1

2
Index 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
A & P Technology, 155 braid interlacement patterns, 340 3
acoustic comfort, 190 braided structures, 340 4
acrylic, 194 braided fabrics, 333–53
acrylic fibres, 299 applications of braided structure, 347–51 5
adhesive bonding, 214 braided hoses, 348–9 6
adhesives electrical applications, 350
flocking, 301–3 fibre-reinforced composites, 347–8
7
plastisols, 302–3 medical applications, 350–1 8
solvent-based adhesives, 302 sports applications, 349 9
thermosetting adhesives, 302 wire-braided cords, 351
water-based adhesives, 301–2 wiring harness, 350 20
air-jet spinning, 16–18 braiding, 334–7 1
air-jet compound yarns structure, 17 Maypole braiding, 335–7
technological process, 16 maypole dance, 334–5
2
air-jet texturing, 39–41 classification, 338–44 3
principle, 39 biaxial and triaxial braid construction, 4
air layering, 266 338
allergies, 191 braid interlacement patterns, 340 5
angle-interlock fabrics, 183–4 2D braid structures, 338–9 6
anti-shading treatments, 217 3D solid braided structure, 341–2 7
TRUTRAC anti-shading principle, 218 flat braids, 340–1
apparel, 49–50 hybrid braids, 343 8
hybrid yarns in apparel application, 50 mandrel over-braiding, 339–40 9
Axminster weaving, 211–13 other examples, 343–4
commonly used weave structure, 212 future trends, 351–3 30
weaving cycle of the MAX91 Axminster geometry of braided structure, 344–7 1
loom, 213 A lay, 343 2
braid angle, 344
backcoating, 206–7 extended state, 346 3
backed cloth, 178–9 jammed state, 346 4
illustration of warp- and weft-backed cloth, 179 braided hoses, 348–9
warp-backed cloth, 178–9 hose braiding, 349
5
weft-backed cloth, 179 braided ropes, 60–2 6
backing materials, 205–7 braided rope with jacket, 62 7
primary backing fabrics, 205–6 double-braid or braid-on-braid ropes, 62
secondary backing fabrics, 206 eight-strand plaited ropes, 60–1, 61 8
bare core type yarn, 8 overview, 60 9
basic triaxial weave, 141 single hollow braid ropes, 61–2
BD 340 filea, 32 twelve-strand rope, 61
40
bobbinet lace machine, 327–8 braiding, 334–7 1
bouclé yarn, 80–1 Maypole dancing, 334 2
braid angle braiding technique, 158
braid axis and cover factor calculation, 344 break-out device (BOD), 10 43X

