machine.
4.2 Extension indicator, permitting the
determination, at any time during the test, of the
distance between two fixed points (or reference
marks) located within the central parallel portion of
the test specimen.
Other techniques are not allowed; in particular, the
measurement of strain by the displacement of the
grips is forbidden.
It is highly desirable that the extensometer used
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should allow a force-extension curve to be drawn.
NOTE 1 Some optical devices can be used which make it
possible to follow the separation of the two reference marks.
Other extensometers (mechanical or volumetric) may be used
provided that they can measure strain with an accuracy of 1 % or
better.
NOTE 2 The extensometer should not damage the test
specimens; in particular, by causing breaks where it is attached.
The initial distance between the two fixed points,
which is called the “gauge length” shall be known
with a precision of 1 %. The elongation should be
recorded automatically as a function of the force or
of the elapsed time from the beginning of the test. In
this latter case, the force as a function of elapsed
time shall also be recorded.
The extensometer should be essentially without
inertia at the speed of testing. It should be accurate
to within 1 % of the indicated strain.
The recommended gauge length is 50 mm for test
specimens of type 1 and 100 mm for the other types.
However, a shorter distance may be used, provided
that the above tolerances are taken into account.
4.3 Micrometer, suitable for measuring the
dimensions of the test specimen to
within ± 0.01 mm.
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5 Test specimens
5.1 Types and choice of test specimen. Three
types of test specimen may be used, as illustrated,
together with a table of dimensions, in Figure 2.
Type I is for testing glass reinforced thermoplastics,
type II (rectangular, without end pieces) and
type III (rectangular, with parallelepipedic end
pieces) are for testing glass reinforced thermosets.
Type I specimens may also be used for glass
reinforced thermosets if they break within the
gauge length.
The preferred width of test specimens of types II
and III is 25 mm; widths of 50 mm or greater may be
used if the tensile strength is low due to the
reinforcement used.
The thickness of the test specimen shall be
between 2 and 10 mm.
To decide between test specimens of types II and III
first carry out tests with a specimen of type II and if
the test is not possible or not satisfactory (slipping
or breaking in the grips, etc. [see 5.3)] use specimens
of type III.
5.2 Preparation
5.2.1 General. If a comparison is to be made between
different reinforced thermosets, cut the test
specimens out of flat sheets.
If test specimens are to be cut from finished parts
(for example, quality control during manufacture or
on delivery), they should preferably be taken from
flat areas or areas of minimum curvature.
Furthermore, every effort shall be made to use test
specimens without surface machining specifically
intended to reduce their thickness. If the surfaces of
the specimens have been machined to reduce their
thickness, the results obtained will not be
comparable with those obtained on test specimens
without machined surfaces.
5.2.2 Preparation and application of end pieces (for
type III test specimens). A recommended method is
as follows: cut out, from the material under test, a
sheet having the length of the intended test
specimens, and of a width suitable for the number of
test specimens required. To form the end pieces, cut
parallelepipedic strips, preferably from a material
having a modulus of elasticity smaller than that of
the material under test, of a width such that, during
testing, the distance between the grips will be
at least 20 mm greater than the distance between
the end pieces.
NOTE For making the end pieces, it is possible to use strips of
a thickness one to three times that of the material to be tested.
Attach the strips, as shown in Figure 3, as follows:
1) rub all surfaces to which adhesive will be
applied, with fine abrasive paper;

