1. EXPLAIN SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM.

Ans.
1. A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or
functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the
relationships of the blocks. 
2. They are heavily used in engineering in hardware design, electronic
design, software design, and process flow diagrams.
3. Block diagrams are typically used for higher level, less detailed descriptions
that are intended to clarify overall concepts without concern for the details
of implementation.
4. Contrast this with the schematic diagrams and layout diagrams used in
electrical engineering, which show the implementation details of electrical
components and physical construction.

2. EXPLAIN INTERNAL RELAYS.

Ans.
 1. Internal relays are imaginary programmed relays that are not connected to
any real output but have coils and contacts.
2. Since they are not addresses for real outputs, internal relays cannot have
addresses that start with "Q". Instead they have addresses of the user
selection that starts with "M" like "M0.0" or "M1.3".
3. Of course there is a certain number of coils allowed to be programmed in
SIMATIC S7 software which is 2048 internal relay.
4. Internal relays have many uses. One of their common uses is the case when
a certain condition must be used in the operation of more than one rung
(network).

3. EXPLAIN OSCILLATOR.
Ans.
1. An oscillator is a circuit which produces a continuous, repeated, alternating
waveform without any input.
2. Oscillators basically convert unidirectional current flow from a DC source
into an alternating waveform which is of the desired frequency, as decided
by its circuit components.
3. The basic principle behind the working of oscillators can be understood by
analysing the behaviour of an LC tank circuit which employs an inductor L
and a completely pre-charged capacitor C as its components.

4. Here, at first, the capacitor starts to discharge via the inductor, which
results in the conversion of its electrical energy into the electromagnetic
field, which can be stored in the inductor. Once the capacitor discharges
completely, there will be no current flow in the circuit.
 5. However, by then, the stored electromagnetic field would have generated
a back-emf which results in the flow of current through the circuit in the
same direction as that of before. This current flow through the circuit
continues until the electromagnetic field collapses which result in the back-
conversion of electromagnetic energy into electrical form, causing the cycle
to repeat. However, now the capacitor would have charged with the
opposite polarity, due to which one gets an oscillating waveform as the
output.

4. EXPLAIN HOLDING CONTACTS.

Ans.
1. Holding contacts are just normally opened contacts controlled by the
energization of the relay coil.
2. When the cct is energized they are n/o held closed.
3. If they are wired in parallel with a momentary contact button then when
the button is pushed, the relay coil energizes, and the contacts close
effectively "holding" the circuit from opening when the push button is
released.