EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY

Operational Evaluation Board Report

Learjet LR-40/45
Flight Crew Qualifications

12 June 2013

European Aviation Safety Agency

Postfach 10 12 53
D-50452 Köln
Germany
 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Learjet LR-40/45

Operational Evaluation Board – Flight Crew Qualifications

Captain Jaap Meijer

EASA OEB LR-40/45 Team Leader

Captain Klaus Walkner

EASA OEB LR-40/45 Chairman
Operational Suitability – Fixed Wing Aircraft –
Experts Department, EASA Certification Directorate

Captain Herbert Meyer

Section Manager, Operational Suitability – Fixed Wing Aircraft –
Experts Department, EASA Certification Directorate

François FABRE
Deputy Head of Experts Department
EASA Certification Directorate

Revision Record
Revision No. Content Date

Original LR-40/45 Initial Evaluation (Catch Up) 12 June 2013

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Contents
Revision Record ...........................................................................................................................2
Contents ......................................................................................................................................3
Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................4
Preamble .....................................................................................................................................6
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................6
2. History ........................................................................................................................6
3. Scope .........................................................................................................................6
OEB LR-40/45 Flight Crew Qualifications Group Composition ...................................................7
Operational Evaluation Report – Flight Crew Qualifications .......................................................8
1. Aircraft Type Designation and Pilot License Endorsement ........................................8
2. Aircraft Specifics ........................................................................................................8
2.1 Customization of Procedures and Checklists ....................................................8
2.2 Aircraft Approach Category ..............................................................................8
2.3 All Weather Operations ....................................................................................9
3. Master Differences Requirements (MDR) ..................................................................9
3.1 MDR Tables ......................................................................................................9
3.2 Levels of Training, Checking and Currency ......................................................9
4. Specifications for Pilot Training ................................................................................10
4.1 LR-40/45 Initial Type Rating training course ...................................................10
4.1.1 Prerequisites-General .........................................................................10
4.1.2 Theoretical Knowledge ......................................................................10
4.1.3 Flight Training - Aircraft........................................................................11
4.1.3.1 General .................................................................................11
4.1.3.2 Specific Prerequisites ............................................................11
4.1.3.3 Flight Training .......................................................................12
4.1.4 Flight Training – Full Flight Simulator ..................................................12
4.2 Training Areas of Special Emphasis (TASE) ..................................................12
4.3 Special Events Training ..................................................................................13
4.4 Recurrent Training ..........................................................................................13
4.5. Specifications for Checking ............................................................................14
5. Recent Experience and Currency ............................................................................14
5.1 Specifications for Recent Experience .............................................................14
5.2 Specifications for Currency………………………. ...........................................14
6. Line Flying Under Supervision (LIFUS) ...................................................................14

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Acronyms

AC ............................. Advisory Circular

AFM .......................... Aircraft Flight Manual
ATO........................... Approved Training Organisation
CCP .......................... Crew Coordination Procedure
CPD .......................... Common Procedures Document for conducting Operational Evaluation
Boards, dated 10 June 2004
CRM .......................... Crew Resource Management
DA ............................. Decision Altitude
Difference Level ........ a designated level of difference as defined in the CPD for the evaluation of
pilot training, checking and currency
DU ............................. Display Unit
EASA ........................ European Aviation Safety Agency
EFB ........................... Electronic Flight Bag
EFIS .......................... Electronic Flight Instrument System
EGPWS ..................... Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
EU-OPS .................... Commission Regulation (EC) No 859/2008 of 20 August 2008, amending
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 as regard common technical
requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial
transportation by aeroplane
FAA ........................... Federal Aviation Administration
FCL ........................... Flight Crew Licensing
FFS ........................... Full Flight Simulator
FMS .......................... Flight Management System
FSB ........................... Flight Standardization Board
GPWS ....................... Ground Proximity Warning System
JAA ........................... Joint Aviation Authorities
JAR ........................... Joint Aviation Requirements
LIFUS ........................ Line Flying Under Supervision
LPC ........................... License Proficiency Check
LST ........................... License Skill Test
MMEL ........................ Master Minimum Equipment List
MPA .......................... Multi-Pilot Aeroplane
NAA........................... National Aviation Authority
OEB .......................... Operational Evaluation Board
OSD ......................... Operational Suitability Data
Part-ARA ................... Annex VI to Commission Regulation (EU) No 290/2012 of 30 March 2012
amending Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 laying down technical
requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew
pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of
the Council (as amended)

