1.1 Physical Quantities & Units 1.2 Scalars and Vectors: (1 Hour) (2 Hours)

Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
1.1 Physical
Quantities & Units
(1 Hour)
1.2 Scalars and
Vectors (2 Hours)
1.3 Measurement &
Errors (Laboratory
works)
Physical
Quantities &
Measurement
Basic & Derived Scalar & Vector Vectors

Quantities Quantities Multiplication
Addition,
Scalar & vector
Unit conversion subtraction &
products
vector resolution
1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS
(a) State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length (m),
time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature (K),
amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd)
(b) State derived quantities and their respective units and

symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J),
force(N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and
frequency(Hz)
(c) Convert units with common SI prefixes

1.1 Physical Quantities

Quantitative versus qualitative
• Most observation in physics are quantitative
• Descriptive observations (or qualitative) are usually imprecise
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations
How do you measure What can be measured with the
artistic beauty? instruments on an airplane?

How fast does light travel? How much do you weigh?

What is the radius of the Earth?
What temperature does ice melt at?
We can find the answers to all of

these questions by
measurement.
Speed, mass, length and
temperature are all examples of
physical quantities.
Measurement of physical quantities is an essential part of

Physics

Measuring temperature….. ….and time…..
….and weight….. ….and height.

Physical quantities
Quantity
that can
•
Base quantities 70
Base quantities
• Derived quantities
Derived quantity
the house that4.5
is like
was m
be Base quantity build
km/h up from a collection
measured is like the brick – the 
of bricks (basic quantity)
quantity
basic building block of a
which
house
cannot be
Derived quantities
Consist of derived
numerical from any quantity which can be derived from basic
value & physical quantity
unit quantities


SI Units - International System Of Units

- has been agreed internationally
Table 1.1 : Base Quantities

Base Quantities Name of Unit Symbol of Unit
length metre M
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd

Unit – a standard size of measurement of physical quantities
1 Metre (m)
• the mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder
1 Kilogramme (kg) kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in France
• a number of the period of vibration of

1 Second (s) radiation from the cesium-133 atom
• 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple

1 Kelvin (K) point of water
• the constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible cross
1 Ampere (A) section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would provide
between the conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per
metre of length
• The amount of substance containing as
1 Mole (mol) many identical units as there are atoms in
12 grams of carbon-12.

Table 1.2: Examples of derived quantity
Derived quantity Symbol Formulae SI Unit
Velocity v s/t m s-1
Volume V lwt m3
Acceleration a v/t m s-2
Density  m/V kg m-3
Momentum p mv kg m s-1
Force F ma kg m s-2 @ N
Work W Fs kg m2 s-2 @ J

Examples of derived quantities
Velocity, v
length l m
=  = ms -1 SI Unit
time t s
Density, ρ
mass m
=
volume V
kg
= 3
m
= kgm-3 SI Unit
Force, F
= mass  acceleration
= m a
= kg  ms -2
 kg ms @ N
-2
Special Name
SI Unit


Prefixes – for presenting larger and smaller values
Prefix Multiple Symbol Decimal representation
tera  1012 T 1 000 000 000 000
giga  109 G 1 000 000 000
mega  106 M 1 000 000
kilo  103 k 1 000
deci  101 d 0.1
centi  102 c 0.01
milli  103 m 0.001
micro  106  0.000 00 1
nano  109 n 0.000 000 001
pico  1012 p 0.000 000 000 001
 5 740 000 m = 5 740 km = 5.74 Mm
 0.00000233 s = 2.33  106 s = 2.33 s
• Alternative writing method: Using standard form

• N × 10n where 1  N < 10 and n is an integer
This galaxy is about 2.5 × 106 The diameter of this atom

light years from the Earth is about 1 × 10−10 m

kilo Solve all the following

58 000 m = ? km problems
58 000 m = 58 x 103 m (a) 35 cm =________ m
2 2
= 58 km (b) 24 mm =_______ m
(c) 20 km =________ m
2 2
(d) 0.03 m =______ mm

