CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND
When we're driving either a motorcycle or a car, we may have assumed that we are
moving the same as the car or the motorcycle. We may assume that the movement of the car or
motorcycle will also make our body move according to the passage through which the car. Are
we in fact moving when we are driving a car or motorcycle? Is the move just a car or motorcycle
only?
Against this question, it may be a lot of people who claim that when we rode a
motorcycle or our car as a rider will move. How much speed and speed is equal to our speed and
speed when we ride a motorcycle and the car.
In addition there are some phenomena that we can see in everyday life about the
kinematics of motion straight. Often there are questions that arise, why when we advance a
motorcycle or car, the road we passed seemed to follow the motion of the motor we drive? Is the
speed of the car or motor can be said equal to the speed of the car or motor? What is the speed of
the car and motor when it is on a straight track? Is the same velocity of the object on a straight
path to an object on an improper path?
Anyone thinks that every straight motion must have great speed and speed, but the
other thing with the speed of straight and irregular motion is constantly changing. The motion of
a straight path may change if the speed of the object changes at any time. In life we often see
coconut fruit that fell from the tree, it turns out the fall of coconut also has a speed. Basically a
moving object must have different speed, speed, acceleration. In the next section our group will
explain the material of the motion kinematics we conclude into a paper.

1.2. PROBLEMS FORMULATION

From the background as for the problems that arise are as follows:
1. What is the terms of reference, distance and displacement?
2. Is the average speed and instantaneous velocity equal to the average rate?
3. What is acceleration?
4. What is the relationship between position, acceleration and speed in use in the form of integral
and derivative?
5. What is the definition of relative motion and velocity?
6. What is the difference between straight-line motion and regularly changing motion (including
vertical motion and free fall motion)?
7. How do we analyze the graph from the straight motion?
8. What is the mix between GLB and GLB, as well as GLB and GLBB?

1
9. What is the process of parabolic motion and how to solve the problem by involving parabolic
motion?

1.3. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

The general objectives to be achieved in writing this paper are as follows:
1. Be able to define notions of terms of reference, distance and displacement.
2. Be able to distinguish between average speed and instantaneous velocity with average rate.
3. Be able to define acceleration.
4. Able to explain the relationship between position, acceleration and speed in use in the form of
integral and derivative.
5. Able to define the notion of motion and relative speed.
6. Be able to distinguish between regular straight motion with regularly changing motion
(including vertical motion and free fall motion).
7. Be able to analyze the graphics of the motion straight.
8. Able to explain the combination between GLB and GLB, as well as GLB and GLBB.
9. Able to explain the process of parabolic motion and mapu solve the problem by involving
parabolic motion.

1.4. BENEFITS
The benefits of making this paper are as follows:
1. Providing a knowledge about Straight Motion Kinematics for students, especially students of
grade 1 A Physics Education.
2. Adding a learning module on Straight Motion Kinematics.
3. Provide additional insight into Straight Motion Kinematics.

CHAPTER II
2
 DISCUSSION

2.1. DEFINITION OF MOTION

Kinematics is a science that discusses motion without reviewing the cause of the
motion. Every day we leave from home to campus, without us knowing we have to move or
move the position from home to campus. This is said to be moving / moving. Motion is the
change of position of an object to the reference point. The reference point itself is defined as the
starting point or point where the observer. Motion is relative meaning the motion of an object
depends on the point of reference. Moving objects can be said to be immobile, for example the
table on earth must be said to be immobile by man on earth. But if the sun is used as a reference
point, then the table moves with the earth around the sun. Based on the movement path is divided
into 3, namely:
1. Straight motion is a motion whose path is straight
2. Parabolic motion is the motion of the path parabolic shaped
3. Circular motion is a circular motion of the path While based on the acceleration of motion is
divided into 2, namely:
1. Regular motion is a motion whose acceleration is equal to zero (a = 0) or a motion of constant
speed.
2. Regularly changing motion is a constant accelerating motion (a = constant) or a motion whose
speed changes regularly