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Part-ARO .................. Annex II to Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 05 Oct 2012 laying
down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air
operations pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (as amended)
Part-CAT ................... Annex IV to Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 05 Oct 2012 laying
down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air
operations pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (as amended)
Part-FCL ................... Annex I to Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011
laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to
civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (as amended)
Part-ORA .................. Annex VII to Commission Regulation (EU) No 290/2012 of 30 March 2012
amending Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 laying down technical
requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew
pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of
the Council (as amended)
Part-ORO .................. Annex III to Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 05 Oct 2012 laying
down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air
operations pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (as amended)
Part-SPA ................... Annex V to Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 05 Oct 2012 laying
down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air
operations pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (as amended)
PF ............................. Pilot Flying
PFD ........................... Primary Flight Display
PIC ............................ Pilot In Command
PM............................. Pilot Monitoring
PTH ........................... Pilot Training Handbook
QRH .......................... Quick Reference Handbook
RNP .......................... Required Navigation Performance
SIC ............................ Second In Command
SOP .......................... Standard Operating Procedure
STD ........................... Synthetic Training Device
TASE......................... Training Areas of Special Emphasis
TAWS ........................ Terrain Awareness and Warning System
TCAS ........................ Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
TCDS ........................ Type Certificate Data Sheet

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Preamble

1. Introduction

The LR-40/45 aircraft have been in service with European operators for many years. Therefore, a
“catch-up” operational evaluation of flight crew requirements for the Learjet LR-40/45 was
conducted during 2012.

The evaluation was performed in compliance with the EASA Terms of Reference for OEBs,
including catch-up processes. Further guidance was found in the Common Procedures for
Conducting Operational Evaluations, and the applicable regulations laying down technical
requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew and to air operations.

The evaluation was performed by obtaining information on pilot type rating training courses already
approved and in use and comparing the outline of these courses with the applicable requirements.

This report is applicable to operations under the EU regulatory framework in support of commercial
and non-commercial operations.

This report is a reflection of the status at the time of writing and provisions in this report are
effective until amended, superseded or withdrawn by subsequent operational evaluation
determinations.

2. History

The original Learjet 45 was certified in the USA in 1997. The validation of the FAA certification in
Europe resulted in a JAA recommendation in June 1998. The Learjet 40, which was certified by the
FAA in 2001 and validated by EASA in 2003 received an EASA Type Certificate in 2004.

LR-45 aircraft carry serial numbers 45-002 through 45-2000, while the serial numbers of LR-40
aircraft are 45-2001 through 45-4000.

During its certification, the FAA conducted an FSB evaluation, but this evaluation was of a limited
scope, i.e. Type Rating determination, training, checking and currency requirements.

3. Scope

This report contains recommendations for:

 pilot license endorsement for the Learjet LR-40/45;
 minimum initial pilot type rating training; and
 pilot recurrent training and checking, and
 pilot currency and recent experience requirements.

This report does not address the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL), Cabin Crew Training,
Maintenance Training, Simulator Qualifications, special operations or the use of special equipment
or functions.
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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

The LR-40/45 are aircraft with a complexity and with capabilities, which can be compared to large
transport airplanes and are operated in the same environment. It is therefore recommended that
non-AOC holders should follow the requirements and recommendations in this report.

All EASA OEB reports are available at http://www.easa.europa.eu/certification/experts/flight.php

OEB LR-40/45 Flight Crew Qualifications Group Composition

Name Organization Function

Jaap Meijer EASA EASA Team Leader

Herbert Meyer EASA EASA Section Manager

Klaus Walkner EASA EASA OEB Chairman

Note on references and reference texts:

Where references are made to requirements and where extracts of reference texts are provided, these are at
the amendment state at the date of evaluation. Readers should take note that it is impractical to update
these references to take account of subsequent amendments to the source documents.