2) carefully clean these surfaces with a suitable
solvent;
3) for sticking, use a cold hardening adhesive (for
example an epoxide adhesive), strictly following
the manufacturer’s instructions;
4) keep the assembled parts under pressure for a
sufficient time.
It is desirable that the adhesive used for bonding be
of a flexible nature with an elongation at break
greater than that of the material under test.
The strips shall be perfectly superposed at each end,
parallel with each other and normal to the length
direction of the test specimens.
The sheets together with the strips constituting the
end pieces are the test blanks ready for cutting into
test specimens.
5.2.3 Machining of the test specimens
NOTE In all cases:
— avoid working under conditions that would create too great
a heat build-up in the test specimen; it is recommended that
a coolant be used; if a coolant is used wipe the test specimens
clean immediately after machining;
— check that the sides of the test specimen are free from
defects.
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5.2.3.1 Type test specimens (type I).
Reinforced thermoplastics test specimens are
usually subject to fibre orientation if moulded. It is,
therefore, advisable in most cases to machine the
specimens from compression moulded rectangular
sheets by means of a small grinding wheel or router
made of a suitable material and following a
template.
5.2.3.2 Rectangular test specimens (type II and
type III). These can be cut by means of a diamond or
carborundum saw.
5.3 Number of test specimens. Glass reinforced
plastics are usually anisotropic. It is, therefore,
often of interest to cut test specimens according to at
least the two main directions of anisotropy, or
according to directions previously specified (for
example lengthwise or crosswise to the sheet).
For each direction and property considered
(modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, etc.), at least
five results are necessary.
Discard and replace any test specimens which have:
— slipped in the grips;
— broken in the grips or at a distance less
than 10 mm from the grips;
NOTE However, if the majority of test specimens break in
this manner, the results should be evaluated statistically to
determine whether or not they represent a homogeneous
population.
— undergone testing under faulty operating
conditions, or have given manifestly inconsistent
results for evident reasons.
© BSI 03-1999
EN 61:1977
The number of measurements could even be greater
if a greater precision of the mean value is required.
It is possible to evaluate this by means of the
confidence interval (95 % probability).
6 Preconditioning
The test specimens shall be conditioned as required
by the particular specification of each reinforced
plastics material tested. If no specification exists,
condition the test specimens for temperature and
humidity for at least 16 hours in accordance with
European Standard EN 62
(atmosphere 23 °C 50 % r.h.).
7 Testing speeds
7.1 The testing speed is the rate of separation of the
test specimen grips when the machine is running
empty.
7.2 The testing speed shall be as follows:
7.2.1 For type I test specimens
10 mm/min for routine tests.
2 mm/min:
— for non-routine tests;
— when measuring elongations;
— when determining the moduli of elasticity in
tension.
7.2.2 For type II and III test specimens
5 mm/min for routine tests.
2 mm/min:
— for non-routine tests;
— when measuring elongations;
— when determining the moduli of elasticity in
tension.
7.3 The indicated speeds, measured when the
machine is running empty, shall be maintained to a
tolerance of ± 10 %.
8 Procedure
8.1 Test atmosphere. Perform the test in one of
the standard laboratory atmospheres specified in
European Standard EN 62.
8.2 Measurement of test specimen dimensions
Measure the width b to the nearest 0.1 mm and the
thickness h to the nearest 0.02 mm, at the midpoint
of the specimen and within 5 mm of each end of the
gauge length. Reject any test specimens whose
width or thickness does not comply with the
tolerances given in Figure 2.
Calculate the arithmetic means, which shall be used
for calculation purposes.
5
EN 61:1977
8.3 Operating technique. Place the test specimen
in the grips, taking care to align the longitudinal
axis of the test specimen with the mechanical axis of
the testing machine. To obtain perfect alignment
when centring pins are used in the grips, it is only
necessary to tension the specimen slightly before
tightening the grips. Tighten the grips evenly and
firmly to avoid all slipping of the test specimen.
Check and, if necessary, calibrate the extensometer.
Attach the extensometer to the central portion of the
test specimen.
NOTE If tension is applied to the test specimens whilst
tightening the grips it should be removed before setting up the
extensometer.
8.3.1 Determination of the elastic modulus. Adjust
the rate of traverse to 2 mm/min. Record the
elongations and corresponding forces.
8.3.2 Determination of other characteristics. Adjust
the speed as indicated in 7.2. Record the
deformations and corresponding forces.
9 Expression of results
9.1 Tensile stress at maximum force. Calculate
the tensile stress at maximum force from the
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formula
F-
Ö = -------
bh
where
Ö is the stress at maximum force, in
megapascals2);
F is the maximum tensile force, in newtons
(see 1.2);
b is the mean initial width of the test specimen,
in millimetres;
h is the mean initial thickness of the test
specimen, in millimetres.
Express the result to three significant figures.
9.2 Elongation at maximum force. Calculate the
percentage elongation at maximum force from the
formula
( Z r /R ) × 100 100 Z
- = -------------------r-
a = -------------------------------------
Lo RL o
where
a is the percentage elongation at maximum force;
Zr is the apparent extension at maximum force
(see note), in millimetres, taken from the chart of
apparent extension versus force (see Figure 1);
R is the magnification ratio of the extensometer;
Lo is the gauge length of the extensometer, in
millimetres;
2)
1 MPa = 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2
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NOTE The apparent extension at break is the direct reading in
millimetres taken from the chart and uncorrected for the
magnification ratio of the extensometer.
Report the result to two significant figures.
9.3 Initial tangent modulus. Calculate the initial
tangent modulus from the formula
Lo R ∆ F1
E T = ----------
- ----------
A o ∆Z 1
where
ET is the initial tangent modulus of elasticity, in
megapascals;
%F1 is the change in force in newtons
(see Figure 1);
Lo is the gauge length of the extensometer, in
millimetres;
R is the magnification ratio of the extensometer;
Ao is the initial cross-sectional area of the test
specimen, in square millimetres;
%Z1 is the change in the apparent extension, in
millimetres, taken from the chart for the change
in force %F1.
NOTE It is recommended that, if the initial tangent modulus
cannot be measured the secant modulus at 0.1 % strain be
determined instead, and reported as the initial tangent modulus
of elasticity.
Record the test result to three significant figures.
9.4 Tensile secant modulus of elasticity.
Calculate the tensile modulus corresponding to x %
strain from the formula
L o R ∆ Fx
E x = ----------
- ----------
A o ∆ Zx
where
Ex is the tensile secant modulus in megapascals,
corresponding to x % strain (it is recommended
that it be determined at 0.5 % elongation);
%Fx is the change in force, in newtons,
corresponding to x %;
Lo is the gauge length of the extensometer, in
millimetres;
R is the magnification ratio of the extensometer;
Ao is the initial cross-sectional area of the test
specimen, in square millimetres;
%Zx is the change in apparent extension, in
millimetres, taken from the chart for the change
in force %Fx.
Record the result to three significant figures.
 EN 61:1977