355
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
 356 Index

1 brocade, 250–2 production methods, 5–13

brocade Jacquard design, 252 conventional ring spinning system, 6–9
2 brocade Jacquard design with extra weft siro spinning system, 9–13
3 figure on plain weave ground, 251 types, 1–5
4 brocatelle fabrics, 252 compound yarns with elastomer core, 2–3
button yarn, 84 compound yarns with polyester core, 3–4
5 compound yarns with worsted core, 4–5
6 CAD, 241 cross-section, worsted core-spun yarn, 5
cam shedding system, 226 cross-section diagram, polyester core-spun
7 illustration, 226 yarn, 4
8 carbon fibre composites, 160 longitudinal morphology of polyurethane
9 carpet cleaning, 191 core-spun yarn, 2
Carpet Star, 214 condenser yarns, 94–5
10 cellulosic fibres, 195–6 conductive fibres, 194–5
1 chainette knitting process, 98–101 conductive hybrid yarns, 49–50
basic process, 98–9 continuous filament yarns, 57–8
2 knitting head assembly, 99 conventional ring spinning system, 6–9
3 eyelash or feather yarn refinements, 99–101 compound yarns forming conditions, 8
4 addition of eccentric yarn guide system, technological process of compound yarns,
101 6–7
5 bladed needle placement, 100 wrapping effects factors, 8–9
6 overhead view of eccentric yarn guide, core filament percentage, 9
7 101 core filament tension, 8
yarn path for effect (or hair) yarn in feather twist, 9
8 yarn knitting, 100 core-spun yarns, 1–2
9 chainette yarn, 84–5, 85 CRI Green Labels, 189
chenille, 96–8 crochet, 326
20 spinning machine, 96–8 cross layering, 267
1 chenille spinning, 97 illustration, 268
2 front view of machine, 98 Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key/black (CMYK)
weaving, 96 patterns, 158
3 woven process, 96
4 chenille yarn, 85–6 3D cellular woven fabrics, 184–5
Chinlone, 145 fabric with flat and uneven surfaces, 184
5 circular knitting machine, 114 3D knitted structures
6 circular leno loom, 139 developments, 109–16
7 cloud or grandelle yarn, 82 fully-fashioned 3D knitted fabrics
co-polyester resin (PET) matrix, 42 (near-net-shaped knitted fabrics), 116
8 coloration, 215–16 multiaxial warp-knitted fabrics, 109–12
9 Colorpoint machine, 205 space fabrics (sandwich fabrics), 112–16
Colortec machine, 204–5 3D nonwovens, 264–84
30 combined system, 91–4 future trends, 284
1 changes, 93 high-bulk flat nonwovens, 266–73
2 original combined system, 92 shaped 3D nonwovens, 273–83
commingling, 42–4 three-dimensional shaped structure, 265
3 commingled yarn cross-section, 46 three-dimensional structure of large thickness,
4 commingling machine for hybrid yarn, 45 265
5 commingling process principle, 44 3D solid braids, 341–2
Twintex commingled yarn cross-section, 42 braid formation, 342
6 Twintex process, 43 3D solid woven fabrics, 179–84
7 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial angle-interlock fabrics, 183–4
Research Organisation (CSIRO), 9 cross-sectional view, 184
8 compound yarns, 1–19 multi-layer fabrics, 179–80
9 applications, 13–14 specification, 180
40 future trends, 14–19 orthogonal fabrics, 181–3
air-jet spinning, 16–18 fabric visualisation, 183
1 friction spinning, 18–19 weave repeat size, 180–1
2 product developments, 19 introduction of stitches, 181
raw materials development, 14 layer separation, 181
43X rotor spinning, 14–16 stuffed multi-layered fabrics, 181

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 Index 357

superimposition of weaves, 180–1 doubling systems, 94 1

three-layered fabric development, 180 dyeing, 104
three-layered fabric with self stitching, 182 feed systems, 87–90 2
3D Web Linker, 270 flocking process for chenille-type yarns, 98 3
damask, 249–50 friction-spun yarns, 95–6 4
damask pattern, 250 hollow spindle system, 90–1
reversible damask Jacquard design, 249 making metal threads, 102–4 5
Di-Lour machine, 214 metallic laminate manufacture, 102 6
diamond yarn, 80 ring system, 90
direct charging, 294 rotor-spun yarns, 95
7
direct twist covering, 38 types, 78–87 8
Disperstat W, 217 structure and formation, 78–87 9
dobby shedding system, 227–8 yarn properties, 76
examples of weaves, 228 yarn structures, 75–6 10
principle of the mechanical system, 227 fasciated yarn, 84 1
double needle bed raschel machine, 114 feather yarn, 85
doubling system, 94 feeding systems, 87–90
2
DREFF spinning, 33–5 creating knop yarn, 89 3
core (glass) spun (polypropylene) DREFF creating loop yarn, 88 4
yarn cross-section, 34 fibre coating, 290–7
DREFF friction spinning system, 33–4 flock motions in flocking zone, 290–6 5
new DREFF friction spinning system, 35 DC flocking process, 291 6
Dunlop Mcenroe Mad Racquet, 147–8 high-speed digital CCD camera used for 7
DuraAir, 190 flock motion analysis, 294
dyeing, 104 velocity distribution of flock fibres, 295 8
velocity profile of 1.5 d nylon flock, 293 9
Easyleno system, 137 velocity profile of 3.0 d nylon flock, 293
curved ground warp in fabric, 138 pile generation and flocking process control, 20
straight ground warp in fabric, 138 296–7 1
eccentric yarn, 80 fibre-reinforced composites, 347–8 2
elastane fibre, 2 braided vs cut hole, 348
electro spinning technique, 52–3 filament yarns, 196–7 3
electronic smart structures, 259–60 filament–filament wrapping, 36 4
stitched multi-layered woven structure with filet/lacis work, 326–7
stitches as vias, 260 complex patterns on filet lace, 327
5
electrostatic flocking, 215 sample of filet lace, 327 6
excentral type yarn, 8 fine gold thread, 77 7
eyelash yarn, 85 fineness index, 298
flat braids, 340–1 8
face-to-face weaving, 208–11 braiding sample, 342 9
diagram of Van de Wiele’s SRP92 face-to- Soutache braider, 341
face machine, 210 flat knitting machine, 114
30
multi-frame structure, 209 fleck yarn, 83 1
sisal-look weave structure produced on Flock Activity Meter, 308 2
SLP93 triple-rapier loom, 211 flock fibres
weave diagram for shaggy pile, loop-pile and preparation, 297–300 3
flat weave, 210 Flock-In-Spec Tester, 308 4
Fair Isle-effect, 94 flock substrates, 300–1 5
fancy yarns, 75–107 non-textile substrates, 300–1
applications, 104–6 textile substrates, 300 6
fashion, 105 flocking processes, 303–7 7
housewares, 104 alternating current flocking, 304–5
overview, 105–6 3D object flocking, 306–7 8
future trends, 106–7 automatic flocking line, 307 9
history, 76–8 schematic of electrostatic–pneumatic 3D 40
production methods, 87–104 object flocking principle, 307
chainette knitting process, 98–101 direct current flocking, 305–6 1
chenille, 96–8 schematic illustration, 305 2
combined systems, 91–4 handheld electrostatic/pneumatic 3D flocking
condenser yarns, 94–5 device, 303
43X