2.2 REFERENCE FRAMEWORK, DISTANCE, AND TRANSFER

A. Terms of Reference
If we measure the position, distance or speed of an object then we are based on a frame
of reference. For example, when I drive a car that moves at a rate of 60 km / h, I'm actually
moving on the surface of the earth, so the speed of the car is based on the surface of the earth as
a frame of reference. Or when I was on a train that moved with speed 60 km / h, I saw a person
walking toward me, for example with a speed of 5 km / hour. The speed of the walking person is
actually set by relying on the train as the frame of reference, while the train rate of 60 km / h is
based on the surface of the earth as the frame of reference.
If the person goes in the direction of the train the person's speed is 65 km / h on the
surface of the earth as a frame of reference. In everyday life, when mentioning the speed of an
object motion, our true intent to the surface of the earth as its frame of reference, is only rarely
said. Trajectory is the position of the points passed by a moving object. The position is the
location of an object at a given time measured from a particular reference point, for example the
point P whose position is at xp = 0. The position of an object may be located on the left or on the
right of the reference point. To distinguish it, use a negative sign for the position to the left of the
reference point and a positive sign for the position to the right of the reference point. In addition
to the negative and positive sign, the position of an object is also determined by its distance to
the reference point. Thus, then the position in addition to having a direction, also has a large. So

3
the position is the vector quantity. In figure depicts the point O as the reference point and P, Q,
R, S, T as the positions of an object in a straight line.

S R O P T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(The position of the object in a straight line)

Thus, the Terms of Reference is a perspective from which a system is observed. In the field
of physics, a frame of reference provides a coordinate center relative to an observer that can
measure the movement and position of all points contained in the system, including the
orientation of the object in it.
B. Distance
Distance is a number indicating how far an object changes position through a particular
path. In physics or in everyday terms, distance can be an estimate of the physical distance of two
positions based on certain criteria (eg the distance between Tabanan-Singaraja). In the field of
mathematics, distance must meet certain criteria. Unlike the coordinates of position, distance can
not be negative. Distance is a scalar quantity, whereas displacement is a vector quantity.
The distance traveled by the vehicle (usually indicated in a speedometer), the person or object
must be distinguished by the distance between points one to another. Thus, the distance is the
length of the path traveled by a moving object, starting from the starting position and finished in
the final position.
C. Transfer
The displacement is defined as the change in the position of the object within a certain
time interval. The displacement is how far the object is from its starting point.

(Moving and Distance)

4
The displacement is the difference between two position vectors, generally the final position and
the starting position. The concept of distance and displacement can be explained by an example
of a ball being rolled on a straight flat plane depicted on a coordinate axis in Figure

C O B

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Suppose there are 2 balls rolled from O:

 - the first ball is rolled to the right and stops at B
 - the second ball is rolled to the left and stops at C
We see in the picture above the length of the path taken by two balls is the same that is equal to 4
units. However, if note the direction is different (both balls move position in the opposite
direction).
Regarding the distance is not questioned the direction in which an object moves while the
displacement does not question how the trajectory of the object is due to displacement only takes
into account the position, beginning, and end of the object.
Two objects may travel the same distance but experience different displacements. Like the
example below:

E O D

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

If there is a third ball moving from O to the right, up to D then back left to move past O
then stop at E, how is distance and movement going? By analyzing it then obtained: - The
distance the ball takes is the length of the path ODE = OD + DE,

sODE = sOD + sDE

Note:
The minus sign at Δx shows the direction of moving the ball to the left of the reference
point. The difference between distance and displacement is not only marked by the presence or
absence of direction but also marked by the magnitude of both quantities. A distance and a
displacement have an equal value when the object moves in a certain direction.

Example:

5
An object moves from A to B then he returns to C.
In this event the distance traveled is (using equation 2.1) AB + BC = 200 m + 90 m = 290 m.
While the displacement is (using equation 2.2) AB - BC = 200 m - 90 m = 110 m.