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

Operational Evaluation Report – Flight Crew Qualifications

1. Aircraft Type Designation and Pilot License Endorsement

With reference to Part-FCL, FCL.010 (‘type of aircraft’) and GM1 FCL.700, the Learjet 40 and 45
series have been evaluated for aircraft categorisation and license endorsement.
The LR-40/45 series have been assessed as variants requiring Level A familiarization training. The
license endorsement is established as “Learjet45”.

Type Ratings List (Aeroplane) – Multi Pilot

2
4
1 Aeroplanes
3 Licence
Manufacturer
Model Name Endorsement

Learjet 45 (Learjet 40 series) LR-40

Learjet45
(Bombardier)
45 (Learjet 45 series) LR-45

2. Aircraft Specifics

The differences between the Learjet 40 and 45 series are mainly some maximum weights and
dimensions. The LR-40 is slightly shorter than the LR-45 and has lower Max Ramp and Max Take
Off Weights.

2.1 Customization of Procedures and Checklists.

Operators should develop SOPs, including Crew Coordination Procedures (CCPs). These SOPs
should be provided to relevant ATOs to incorporate these procedures into the training from the
earliest possible stage.

It is further recommended to include Standard Noise Abatement procedures in the SOPs, as these
are common at many European airports.

2.2 Aircraft Approach Category

With reference to Part-CAT, CAT.OP.MPA.320(b) the approach category for the LR-40/45 is as
follows:

Aircraft Category

LR-40/45
C
(Learjet45)

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

2.3 All Weather Operations

The LR-40/45 is certified for operations to category I minima.

3. Master Differences Requirements (MDR)

Differences between the Learjet 40 and 45 series are relatively small and have been assessed as
Level A differences for training, checking, and currency.

3.1 MDR Tables

MDR tables for the Learjet45 variants are shown below. Definitions of the various levels for
Training/Checking/Currency are those used in the CPD.

Master Differences Requirements (MDR) Table

License endorsement: Learjet45 FROM AIRPLANE

LR-40 LR-45

TO AIRPLANE LR-40 - A/A/A

LR-45 A/A/A -

3.2 Levels of Training, Checking and Currency (excerpts from the CPD)
Level A Training. Level A difference training is applicable to aircraft with differences that can
adequately be addressed through self-instruction. Level A training represents a knowledge
requirement such that, once appropriate information is provided, understanding and compliance
can be assumed to take place. Compliance with level A training is typically achieved by methods
such as issuance of operating manual page revisions, dissemination of flight crew operating
bulletins or differences hand-outs to describe minor differences between aircraft. Level A training is
normally limited to situations such as the following:
a. The change introduces a different version of a system/component for which the flight crew
has already shown the ability to understand and use;
b. The change results in minor or no procedural changes and does not result in adverse
safety effects if the information is not reviewed or is forgotten; or
c. Information highlighting a difference that, once called to the attention of a crew, is self-
evident, inherently obvious, and easily understood.

Level A Checking. Level A checking indicates that no check related to differences is required at
the time of differences training. A pilot is, however, responsible for knowledge of each variant
flown. Differences items should be included as an integral part of subsequent proficiency checks.

Level A Currency. At Level A currency is considered to be common to each variant. Thus,

assessment or tracking of currency for separate variants is not necessary or applicable.
Maintenance of currency in any one variant or a combination of variants suffices for any other
variant.

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

4. Specifications for Pilot Training

4.1 LR-40/45 Initial Type Rating training course

4.1.1 Prerequisites – General

These provisions apply for pilots who meet the minimum prerequisites in accordance with Part-
FCL, FCL.720.A.

The LR-40/45 is a high performance turbojet aircraft. Its operation is centred on a complex
integrated avionics system, including EFIS displays, EICAS, FMS and automated Flight Guidance
and Control systems. Furthermore, the aircraft has advanced warning systems, including TCAS
and TAWS. A pilot who meets the minimum Part-FCL prerequisites should be considered
unfamiliar with these features and relevant additional training should be considered prior to
receiving practical training in the FFS or aircraft.

Credits may be given to pilots who have relevant experience in multi-engine turbojet aircraft, EFIS,
and FMS.