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 358 Index

1 mechanical flocking, 304 hybrid yarns

schematic of mechanical flocking, 304 applications, 49–52
2 flocking techniques, 287–316 apparel, 49–50
3 adhesives for flocking, 301–3 industrial applications, 51–2
4 flock, flocking and applications, 288–9 non-apparel, 50–1
principle of flocking process, 288 developments, 21–54
5 flock fibres and preparation, 297–300 different types of hybrid yarns, 23
6 flocking processes, 303–7 future trends, 52–3
flocking substrates, 300–1 production methods, 26–49
7 future trends, 314–15 types, 22–3
8 market trends, 289–90 yarn developments, 23
9 flock consumption, 290 structures and properties, 24–6
new developments, 311–14 basic structure, 24
10 fibre graphics transfer, 313 structures based on production method,
1 flat screen carousel for multicolour flock 25–6
printing of T-shirt, 313
2 flocked thermoplastic tray, 312 Individually Controlled Needle, 204
3 insulation material for aerospace indoor air quality, 190
4 application, 314 International Wool Secretariat (IWS), 9
transfer-printed flocked fabric, 311 interwoven fabrics
5 testing and quality assurance, 308–11 applications, 164–86
6 Chisel Abrasion Tester, 310 areas, 168
7 Flock Activity Meter, 309 definition and classification, 164–5
Flock-In-Spec tester, 310 future trends, 186
8 Siftability Tester, 309 properties and applications, 185–6
9 textometer with ring electrode, 308 structural features, 165–7
theory of fibre coating, 290–7 3D solid fabrics, 165–7
20 floss silk, 78 samples of 3D solid fabrics, 167
1 friction spinning, 18–19 simulated images, 166
2 technological process, 18 single-layered fabrics, 165
friction-spun yarns, 95–6 structure and design, 168–85
3 Full Repeat Scroll system, 201 backed cloth, 178–9
4 crossover types and notation on weave
gauze, 123–4 design paper, 169
5 Gemeinschaft Umweltfreundlichen 3D cellular woven fabrics, 184–5
6 Teppichboden, 191 3D solid woven fabrics, 179–84
7 GEnx engine, 155 single-layered fabrics, 169–78
Ghiordes knot, 319 weave design paper, 168
8 gimp yarn, 79–80
9 gimp yarn effect, 89–90 Jacquard harness tie, 234–8
grenadine, 124 border harness tie, 238
30 centre or pointed harness ties, 236
1 HandLook Carpet Pioneer HCP X2, 210 harness tie calculations in mixed tie, 237
2 high-bulk flat nonwovens, 266–73 harness tie calculations of border tie, 238
air laying, 266 limitations, 238–41
3 airlaid webs with local surface projections, variable density Jacquard harness, 240
4 272 mixed harness ties, 237
5 cross layering, 268 simple presentation of straight harness ties,
Nepco 3D web linking process, 272 235
6 parallel layering, 267 straight harness ties, 235
7 perpendicular layering, 268 Jacquard shedding system, 229
reciprocating vertical lapper, 269 construction, 229–41
8 rotating vertical lapper, 269 electronic Jacquard, 230, 231–2
9 vertical lapper with shark plate electronic needle selector, 232
40 belt folding elements, 271 Jacquard harness tie and types, 234–8
circular folding elements, 271 Jacquard size, 233–4
1 high-performance fibres, 58 limitations of Jacquard harness tie, 238–41
2 Hollow CAD, 185 mechanical Jacquard, 229, 230–1
hollow spindle system, 36, 90–1 mechanical Jacquard conversion to
43X hybrid braids, 343 electronic needle/hook selection, 232–3