The conclusion we can take that:

 - distance is the length of the path taken, while
 - displacement can be interpreted as a change of position / position of the object from the initial
position to the position of the end.

2.3 SPEED VELOCITY AND SPEED SPEED, AVERAGE RATE

Speed is defined as the amount of displacement per unit time. Speed is defined as the
amount of distance traveled per unit time. The concept of speed is not the same as speed. The
speed only has a large so-called scalar scale. For example, the speedometer of a moving
motorbike and that the motorcycle is moving 40 km / h, then that is meant there is the speed of
the motorcycle. While the velocity has a large and direction so called vector quantities. Suppose
the motorcycle is moving 40 km / h to the east, then that is meant there is the speed of the
motorcycle. The amount of instantaneous speed = momentary speed at a moment. Within a
relatively long period of time, and the direction of movement undergoing change here it is said
that the average speed is different from the average velocity. If movement only occurs along a
straight line, then the speed is equal to the speed.

v=x/t

Description: v = Speed (m / s)
x = Moving (m)
t = Time (s)
The tool for measuring speed is a speedometer. The tool for measuring the velocity of
an object is called a velocimeter. Velocimeter is a linear type spidometer that has a moving scale
from negative to positive.
The average velocity is defined as the amount of movement traveled divided by the
amount of time required for moving / moving objects.

Δx
O A B P X

The average velocity between A and B is defined as follows:

6
 Δx x B −x A
v̄ = =
Δt t B −t A

Description: = average velocity (m / s)

Δx = magnitude of displacement (m)
Δt = time required to move (s)
A. Instantaneous Speed Instantaneous velocity is the speed at a given time.
The instantaneous velocity at any time is the average velocity over a very small interval. In
this case, the instantaneous velocity as the mean velocity at the limit Δt becomes very small,
close to zero. Instantaneous velocity is defined as follows: 〖V = lim┬ (Δt → 0)〗 ⁡v average
❑
∆x
v= lim
∆t→0
( )
∆t

B. Average Rate
Average speed is defined as a divide between the total distance traveled by the time
interval to travel.

Δs s B −s A
v̄ = =
Δt t B −t A

Description: = average velocity (m / s)

Δx = total distance traveled (m)
Δt = time required to travel distance (s)

2.4 ACCELERATION
The speed changes that occur over a certain time interval are fixed. The change of time
unity velocity is called acceleration. In other words, the acceleration states how quickly the speed
changes an object.

v
a=
t
A. Average Acceleration
The average acceleration is defined as the result of the change in velocity (v) with the
time interval (t) required for the occurrence of such velocity change.

Δv
ā=
Δt
B. Instantaneous Acceleration

7
 Instantaneous acceleration is defined as an analogy of instantaneous velocity in a
moment or time.
❑
∆v
a= lim
∆t→0
( )
∆t

C. Instantaneous Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is defined as an analogy of instantaneous velocity in a
moment or time.

Posisi
TURUNAN

Kecepatan
INTEGRAL

Percepatan

       (General position, speed and acceleration)

The following is also given a brief explanation of the concept. Use of Figure, for
example: if the position function is known, then the speed function is the first derivative of the
position function. And the acceleration function is the second derivative of the position function.
Bottom line: down one level = first derivative, down two levels = second derivative.
Meanwhile, for example: if known acceleration function, then the speed function is the
first integral of the acceleration function. As well as position function is the second integral of
the acceleration function. Bottom line: rise one level = first integral, up two levels = second
integral.
The next will be explained in more detail about the general relationship shown in
Figure Speed can be searched with a derivative of its positioning function. Conversely, if the
speed function is known, the position function can be determined by integrating the speed
function.

dx
v =
dt
dx = v·dt
If equation is integral, then the equation is given below:

∫ d x = ∫ v·dt

8
 x t

∫dx = ∫v·d t
x0 t0
t

x – x0 = ∫ v · d t
t0

x = x0 + ∫ v · d t
t0

With:
x0 = initial position (m)
x = position at time t (m)
v = speed which is a function of time (m / s)

The position components on the x-axis and y-axis are:

t

x = x0 + ∫ v x · d t
t0

y = y0 + ∫ v y · d t
t0

Acceleration is the first derivative of the speed function against time and the second derivative of
the position function over time.
dv d2 x
a = =
dt d t2

The speed function can be determined by integrating the acceleration function.