The safe operation of the airplane is predicated upon the awareness, at all times and of both pilots,
of the airplane’s Flight Modes and flight parameters. Strict adherence to Crew Coordination
Procedures (CCP’s) in normal, as well as in abnormal situations is essential and should be
regarded as mandatory. These CCP’s, specific to aircraft type and to operator, should be fully
integrated in the training. The ATO should be made aware of the specific Crew Coordination
Procedures as established by the operator, before training is started.

4.1.2 Theoretical Knowledge

The theoretical knowledge curriculum should be the same for pilot-in-command or co-pilot training,
and regardless of whether the practical training is performed in an FFS or the aircraft. Successful
completion of the theoretical training is a prerequisite for entering the flight training phase.

Theoretical knowledge training and checking must provide for adequate knowledge and
understanding of the aircraft systems and, in addition, should ensure satisfactory knowledge and
understanding of outfitted systems common to other aircraft of equivalent complexity and
performance. It must not be assumed that pilots undertaking LR-40/45 type rating training have a
working knowledge and understanding of systems such as FMS, EFIS selection and displays,
Automated Flight Guidance and Control, TAWS, TCAS, etc.

When agreed by the Competent Authority, pilots with relevant knowledge and/or previous
experience may benefit from credits towards a reduction of the theoretical knowledge curriculum.
For those pilots a “core” curriculum, consisting of a minimum of 6 days classroom instruction,
enhanced by an additional minimum of 12 hrs. system integration training in a qualified FSTD is
recommended.

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

The theoretical training should include:

 Classroom presentations of all aircraft systems, including, for each system, limitations, as
well as normal, abnormal and emergency procedures,
 Classroom presentations on Weight & Balance, Performance and Flight Planning;
 Adequate time during ground school phase to assimilate material through study;
 Written Test (scheduled on last day); and
 System Integration, consisting of Fixed Base simulator sessions (8 hrs. per crew, 4 hrs. per
pilot as Pilot Flying and 4 hours per pilot as Pilot Monitoring).

Pilots with limited or no experience with any or all of the systems mentioned above, should receive
additional modular training, as appropriate, before entering the LR-40/45 Ground School training
phase.

For training efficiency, the following should be available:

 a consolidated Pilot Training Handbook to contain all relevant documentation required for
training and self-study; and
 part-task and desk top trainers to support the classroom lessons by hands-on practice.

The instruction of complex systems should focus on the essential details required for the safe
operation of the aircraft.

4.1.3 Flight Training – Aircraft

4.1.3.1 General

For type rating training and checking, full use of an approved Full Flight Simulator is considered the
standard. Aircraft flight training is considered an exception and should only be approved in
unforeseen situations where an approved FFS is not available, as defined with the Competent
Authority.

4.1.3.2 Specific Prerequisites

Aircraft flight training has its limitations with respect to the level and to the extent to which more
complex emergency/abnormal situations can be practised and checked. Therefore, aircraft flight
training
 should be limited to trainees with previous experience on an equivalent type or category of
aircraft; and
 should be by followed by specific emergency procedure training in an FFS during recurrent
type rating training, within one year.

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4.1.3.3 Flight Training

Taking into account the prerequisite requirements above, flight training should include a minimum
of 6 training flights of 2 hrs. each, followed by a Type Rating Skill Test in accordance with Part-FCL
Appendix 9.

4.1.4 Flight Training – Full Flight Simulator

The following is considered a minimum syllabus for flight training using a qualified Full Flight
Simulator:
 a total of 24 hours of FFS training per crew (12 hours per pilot as Pilot Flying and 12 hours
per pilot as Pilot Monitoring), plus briefing/debriefing;
 All required relevant elements are trained to proficiency; and
 License Skill Test (4 hours per crew: 2 hours per pilot as Pilot Flying and 2 hours per pilot
as Pilot Monitoring).

Landings in aircraft:
 In accordance with AMC2 ORA.ATO.125(k)(1), a minimum of 6 landings should be
performed, or 4 landings where the student pilot has more than 500 hours of MPA
experience in aeroplanes of similar size and performance.