0.000 009 s = ? s (e) 11 Mm =________ m
0.000 009 s = 9.0 x 10-6 s
= 9.0 s

429 km h-1  ? ms-1
429 km
429 km h  -1
1h
429 103 m

3 600 s
 119.17 m s -1
OR
Bugatti Veyron Super Sport is 429 km 1 000 m 1h 1 min
the world fastest car. It    
1h 1 km 60 min 60 s
recorded 429 km h-1 in
Germany on July 10, 2010. 429 1 000 m

Convert 429 km h-1 to m s-1. 3600 s
 119.17 m s -1

The density of metal mercury 1. Convert the following into

is 13.6 g/cm3. What is this its SI unit:
density as expressed in kg/m3? (a) 80 km h–1 = ? m s–1
13.6 g (b) 450 g cm–3 = ? kg m–3
13.6 g cm -3 
1 cm 3 (c) 15 dm3 = ? m3
13.6 g 1 kg 1 cm 3 (d) 450 K = ? ° C
  
3
 
1 cm 1 000 g 10-2 3 m 3 2. Calculate the volume in
13.6  1 kg SI unit of a wire of

 
1 000  10 -2 3
m3 length 125 cm and
diameter 0.65 mm.
 13 600 kg m-3

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS
(a) Define scalar and vector quantities

(b) Perform vector addition and subtraction operations
graphically
(c) Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (x and y
axes)
(d) Illustrate unit vectors ( iˆ, ˆj , kˆ) in Cartesian coordinate
1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

(e) State the physical meaning of dot (scalar) product :

 
A  B  AB cos θ   B A cos θ 
(f) State the physical meaning of cross (vector) product :
 
A  B  AB sin θ   B  A sin θ 
Direction of cross product is determined by corkscrew

method or right hand rule.

1.2 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are quantities that have magnitude only.

Two examples are shown below:
Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature

• Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using simple

arithmetic.
Example: 4 kg plus 6 kg gives the answer 10 kg
6 kg
4 kg
+ =
10 kg

• Vector quantities are quantities that have both

magnitude and direction
A Force
Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left

• Examples of scalars and vectors

Scalars Vectors
distance displacement
speed velocity
mass weight
time acceleration
pressure force
energy momentum
volume
density

Scalar Quantity VS Vector Quantity
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
• Quantity which • Quantity which
has only has both
magnitude magnitude and
• mass, time, direction
temperature, • displacement,
pressure, electric velocity,
current, work, acceleration, force,
energy and etc momentum,
• Mathematics electric field,
operational: magnetic field and
ordinary algebra etc
• Mathematics
operational: vector
algebra

Facts about Head of
magnitude vector
vector
direction

Representing Tail of A
vectors: A or
vector 
Same magnitude
Q  
Equality of two &  PQ
vectors Same direction P
Increase
 magnitude k
Negative vector
 kA times the
original
A
Same magnitude
Multiplying a  BUT
vector by a scalar
quantity, k A Different direction

Direction
y 
of vectors
v
50
Direction of compass: 0 x
north, south, north-east etc y/m

Angle with a reference line:
s  ( x, y)  (1 m, 5 m)
5
A boy throws a stone at a velocity 
of 20 m s-1, 50 above horizontal s
Cartesian coordinates: 2-D or
3-D 0 1
x/m
 +
Polar F
coordinates 150
- +
 
Denotes with 
+ or - signs F  30 N,150
-

s  ( x, y, z )  (4, 3, 2) m
y/m
In 3-D

s
0 4
x/m
z/m

Vector addition & Subtraction
A  3N B  7N
Vector 
addition Resultant, R  10 N
Vector
Two vectors subtraction
of A and B  
Can be done A  3N B  7N
will produce a
third vector, R by adding
negative 
= resultant Resultant, R  4 N
vector/ a vector
single vector A – B = A + (– B)
A+B=R