∫ @ v = ∫ a·dt
If at t0 the velocity is v0 and at t velocity v, then the integral boundaries are:
v t

∫dv = ∫ a·dt
v0 t0
t

v – v0 = ∫ a·dt
t0
t

v = v0 + ∫ a· d t
t0

With:
v0 = initial velocity (m / s)
v = speed at time t (m / s)
a = acceleration which is a function of time (m / s2)

9
The position components on the x-axis and y-axis are:
t

vx = v0x + ∫ ax · d t
t0

vy = v0y + ∫ a y · d t
t0

2.5 MOTION AND RELATIVE SPEED

Relative motion means the motion of an object depends on the point of reference.
Moving objects can be said to be immobile, for example the table on earth must be said to be
immobile by man on earth. However, if the sun is used as a reference then the table is moving
with the earth around the sun.
A pseudo-movement is a silent thing but seems to move because of the observer's
movement. Examples that we often encounter in everyday life is when we ride a car that runs
then the existing tree side street looks moving. This means the tree has made a pseudo motion.
This pseudo-tree movement is caused because we are seeing, while moving.
Relative speed means speed with observations made on different reference frames,
relating to one another. For example, imagine two motorcycles approaching each, each with a
speed of 60 km / h on the earth. The roadside observer will measure 60 km / h as the speed of
each motorcycle. The observer who drives each motorcycle (another frame of reference) will
measure the speed of 120 km / h for the motorcycle approaching it.
In the same way, when one car runs at 90 km / h through a second car running in the
same direction at 75 km / h, the first car has a relative speed to the second car of 90 km / h - 75
km / h = 15 km / hour. (Giancoli, 2011: 77)
At a speed along the same path, simply adding or simple reduction to obtain relative speed.
However, if the velocity is not in the same path, a vector addition must be used.
The following is presented about the concept and example of the problem to determine
the relative speed of the speeds that are in different paths.

vAT stream
flow
vPT

vPA

10
 For example, in figure the boat will cross the river to the opposite side perpendicularly.
The step to be taken is to determine the vPA as the speed of the boat against water (the relative
speed of the boat against the edge, if the water does not move). v PT is the speed of the boat
against the riverbank. And vAT is the speed of water against the river bank (river current).

Here is an example of a problem in accordance with Figur Boat velocity on calm water v PA
= 1.85 m / s. If the boat will cross straight across the river (velocity, v AT = 1.20 m / s), how far is
the angle of the boat going upstream?

Completion: Note that vPT = vPA + vAT, in order to achieve this, the boats must be directed
upstream to overcome the current pulling them downstream. Thus, v PA points upstream with 
angles as illustrated. So obtained:

Sin  = VAT / VPA

= (1.20 m / s) / (1.85 m / s)

= 0.648

Thus  = 40.4 °, so the boat should lead upstream with an angle of 40.4 °. (Giancoli, 2001: 79)

2.6 STRONG STRAIGHT MOTION (GLB)

Regular straight motion is a motion on a straight path with constant velocity. The
characteristics of regular straight motion (GLB) are: Moves on a straight track The speed is
constant Acceleration is equal to zero In a regular straight motion (GLB), the average velocity ()
is equal to the instantaneous velocity (v), since the velocity is constant, the vector notation in the
form of bold or arrowhead thereon is no longer necessary to be written. The general equations
for speed in straight irregular motion are

Δx x−x 0
v= =
Δt t −t 0
Information :
v = speed of object
x0 = the initial position of the object
x = the final position of the object
t0 = time when the object is in the initial position
t = time when the object is in the final position