4.2 Training Areas of Special Emphasis (TASE)

The following items should receive special emphasis as specified, during ground and flight training
in all referenced training courses:

Systems Integration Training:

 EICAS
 Flight Guidance System (FGS) and Mode displays
 Flight Management System (FMS)

Flight Training (in FFS or aircraft):

 Dual Generator Failure procedure
 Loss of cabin pressure procedures
 Instrument flying on standby instruments
 Fuel leaks
 Smoke procedures, including smoke removal
 Operation of the pitch and roll mechanical disconnect feature (only in FFS)
 Noise abatement procedures
 Flap setting verification at take-off, Take Off Warning system
 Flight Control modes and monitoring of FMA
 No flap landing

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

The OEB recommends early exposure to the FGS, FMA and FMS, especially for pilots with no
previous EFIS or FMS experience. Establishing early confidence in manually flying the aircraft,
converting from manual to automatic (FMS controlled) flight mode and vice versa, is equally
important due to heavy reliance on the Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS). In the event of a
flight path deviation due to input error or system malfunction, the flight crew must be able to
comfortably transition from automatic to manual mode and vive versa, in an orderly fashion.

4.3 Special Events Training

Special events training to improve basic crew understanding and confidence regarding aircraft
handling qualities, options and procedures as these relate to design characteristics and limitations
may include the following:
 recovery from unusual attitudes;
 manual flight with minimum use of automation, including flight under degraded levels of
automation;
 handling qualities and procedures during recovery from an upset condition (e.g. wake
vortex encounter, loss of control incident);
 high altitude high and low speed buffet margins and flight characteristics;
 wind shear and predictive wind shear escape manoeuvres;
 Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), TCAS, EGPWS (emphasis on avoidance and escape
manoeuvres, altitude awareness, TCAS / EGPWS warnings, situational awareness and
crew co-ordination, as appropriate).

4.4. Recurrent Training

Recurrent training must be compliant with EU regulations for civil aviation aircrew and air
operations, as applicable, and include the Training Areas of Special Emphasis as identified in this
report.

Recurrent training and currency serve to maintain a pilot’s continued competency for the
operational tasks to be performed. Proficiency checks validate this competency.

It is every operator’s responsibility to establish an approved recurrent training and proficiency

checking programme, which is relevant to the type of airplane and the intended operation.

The requirements for a recurrent training programme may vary with several factors which have a
significant influence. Some of these factors are: actual exposure of the flight crew member(s),
specific routes and aerodromes used by the operator and new developments in technology. These
factors and/or a combination thereof will determine the required recurrent training.

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 EASA Operational Evaluation Board LR-40/45 – Flight Crew Qualifications

The applicable requirements established in EU regulations for civil aviation aircrew and air
operations should be considered as a minimum and expanded, as appropriate, for pilots who have
had only limited exposure and/or who do no longer fulfil the currency requirements.

Recurrent training should incorporate special events training as described in this report on a
rotational basis.

4.5. Specifications for Checking

Checking must be performed in accordance with applicable EU regulations for civil aviation aircrew
and air operations.

The following items should be included in the skill test and proficiency check schedules:
 GNSS approaches (LPV and/or LNAV/VNAV or LNAV/Baro); and
 a No-Flap or Non-Standard Flap Approach.

5. Recent Experience and Currency

5.1 Specifications for Recent Experience

Recent experience requirements are contained in Part-FCL, FCL.060.

With reference to Part-ORO, ORO.FC.140(a), full credit is granted for recent experience
requirements when operating LR-40/45 variants.

5.2 Specifications for Currency

No specific currency requirements have been identified for the LR-40/45.

Recurrent training and checking is contained in Part-ORO, ORO.FC.130. With reference to

ORO.FC.140(a), full credit is granted for recurrent training and checking requirements when
operating LR-40/45 variants.

6. Line Flying Under Supervision (LIFUS)

LIFUS should be performed in accordance with ORO.FC.220 and AMC1 ORO.FC.220(e).

Furthermore, GM1 ORO.FC.220(d) provides guidelines for operators to use when establishing their
individual requirements.

In the case of pilots completing the initial type rating for the LR-40/45, it is recommended that a
minimum of 8 flight sectors of LIFUS should be performed, followed by a 2 flight sector line check.

Where there is a change of operating conditions or route structure this should also be taken into
account and may need the addition of sectors to cover these elements.

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