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Figure 1 — Chart of apparent extension (Z) versus force (F)

© BSI 03-1999 7
EN 61:1977

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Dimension Type I Type II Type III

F Overall length minimum 150 250 250
C Width of ends 20 ± 0.5 — —
2 to 10 2 to 10 2 to 10
h Thickness 60 ± 0.5 — —
B Length of the middle parallel part 10 ± 0.5 25 or 50 ± 0.5 25 or 50 ± 0.5
b Width of the middle parallel part 50 ± 0.5 100 ± 0.5 100 ± 5
Lo Gauge length 115 ± 5 170 ± 5 177 ± 5
E Distance between grips — — 150 ± 5
D Distance between end pieces — 50
T Minimum length of end pieces —
+0.25 +0.25
P Diameter of centring holes — 3 – 0.05 3 – 0.05
R Minimum radius 60 — —

Figure 2 — Test specimens

8 © BSI 03-1999

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 EN 61:1977

10 Test report
The test report shall include a reference to this
standard and, if necessary, include the following
particulars.
10.1 Complete identification of the tested product,
including the identification of type, origin, code
number of producer, shape, main dimensions,
preliminary treatments, etc.
10.2 Type of test specimen: mean, minimum and
maximum values of the width and thickness of the
parallel section.
10.3 Method of preparation of the test specimen,
and any details of the fabrication method used.
10.4 Conditioning procedure.
10.5 Temperature and relative humidity of the test
room.
10.6 Number of test specimens tested.
10.7 Testing speed.
10.8 Stress at maximum force: mean value.
10.9 Percentage elongation at maximum force and,
if necessary, at rupture: mean value(s).
10.10 Initial tangent modulus and, if required,

value(s).
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tensile secant modulus of elasticity at x % : mean

10.11 Standard deviation of results of individual

tests, and 95 % confidence interval of mean value.
10.12 The direction of the major axes of the test
specimens in relation to the direction of some
feature of the material from which they were cut.
10.13 Whether any test specimens have been
rejected and replaced, and, if so, the reasons.
10.14 Whether averages were taken in two principal
directions of tests (give these separately).
10.15 Date of test.

Figure 3 — Method of preparing test

specimens with attached end pieces

© BSI 03-1999 9
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 BS 2782-10:Method 1003:1977

National appendix A Origins of work and relationship with other British

Standards
The United Kingdom participated in the preparation of this and four other similar standards required to
enable the principle of “reference to standards” to be applied in the preparation, by the Commission of the
European Communities, of a directive concerning tanks made from reinforced plastics for the transport of
dangerous materials.
These standards are intended to be used solely for this purpose and they should not be adopted for other
applications without full technical consideration of the particular circumstances.
For more general application attention is drawn to method 304E of BS 2782:1970 “Methods of testing
plastics”. A revision of method 304E will be published as Method 330A of BS 2782.
EN 62, which is referred to in this standard, has been published as Method 1004 of BS 2782. The usual
standard atmosphere used in the UK for conditioning plastics is 23 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 5 % r.h.

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© BSI 03-1999
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