11
 If at first the object is stationary or when the object is at an initial position equal to zero
(x0 = 0), the time is equal to zero (t0 = 0)

x
v=
t
2.7 STRAIGHT MODIFICATION MODIFIED (GLBB)
Straight-shifting motion (GLBB) is a motion that is on a straight path with constant
acceleration. The characteristics of GLBB, namely:

a. Moves on a straight track

b. The speed changes regularly
c. The acceleration is constant
Since in GLBB the acceleration of the object is always constant, the momentary
acceleration of the object is equal to its average acceleration. Thus, the acceleration of the object
is equal to the average acceleration as well as the direction. So, the vector notation using the
arrows on it or in bold does not need to be made anymore. The average acceleration definition is
the quotient between the speed change (Δv) with the time interval (Δt) required for the
occurrence of the change of velocity. The general equations for acceleration are:

Δv
a=
Δt
v −vIf0 it is established that the initial position is a state where the initial time is equal to zero
=
(t0 = 0),t−t
then
0
the equation becomes:

v = v0 + at

Based on equation, if the object initiates the movement from the initial position (x0) at
the initial time is equal to zero (t0 = 0), then the equation will be:

x – x0 = v̄t

Because in GLBB the velocity of the object changes regularly, then the average velocity of the
object is the middle value of the initial velocity with the final velocity of the object.
1
v̄ = 2 ( v 0 + v )
Substituting the equation, we obtain the equation:

1
x−x 0 =v 0 t + 2 at 2

If the initial set of positions equals zero (x0 = 0), then equation 2.25 can be written:

1 2 12
x=v 0 t+ 2 at
by reversing the equation first so that it becomes:

t
v −v 0
=
After thatathe equation is substituted, obtain the equation:

v−v 0 v−v 0
=( ) ( )
x-x0 2 a
x-x0 = (v2 – v02)/2a
v2= v02 + 2a(x-x0)
If the initial set of objects is equal to zero (x0 = 0), then equation can be written as:

v2 = v02 + 2ax
2.8 FREE MOVEMENT AND VERTICAL MOVEMENT TO THE ABOVE
Examples of GLBB are free fall motion and upward vertical motion. Free fall motion is
a motion of an object that falls from a certain height without the initial velocity that ignores the
air friction with the acceleration caused by the earth's gravity. The magnitude of this
gravitational acceleration (g) is 9.8 m / s2 (but to simplify the calculation often the value of g is
considered 10 m / s2) downward towards the center of the earth.
The magnitude of the gravitational acceleration is actually dependent on the latitude of
the place of measurement and the height of the object from the center of the earth, but for the
motion close to the surface of the earth, the acceleration of gravity is considered constant.
Because of the habit we take the vertical orientation as the y axis with the positive direction
upward. The equation for free fall motion equals by substituting a with -g (due to positive
upward direction) and eliminating its initial velocity (v0), so that the equation is obtained

ay = -g

vy = -gt

y – y0 = – 1/2 gt2

13
 vy2 = - 2g (y-y0)

If the initial velocity of the object is more than zero (v0y> 0), then the motion that
occurs is an upward vertical throw. So the equation obtained equals simply replaces the value of
a with -g so that it becomes:

vy = v0y -gt
y - y0 = v0yt -
1 2
2
gt
vy = v02 - 2g (y-y0)
2

2.9 GRAPHIC ANALYSIS ON GLB

1. The graph between velocity and time (v - t)

Based on the graph above, it appears that the velocity value is fixed at each time unit. The
fixed velocity is indicated by a straight line, starting from t = 0 to t end. To calculate the
magnitude of the displacement according to the graph, it can be done by calculating the area
below the v-t graph.
2. Time-shift graph (x-t)

14
 From the graph it can be seen that the displacement is proportional to the time interval
required. Do not be confused with the slope of the line representing v.