Resultant,R  40 N , east

How to add vector A, B, C and D? Graphical method

 +  +  + D =?
A B C
Tip of last vector

Tail-to-tip
D (Triangle)
method
 
R C
 
A B
  y
A C

 C 
B  B 
C @ A
Parallelogram/ Tail-to-tail method Triangle/ Tail-to-tip method x
   
 A B A B
B 
B
O  O 
A A

A A
O O 
AC AC C

C

Vector Addition Rules

1. Commutative Law
   
A B  B  A
2. Association Law
     
( A  B)  C  A  ( B  C )
3. Distributive Law
   
m( A  B)  mA  mB
m = scalar quantity

Unit vectors
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units.
Are use to specify a given direction in space.

iˆ , ĵ & k̂ is used to represent unit
vectors pointing in the positive x, y &
z directions.
|iˆ | = | ĵ| = |k̂ | = 1

Resolving a Vector
• 1st method :  2nd method :
y y
 
 R   R
Ry Ry

0
 x
0
 x
Rx Rx
Rx Ry
Adjacent
component
 cos θ  Rx  R cos θ  cos   R y  R cos 
R R
Opposite Ry Rx
component  sin θ  R y  R sin θ  sin   Rx  R sin 
R R

y The vector 𝐴 can also written in unit vector
S A form: 
A  A iˆ  A ˆj
x y
T C
Ay  A sin 
A
| A | Ax 2  Ay 2
Ay
tan  
θ Ax
x
Ax  A cos
A force of 800 N is exerted on a bolt A as shown in Fig. below.

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force.
With the aid of trigonometry: y
Fx   F cos Fy
 800 cos 35
Fx  655 N x
Fy  F sin 
 800 sin 35  Fx
Fy  459 N We may write in the unit vector form

F  (655 N ) iˆ  (459 N ) ˆj
y

Fx 210
A particle S experienced a force  x
30 S
of 100 N as shown. Determine
Fy

the x-component and the F
y-component of the force.
Solution :
Vector x-component y-component

Fx   F cos 30 Fy   F sin 30
  100 cos 30  100 sin 30 
F
Fx  86.6 N Fy  50 N

The magnitudes of the 3 displacement vectors shown in drawing.

Determine the resultant value when these vectors are added
together.
Ay = 10 cos 45
By = 5 sin 30
Bx = 5 cos 30 Ax=10 sin 45

  
A B C  R
Ax  10 sin 45o  7.07 , Ay  10 cos 45o  7.07

B x  5 cos 30 o  4.33, B y  5 sin 30 o  2.50
C x  0 ,C y  8.00
R x  Ax  B x  C x R Rx  R y
2 2
 7.07  4.33  ( 2.74 )2  ( 1.57 )2

 2.74  3.16 m
R y  Ay  B y  C y
 7.07  2.50  8 Ry 1.57
tan    ,  29.81o
 1.57 R x 2.74
Or can write in unit vector form

  
( A  B  C )  (2.74 m) iˆ  (1.57 m) ˆj

Follow Up Exercise
Four forces act on bolt A shown. Determine the resultant of the
forces on the bolt .
Answer :
R = (199.1N )i + (14.3N)j
or R = 199.6 N at 4.1˚ above positive x axis.

y
 

B 18.0 m s -1
28.5 m s-1, 22.2
 

A 12.0 m s -1 37.0
x
0
Multiplication of vectors
Dot (scalar) Cross (vector)
product product
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴×𝐵 = 𝐶

• Physical meaning of 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = the magnitude of 𝐴

multiplied by the component of 𝐵 parallel to 𝐴
 
A  B  AB cos θ  𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 0, if θ = 90°  cos 90˚ = 0
 
B  A  B A cos θ  𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = maximum if θ = 0°  cos 0 = 1
     