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 Index 359

Jacquard size, 233–4 types, 321–6 1

standard British Jacquard sizes, 233 crochet, 326
standard Continental Jacquard sizes, 233 lace, 323–5 2
Jacquard woven fabrics, 223–62 Macramé, 322–3 3
applications, 254–6 nets, 321–2 4
dome shape, 255 Turkish fabric, 325–6
seamless woven air bag, 256 knotting, 318 5
artworks conversion to woven patterns, 241–2 6
illustration, 242 La Verra Perfettione del Disegno, 321
cam shedding system, 226 lace, 323–5, 331
7
dobby shedding system, 227–8 laid ropes, 59–60 8
formation of shed during plain weave other laid ropes, 59 9
construction, 225 three-strand ropes, 59, 60
future trends, 259–62 structure levels, 59 10
automatic repair of warp breaks, 261 laminating, 206–7 1
automatic weave/colour selection, 260–1 latex emulsion, 301
electronic smart structures, 259–60 layering, 266
2
flexible comber board, 261–2 parallel layering, 267 3
Jacquard machine construction, 229–41 leavers machines, 328 4
Jacquard shedding system, 229 leno, 124–5
plain weave, 224 leno heald system, 125–8 5
recent development, 242–9 bottom doups of twine leno heald system, 127 6
Jakob Muller MDLA Jacquard shedding metallic leno heald system, 126, 128 7
system, 247–9 top doups of twine leno heald system, 127
UNISHED Jacquard shedding system, twine leno heald system, 125, 128 8
242–4 leno-weave fabric sheds, 129–33 9
UNIVAL 100 Jacquard shedding system, crossing shed of innovated metallic leno
244–7 heald, 132 20
structures and properties, 257–9 crossing shed of metallic leno heald 1
weave/abrasion resistance, 258–9 system, 129 2
weave/tear resistance, 257–8 crossing shed of twine leno heald system, 129
weave/tensile strength, 258 innovated metallic leno heald, 132 3
woven fabric patterns, 249–54 opening shed of innovated metallic leno 4
‘Jactuator,’ 244–5 heald, 133
Jakob Muller MDLA Jacquard shedding system, opening shed of metallic leno heald system,
5
247–9 130 6
heddle and hook elements, 248 opening shed of twine leno heald system, 130 7
standard shed of innovated metallic leno
Kemafil Machine Model 3602, 48 heald, 133 8
KEMAFIL technology, 47–8 standard shed of metallic leno heald system, 9
Kevlar, 297, 299, 349 131
Kevlar rope, 73 standard shed of twine leno heald system, 131
30
knitting, 214–15 leno-weave fabrics, 118–39 1
knop effect, 89 applications, 134–6 2
knop yarn, 82 biomedical plaster casts, 135–6
knotted fabrics, 318–31 fashion and home textiles, 134 3
applications, 329–31 filters, 136 4
lace, 331 grinding wheel reinforcement, 134–5 5
Macramé, 330 laminating fabrics, 135
nets, 329–30 lightweight membranes, 135 6
future trends, 331 shelter and storage, 136 7
Ghiordes form of knotting, 319 fabrics with leno-weave, 123–5
production methods, 326–9 future trends, 136–9 8
bobbinet lace machine, 327–8 Easyleno, 137 9
filet/lacis work, 326–7 other trends, 139 40
leavers machines, 328 PosiLeno, 139
Macramé bobbins, 328 Powerleno, 137–9 1
Raschel machine, 328–9 production, 125–33 2
Schiffli machine, 329 leno heald system, 125–8
Senneh form of knotting, 320 sheds, 129–33
43X

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 360 Index

1 properties, 133–4 other fields, 112

structure, 119–23 train and ship manufacture, 111–12
2 all over gauze, 120 wind power generation, 112
3 fancy leno, 123 illustration, 110
4 leno-weave, 119 production methods, 110–11
one-twist-two gauze, 121 equipment, 110
5 stationary end, crossing end, weft, 119 fabric texture, 111
6 symmetrical gauze, 120 materials, 111
three-weft leno, 122 properties, 110
7 two-twist double-weft gauze, 122 shear properties, 110
8 weave structure, 119 tensile properties, 110
9 looms, 158 structure, 109–10
loop yarn, 81 Multiple-layer braid, 343
10 low-twist ropes, 63–5
1 advantages and disadvantages, 63 nanofibre technology, 52
kernmantle rope, 64–5 NASA Aviation Safety and Security Program, 155
2 parafil rope, 63–4 NASA Glenn Research Centre, 155
3 parallel-strand rope, 64 needling, 213–14
4 wire-rope constructions, 65 negative feeding device, 7
Lycra, 2 nepp yarn, 83
5 Lycra 3D, 14 nets, 321–2, 329–30
6 Lyocell, 297, 299 bobbinet tulle, 323
7 fruit captured in knotted net to allow full
Macramé, 322–3, 330 circulation, 322
8 section used in wall hanging, 324 Nomex, 297, 299
9 Macramé bobbins, 328 non-apparel, 50–1
Mad Raq, 147–8 hybrid yarns in non-apparel applications, 50
20 Madeline’s Racquet see Mad Raq nonwoven fabric, 264
1 Mandrel over-braiding, 339–40 nylon, 58, 192
2 illustration, 339 nylon fibres, 298
marl yarn, 79
3 marshmallow yarn see pompom yarn olefins, 58
4 matelasse fabrics, 252 OMNIplus-6-J 250, 246
fabric design, 253 open end spinning, 22
5 MAX91, 212 orthogonal fabrics, 181–3
6 Maxbraid PE sutures, 350–1
7 Maypole braiding, 335–7 parallel winding, 44–5
a maypole braiding machine, 335 flow chart, 47
8 arrangement of circular braiding, 336 patterning systems, 200–5
9 yarn carrier arrangement, 337 colour interchange systems, 204–5
yarn length changes, 337 Individually Controlled Needle, 204
30 melt-blowing, 281–2 combinations of patterning attachments, 203
1 melt-bonding fibres, 194 crossover structures, 200–5
2 MEMS accelerometers, 261 module of a staggered needlebar, 203
merquisette, 124 perpendicular layering, 267–8
3 metallic laminate manufacture, 102 illustration, 268
4 combined hollow spindle system, 103 pile carpets, 188–219
5 metallic thread, 77, 102 Axminster weaving, 211–13
method used to spin metal thread around a backing materials, back-coating and
6 core, 104 laminating, 205–7
7 metallic yarn, 86–7 chemical and other treatments, 216–17
pearl purl, 86 anti-shading treatments, 217
8 supported slit film yarn, 87 antistatic treatments, 217
9 mirroring method, 175 flame-resistant treatments, 217
40 mock-chenille yarn, 80 hygienic finishes, 216–17
MULtiaxial machine, 110 insect-resistance treatments, 217
1 multiaxial warp-knitted fabrics, 109–12 stain and soil resistance, 216
2 applications, 111–12 coloration, 215–16
aeronautical and astronautics fields, 111 environmental considerations, 190–2
43X construction, 112 health and cleanliness, 190–1

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 Index 361

manufacturing, 191–2 Robotic Fibre Assembly and Control System, 1

positive effects, 190 281
face-to-face weaving, 208–11 ropes 2
market background, 188–90 developments and technology, 56–74 3
needling, 213–14 braided ropes, 60–2 4
other manufacturing methods, 214–15 laid ropes, 59–60
pile fibres, 192–6 low-twist ropes, 63–5 5
pile yarns, 196–8 ropes usage, 71–4 6
textile sports surfaces, 217–19 history, 56–7
composite surface structure, 219 rope construction on ropewalk, 57
7
tufting, 198–205 manufacturing technology, 65–9 8
wireloom weaving, 207–8 braid paths, 69 9
pile fibres, 192–6 braided ropes, 68
acrylic, 194 integral rope-making machine, 68 10
cellulosic fibres, 195–6 new machinery and new routes, 65–7 1
conductive fibres, 194–5 parafil ropes, 68
melt-bonding fibres, 194 planetary strander, 67
2
nylon, 192 post-production treatments, 69 3
others, 196 strand production, 67 4
polyester, 193–4 three-(and four-) strand ropes, 67–8
polypropylene, 193 three-strand rope production sequence, 66 5
self-disinfecting fibres, 195 tubular strander, 67 6
wool, 195 new fibres, 57–8 7
pile yarns, 196–8 continuous filament yarns, 57–8
filament yarns, 196–7 high-performance fibres, 58 8
diagram of texturing unit, 197 nylon, 58 9
spun yarns, 197–8 olefins, 58
pillar stitch, 109 polyester, 58 20
plain derivative weave, 172–3 post-1950 developments, 57 1
basket weave, 173 terminations, 69–71 2
plain weave extension, 172 barrel-and spike termination, 70
plain weave, 169 external grips, 71 3
structure and diagram, 170 knots, 69 4
plastisols, 302–3 mechanical terminations, 70
polyester, 58, 193–4 socketed terminations, 70
5
polyester fibres, 299 splice in double braid rope, 70 6
poly(ethylene terepthalate), 193–4 splices, 69–70 7
poly(lactic acid) fibre, 196 usage, 71–4
polypropylene, 42, 193 deepwater mooring, 71–2 8
poly(trimethylene terepthalate), 193–4 diversity and specialisation, 71 9
pompom yarn, 86 load-elongation curves for yachting ropes,
PosiLeno, 139 73
30
positive feeding device, 7 sailing, 72–3 1
Powerleno system, 137–9 two unusual uses, 73–4 2
rotor core spun, 32
QISO triaxial braid, 149 rotor folded spun, 32 3
Quadraxial fabrics, 158 rotor spinning, 14–16, 31–2 4
core-spun yarn, 31 5
Raschel machine, 328–9 core-spun yarn by modified rotor spinning
rayon flocks, 298–9 process, 32 6
recycling, 192 rotor spinning principle for compound yarns, 7
Rick-rack braid, 343 15
ring spinning, 27–31, 90 rotor-spun yarns, 95 8
ARC spinning system, 29 rotor wrapped spun, 32 9
conventional ring spinning core-spun system, Rotorcraft’s Rotorcraft Compact Spinning 40
27 system, 28–30
elasto yarn by combined core-spun and 1
siro-spun process, 30 satin/sateen weaves, 171–2 2
retro feed, 29 diagram for 7-end satin with M = 4
SRRC core wrap spinning system, 28 warp-wise, 172
43X

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 362 Index

1 schappe technology, 49 structure, 112–13

Schiffli machine, 329 warp-knitted space fabrics, 113
2 self-disinfecting fibres, 195 spandex, 2
3 Senneh knot, 319–20 spangles, 77
4 illustration, 320 spiral corkscrew yarn, 79
shaped 3D nonwovens, 273–83 splicing method, 69
5 air-laid 3D shaped nonwoven products, 282 spun yarns, 197–8
6 air-laying 3D shaped nonwoven process, 280 Square braid, 343–4
felt hat, 274 SRP92, 209
7 fibre coating of gloves, 277 Star of David pattern, 155
8 fibre reinforced shaped perform, 277 stretch breaking, 45–7
9 meltblown 3D nonwovens process, 283 process, 47
nonwoven bra cup production, 275 stripe yarn, 82
10 nonwoven clothing production, 279 STRUTO Vertical Lapper, 267–8
1 process for making nonwoven glove, 276
thermally bonded shaped nonwovens, 278 Tactel, 14
2 Siftability Tester, 308 tape yarn, 84
3 silver thread, 77 tapestry, 252–4
4 single-layered fabrics, 169–78 tapestry Jacquard design, 254
derivative weaves, 172–8 Tapestry Rug Pioneer TRP92, 210
5 plain derivative weave, 172–3 tartan, 157
6 twill derivative weaves, 173–8 Tencel, 297, 299
7 elementary weaves, 169–72 Textometer, 308
original satin/sateen weaves, 171–2 thermal comfort, 190
8 original twill weave, 170–1 thermosetting adhesives, 302
9 plain weave, 169 ‘Thinking Carpet,’ 189–90
single-wall carbon nanotubes, 53 triaxial braiding, 155
20 siro spinning system, 9–13 triaxial weaving, 146–7
1 spinning parameters effects on yarn triaxial woven fabrics, 141–61, 154
2 properties, 10–13 aesthetics, 157–8
convergence guide, 12 Star of David pattern, 157
3 drafting ratio and roving linear density, 13 applications, 154–7
4 front zone condenser, 12 medium triaxial woven sphere, 156
strand spacing, 11–12 sparse triaxial woven sphere, 156
5 traveller number, 12 basic patterns, 141–43
6 twist multiplier, 13 dense triaxial weave, 143
7 technological process, 9–10, 10 herringbone triaxial weave, 143
siro spinning principle, 11 medium triaxial weave, 142
8 Sirospun yarn, 9 sparse triaxial weave, 142
9 slub yarn, 83 classification, 148
snarl yarn, 81–2, 82 density, 148
30 solvent-based adhesives, 302 fibre spacing, 148
1 Southern Regional Research Centre, 28 geometry, 148
2 space fabrics, 112–16 holes, 148
applications, 115–16 symmetries, 148
3 automobile textiles, 116 unit cell size, 148
4 composites, 116 developments, 141–61
5 garments, 115 advantages, 153–4
home textiles, 115 future trends, 160–1
6 medicine, 116 properties, 152–3
7 sports equipment, 115 history, 144–8
production methods, 114–15 sepak takraw balls (dense weave), 144
8 equipment, 114 triaxial tennis racquet, 147
9 fabric texture, 115 woven basket, 145
40 materials, 114 woven light shade, 146
properties, 113–14 manufacturing, 158–60
1 air permeability, 113 rotating wheel with mounted spindles, 159
2 compression elasticity, 113 variations, 148–52
moisture absorption and conductivity, 114 checquerboard triaxial weave, 151
43X sound absorption and conductivity, 114 double sparse triaxial weave, 149

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

 Index 363

double sparse triaxial weave II, 149 UNISHED Jacquard shedding system, 242–4 1
herringbone triaxial weave (1,2 twill Grosse’s UNISHED 2 mounted on the
variation), 151 weaving machine frame, 243 2
herringbone triaxial weave (2,2 twill shed formation principle, 243 3
variation), 150 UNISHED 1 vs UNISHED 2, 244 4
less regular triaxial weave, 152 UNIVAL 100 Jacquard shedding system,
sparse herringbone triaxial weave, 150 244–7 5
tribo-charging, 294 principle of shed formation in the UNIVAL 6
tricot stitch, 109 200, 247
TRUTRAC machine, 217 shed formation, 245
7
tufting, 198–205 shed formation in UNIVAL 200, 247 8
patterning systems, 200–5 Staubli’s UNIVAL 100 Jacquard machine, 9
colour interchange systems, 204–5 245
combinations of patterning attachments, US patent #5 707 711, 256 10
203 1
crossover structures, 200–5 volatile organic compounds, 191
yarn tensioning systems, 200–1
2
principles, 198–200 walking comfort, 190 3
actions in cut-pile tufting, 199 water-based adhesives, 301–2 4
tulle and net, 124 wire-rope constructions, 65
Turkish fabric, 325–6 other wire rope, 66 5
twill derivative weaves, 173–8 six-strand wire rope, 66 6
entwined twill, 177 wireloom weaving, 207–8 7
example of compounded twills, 174 three-frame sculptured pile carpet, 208
mirroring method, 176 two-frame cut/loop structures with loops, 208 8
mirroring method for herringbone weave, 177 wool, 195 9
mirroring method for horizontal and vertical wrap spinning, 35–9, 36
waved weave, 176 core (glass filament)/wrap (polypropylene 20
reinforce twills, 174 filament) hollow spindle yarn cross- 1
step number change, 175 section, 39 2
twill weaves, 170–1 hollow spindle unit attachment, 38
2/1 twill construction, 170 wrap yarn by hollow spindle process, 37 3
examples of sateen and satin weave, 171 wrapping fibres, 1–2 4
weave for 3/1 twill, 171
Twintex, 42 yarn tensioning systems, 200–1
5
two-weft gauze, 121 cut/loop tufting, 202 6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
1
2
43X

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011