2.10 GRAPHIC ANALYSIS ON GLBB

A. The graph between speed and time

First, objects that have positive acceleration (speed increase):
1. The graph between velocity with time (v - t) with v0 = 0

2. The v-t graph for initial velocity (vo) is not equal to zero

From both graphs, it is seen that the velocity of the object increases regularly according to
the time change. The slash in the graph (v-t) denotes the acceleration of constantly constant
objects. To calculate the magnitude of the displacement on the graph can be done by calculating
the area under the graph (v-t).

Second, the object experiences a slowdown (negative acceleration):

3. The v-t graph for final velocity (vt) = 0

4. The v-t graph for final velocity (vt) is not equal to zero

15
 Based on the above two graphs, it appears that the velocity is inversely proportional to the
slowdown (negative acceleration). The longer the time, the speed of the object decreases
regularly.

B. Graph between acceleration with time (a-t)

Based on the graph above, it appears that the acceleration of the object is always
constant no matter how long the object is moving.

C. The graph between time-shift (x-t)

First, when the object accelerates
1. The x-t graph for position / initial position (xo) = 0

2. The x-t graph for position / initial position (xo) is not

equal to zero

16
 x

Based on the graph above, it is seen that the displacement is directly proportional to the
required time interval. The longer the time taken, the large one also displaces it.
Second, when the object is slowing down (acceleration of negative value):
3. The x-t graph for position / initial position (xo) = 0
x

4. The x-t graph for position / initial position is not equal to zero

Based on the graph above, it can be seen that the increase of displacement decreases with time.

17
2.11 GLOB BETWEEN GLOBAL COMPANY WITH GLB
Regular straight motion (GLB) is defined as movement on a straight path with
constant / constant velocity. Fixed speed means zero acceleration. In other words, objects that
move perpendicularly irregularly have no acceleration. In everyday life it is rare to find objects
moving on a straight path with fixed speed. Examples of GLB in everyday life are ships that
cross oceans or oceans. When passing through the open sea, ships usually move on a straight
path with fixed speed. When it comes to arriving at the destination port, usually the new ship
changes course and reduces its speed.
The combination of GLB with GLB can be seen when there is a boat that moves
straight across a straight river. In this case there are two GLBs, ie GLB by boat and GLB
performed by river currents. The temperature performs the GLB because when crossing the river
the boat moves with a straight path and constant velocity. While the river flow is said to do the
GLB because the current velocity of the river remains or constant and the path is straight.

2.12 GLOBAL WITH GLBB CONTROL

Regular straight motion (GLB) is a motion along a straight path with
constant speed. While straightforward motion changes uniformly (GLBB) is a
straight trajectory with fixed acceleration and regularly changing speed.
The combination of GLB with GLBB can be seen on the motion of bullets
or parabola. The motion of a bullet or parabola is a two-dimensional motion,
which combines two axes, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis. If the
position of the object at any time is expressed by x (horizontal axis) and y
(vertical axis), then the bullet motion is indicated by regular straight motion
(GLB) for component x and uniformly perpendicular motion (GLBB) for the y
component. For more details see the explanation of parabolic motion.

2.13 MOVEMENT OR PARABOLA MOTION

Bullet or parabolic motion is a motion whose path is parabolic. The
motion of a bullet or parabola is a two-dimensional motion, which combines
two axes, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis. Lots of examples of
bullet / parabolic motion that we can encounter in everyday life. Among
them are volleyball, basketball, tennis balls, dropped bombs, bullets fired,
long jump or high jump moves by athletes, golf balls, balls kicked in the air,
and so on.
Types of Bullet / Parabolic Motion :
In everyday life there are several types of motion bullet / parabola, among
others as follows:
1. Parabolic object movement when given initial velocity with the angle of
teta to horizontal line, as shown in the picture below. In everyday life
there are many movements of objects of this form. Some of these are

18
 ball movements that are kicked by soccer players, basketball moves
thrown into baskets, tennis ball movements, volleyball moves, long
jump motions and bullet or missile movements fired from the earth's
surface.