W  F  s  F s cos θ   sF cos θ 
A B  B  A
B cos θ

SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2
Let   𝐴 𝐵 cos 
𝐴 = Ax𝑖 + Ay𝑗 + Az𝑘 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑧 2
𝐵 = Bx𝑖 + By𝑗 + Bz𝑘 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝑧 2
𝐴∙𝐵 APPLICATION
= 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵𝑧 ∴ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 cos 
𝐴∙𝐵
  cos  =
𝐴𝐵

   
Calculate the A  B and the angle  between vectors A and B for the
 problems.
following 
a) A  2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ b) A
  4iˆ  3 ˆ
j  ˆ
k

B  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ B  2 ˆj  3kˆ ANS.:3; 99.4
 :
Solution
a) A  B  21iˆ  iˆ  21 ˆj  ˆj  3 3kˆ  kˆ
 
A  B  2  2  9

A  B  5
The magnitude of the vectors: A  2   2   3  17
2 2 2
B 1  1   3
2 2 2
 11
 ,
The angle
A  B  AB cos θ 

1 A  B
 1  5 
θ  cos    cos 
  θ  112 
 AB   17 11 
 
Cross Product ( A  B )
- Also called vector product.

- produce a third vector, which is perpendicular to both of the
original vectors.
 
A B

A


B
- The magnitude of the cross product is given by:
 
| A  B || A | | B | sin  0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°

 
Physical Meaning of A  B
  
| A  B | is equals the magnitude of A multiplied by the
component of B perpendicular to A .

B B sin  
A


 
-- if A & B is parallel @ anti parallel (θ = 0° @ 180° )

 | A  B | 0
  0
| A  B || A | | B | sin 0  0
   
-- if A & B is 90°  | A  B |  max
  1
| A  B || A | | B | sin 90  AB
Example of physical quantity :
Force acting on a charge moving in magnetic field
 
Fm  q v  B
 
Torque,   r F
 
- the direction of new vector
 (A  B ) is normal to the plane that
contain vector A & B  given by Right Hand Rule
 
A B

   
A  B  ( B  A)
Directed
upwards
 
A B
 
B B
 
 
A A
  Directed
B A downwards
   
A  B  ( B  A)
1.3 Measurement and Errors
(*to be explained and carried out during practical)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
• Use appropriate instruments to measure physical quantities : length,
mass, time, temperature, angle, volume and pressure.
• Estimate rough order-of-magnitude of a physical quantity.
• Write the value of a measurement to the correct significant figures.
• Distinguish between systematic errors and random errors.
• Write the uncertainty for all measurements.
• Calculate the uncertainty for average value and derived quantities.
• Determine the uncertainty from a graph.
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 2 :
KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION

1.1 Physical Quantities & Units 1.2 Scalars and Vectors: (1 Hour) (2 Hours)

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Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement

Basic & Derived Scalar & Vector Vectors

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

(b) State derived quantities and their respective units and

(c) Convert units with common SI prefixes

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1 Physical Quantities

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

How fast does light travel? How much do you weigh?

We can find the answers to all of

Measurement of physical quantities is an essential part of

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

Measuring temperature….. ….and time…..

….and weight….. ….and height.

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

SI Units - International System Of Units

Table 1.1 : Base Quantities

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

• a number of the period of vibration of

• 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

• Alternative writing method: Using standard form

This galaxy is about 2.5 × 106 The diameter of this atom

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

kilo Solve all the following

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

The density of metal mercury 1. Convert the following into

1.1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

(a) Define scalar and vector quantities

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

(e) State the physical meaning of dot (scalar) product :

Direction of cross product is determined by corkscrew

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2 Scalars and Vectors

• Scalar quantities are quantities that have magnitude only.

Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

• Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using simple

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

• Vector quantities are quantities that have both

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

• Examples of scalars and vectors

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

Vector Addition Rules

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS

Are use to specify a given direction in space.

|iˆ | = | ĵ| = |k̂ | = 1

1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS

1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS