Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics

Energy line in non-uniform flow

Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics

Three fundamental physical principles

1 Mass is conserved;
2 F = ma (Newton’s second law);
3 Energy is conserved.
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics

Three fundamental physical principles

1 Mass is conserved;
2 F = ma (Newton’s second law);
3 Energy is conserved.
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics

Three fundamental physical principles

1 Mass is conserved;
2 F = ma (Newton’s second law);
3 Energy is conserved.
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Energy line in flow

Figure 1: Energy line in non-uniform flow

 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Conservation of Energy

V2 V2
 2
V
+ y + S0 dx = Sdx + +d + y + dy (1)
2g 2g 2g
d V2
 
dy
+ = S0 − S (2)
dx dx 2g
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Conservation of Mass

dQ dV dA
=0=A +V (3)
dx dx dx
   
dV dA dV V dA
A +V =0 ⇒ =− (4)
dx dx dx A dx

Theory of Non-uniform Flows
 
Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

d V2
Expand dx 2g by continuity Equation

Continuity equation:


dA dy
(A = T × y ) ⇒ =T (5)
dx dx
   
dV V dA dV V dy
=− ⇒ =− T (6)
dx A dx dx A dx
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

(continued)...
 
d V2
Expand dx 2g as in Equation (7). Rewrite r.h.s of Equation (7)
by using variable dV
dx in Equation (6) as in Equation (8). Next,
combine Equation (7) and Equation (8) then we have Equation (9):

d V2
 
V dV
= (7)
dx 2g g dx

V 2 T dy
  
V dV V V dy
= − T =− (8)
g dx g A dx gA dx

V2 V 2 T dy
 
d
=− (9)
dx 2g gA dx
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Energy Equation and Froude Number :

 2
d V
Replace dx 2g in Equation (2) with RHS of Equation (8) or
equation (9).

V 2T
 
dy
1− = S0 − S (10)
dx gA
V 2T
Using Froude Number in Equation (11) to eliminate gA in
Equation (10):

Q 2T
F2 = (11)
gA3
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number
dy S0 −Sf
dx = 1−F 2
Equation of Energy Conservation:

where:
Energy Conservation: dy
dx : river depth y slope along axis x in
1-D
dy (S0 − Sf ) S0 : slope of river bed
= (12)
dx 1 − F2 Sf : slope of head loss
F : Froude Number
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Manning Equation:

where:
n: Manning roughness
Φ: constant for conversion from SI to
British unit. The value is 1 for SI.
R: hydraulic radius, defined by: R = PA
n2 ū 2 A: flow cross section (m)
Sf = (13)
Φ2 R 4/3 P: wet perimeter = T + 2y (m) for
rectangular cross section.
T : river width (m)
y : river depth (m)
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Manning Equation in term of Q and A:

n2 Q 2 P 4/3
Sf = (14)
Φ2 A10/3
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Rewrite Manning Equation:

A=y ×T (15)
P 4/3 T 4/3 1 1
10/3
≈ 10/3
≈ 6/3 10/3 (16)
A (y × T ) T y
!
n2 Q 2 P 4/3 n2 Q 2
 
10/3
Sf = 2 10/3 ⇒ Sf × y = 2 6/3 (17)
Φ A Φ T
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Relation of Sf and y
Sf (Slope of friction) vs y (depth)
5
Q = 2 m3/s
4 Q = 5 m3/s
Q = 10 m3/s
3
y (m)

0 Sf
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 2: Relation of Sf and y based on Equation (17) for n = 0.025 and

T =3m
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Froude Number :

T T 1 1
= = 7/3 10/3 (18)
A3 (y × T )10/3 T y
Q 2T Q2 1
   
2 2 10/3
F = ⇒ F y = (19)
gA3 g T 7/3
 Fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics
Energy line in non-uniform flow
Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass
Theory of Non-uniform Flows
Energy Equation and Froude Number
Manning Equation
Froude Number

Relation of F and y :
F (Froude Number) vs y (depth)
7 Q = 2 m3/s
6 Q = 5 m3/s
Q = 10 m3/s
5
4
y (m)

3
2
1
0 F
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Figure 3: Relation of F and y based on Equation (19) for T = 3 m