For more details see the picture below

y

hmaks

x
2. Movement of a parabolic object when given initial velocity at a certain height with
horizontal alignment, as shown in the figure below. Some examples of this type of
movement that we encounter in everyday life, include bombing movements dropped from
aircraft or objects thrown down from a certain height.

19
 3. Movement of a parabolic object when given the initial velocity of a certain height with
the angle of teta to the horizontal line, as shown in the picture below.

2.14 ANALYZING MOVEMENT OR PARABOLA MOTIONS

Bullet motion is a two-dimensional motion, which involves the horizontal and vertical
axis. If the position of the object at any time is denoted by (x, y), then the bullet motion is
indicated by a regular straight motion (GLB) for the component x and the fall motion or the
uniformly perpendicular motion (GLBB) for the y component. We first formulate the initial
velocity for the horizontal motion component (v0y) and the initial velocity for the vertical
motion component (v0y), as follows:

v0x = v0 cos θ v0y = v0 sin θ

The equations of motion for each component are as follows:
Component-x (GLB) :

ax = 0 vx = vox = vo cos θ x-xo = vxt

Component-y (GLBB)
ay = -g vy = voy - gt = vo sin ө – gt 1
y-yo = voyt – 2
Equation of position, velocity, and gt2
direction of the object at any time:
Position:

position= √ x 2 + y 2
Velocity :

v =√ v 2x +v 2y
With direction :

20
 vy
=
tan θ vx

In most cases, it is often the starting point for which the bullet is chosen is the origin of
the coordinates, so xo = yo = 0. In this case, the equation of the bullet path is obtained by
substituting the t value in the above equation with the value t obtained:

v0 y g
y=
( ) ( )
v ox
x− 2
2 v ox
x2

2.15 COMPLETE PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE PARABOLA MOTIONS

At the AFF Cup, Indonesia is against the Filipinos. Cristian El loco Gonzales kicked the
ball with a 30o angle against the positive x-axis with a speed of 20 m / s. Let's just say the ball
leaves Gonzales's feet at the surface of the field. If acceleration of gravity = 10 m / s2, calculate:

a. Maximum height
b. time before the ball touches the ground
c. the furthest distance the ball takes before it touches the ground
d. ball speed at maximum height
e. acceleration of the ball at maximum altitude

Resolution:

Since the initial speed is known, we can calculate the initial velocity for the horizontal
and vertical components.

v0x = v0 cos 30 °

= (20 m / s) (1 / 2√3)

= 10√3 m / s

v0y = v0 sin 30 °

= (20 m / s) (½)

= 10 m / s

1. Maximum height (y)

If the maximum height is asked, then the object is positioned on the vertical axis
(y) when the object is at the maximum height and the ball is considered to move from

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 the ground, then yo = 0. We write the equation of the position of the object in vertical
motion
y = y0 + (v0 sin θ) t - ½ gt2
y = (v0 sin θ) t - ½ gt2
At maximum altitude only works horizontal velocity (vx), while vertical velocity
(vy) = 0. Since vy = 0 and acceleration of gravity are known, then:
vy = (v0 sin θ) - gt
(v0 sin θ) = gt
t = ((v₀ sin θ)) / g
t = (20 sin 30 °) / 10
t = (20 1/2) / 10
t = 1 second
Based on the above calculation, the ball reaches maximum height after moving 1
second. We substitute this t = 1s value in the y equation.
y = (v0 sin θ) t - ½ g t2
y = (20 sin 30 °) (1) - ½ (10) (1) 2
y = 20 (½) - 5
y = 10 - 5
y = 5 m.
Thus, the maximum height the ball reaches is 5 meters.
2. Travel time of the ball before touching ground level
When calculating the maximum height, we already know the time it takes the ball
to reach the maximum height. Now, the question is the time to take the ball before
touching the ground. What is meant here is the total travel time when the object does
the motion of a bullet. To answer this question, there are two ways:
The first way When touching the ground surface, the height of the sphere from the
ground (y) = 0, so that the initial position of ball y0 = 0. Then:
y = y0 + (v0 sin θ) t - ½ gt2
0 = 0 + (20 sin 30 °) t - ½ 10 t2  
10 t - ½ 10 t2 = 0
10 t = 5 t2
10 =5t
t = 10/5
t = 2 seconds
3. The farthest distance the ball takes before the ball kisses the ground
If asked for total mileage, then what is meant here is the end position of the object
in the horizontal direction. Since we calculate the farthest distance, then the time (t)
used is the total travel time.
x = v0x t
= (10√3 m / s) (2 s)

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 x = 20√3 m
Thus, the furthest distance traveled by the ball is 20√3 m.
4. Ball speed at maximum height
At the highest point, there is no vertical component of speed. There is only a
horizontal component (which is worth staying as long as the ball is floating in the air).
Thus, the ball speed at a maximum height is:
v = v0x
v = 10√3 m / s
Thus, the ball speed at the maximum height is 10√3 m / s.
5. Acceleration of the ball at maximum altitude
In bullet motion, the acceleration that works is a fixed value gravity acceleration,
either when the ball has just been kicked, the ball is at its highest point and when the
ball is about to touch the ground. Thus, the acceleration of the ball at the maximum
height is equal to the gravitational acceleration, which is 10 m / s2

CHAPTER III
COVER

3.1 CONCLUDE
From the above material explanation we can conclude:
1. The frame of reference is a perspective from which a system is observed, the distance is the
length of the path traveled by a moving object, starting from the initial position and finishing
at the end position, the displacement is how far the object is from its starting point.
2. Average velocity is defined as the amount of movement traveled divided by the amount of
time required for moving / moving objects, instantaneous velocity represents the velocity at
a given time, and the average speed is defined as the divide between the total distance
traveled by the time interval to take it.
3. Acceleration is a change of velocity occurring over a fixed time interval or change in the
speed of time unity.
4. If the position function is known, then the speed function is the first derivative of the
position function. And the acceleration function is the second derivative of the position
function. The bottom line: down one level = first derivative, down two levels = second
derivative, if known acceleration function, then the speed function is the first integral of the
acceleration function. As well as position function is the second integral of the acceleration
function. Bottom line: rise one level = first integral, up two levels = second integral.

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5. Relative motion means that the motion of an object depends on its reference point. Relative
velocity means speed with observations made on different reference frames, relating to one
another.
6. Regular straight motion is a motion on a straight path with constant velocity. The
characteristics of regular straight motion (GLB) are:
a. Move on a straight track
b. Speed is constant
c. Acceleration equal to zero
Constantly Changed Straighten motion is an unchanged straight motion (GLBB) that is a
motion that is on a straight path with constant acceleration. The characteristics of GLBB,
namely:
a. Move on a straight track
b. Speed changes regularly
c. The acceleration is constant
7. Regular straight motion can be analyzed by using:
a. Time velocity graph (v-t)
b. Time Movement Graph (x-t)
Straightforward Changed Motion can be analyzed using:
a. Time velocity graph (v-t)
b. Time-acceleration graph (a-t)
c. Time Movement Graph (x-t)
8. The combination of GLB with GLB can be seen when there is a boat that moves straight
across a straight river. In this case there are two GLB, the GLB is done by boat and GLB
done by river flow, The combination of GLB with GLBB can be seen on bullet or parabola
motion. The motion of a bullet or parabola is a two-dimensional motion, which combines
two axes, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis.
9. Parabolic motion or Bullet motion is a two-dimensional motion, which involves the
horizontal and vertical axes

3.2 SUGGESTIONS
The suggestions that we can convey in the making of this paper are as follows:
1. Students should be more focused on understanding the material about kinematics of motion.
2. Students should practice applying theories of right-motion kinematics to solve problems
related to the theory of kinematics of motion.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Giancoli, D.C. 1998. Fisika Jilid 1. Edisi Kelima. Jakarta: Erlangga

Halliday-Resnick. 1998. Fisika Jilid 1. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Erlangga

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