Design of Beams-Part-3 PDF

DESIGN OF STEEL BEAMS
PART-I
Design of Steel Structures
By: Dr. S. R Dash
Slide No. 2
WHAT IS A BEAM
 A beam is a structural member subjected to
transverse loads and negligible axial loads.
 It transfers the load principally by means of

flexural or bending action
 Various examples include:

 Beams in buildings
 Crane (gantry) girders
 Bridge deck girders
 Rafters on roof truss
 Purlin on roof truss
Slide No. 3
VARIOUS STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
Slide No. 4
CHOICE OF BEAM SECTION BASED ON SPAN
Slide No. 5
FAILURE MODES OF BEAMS
 The behavior is different for short and restrained beams and long or unrestrained beams
 Failure for short restrained beam: Excessive bending leading to collapse
 Failure of long (or unrestrained) beam: Lateral torsional buckling
 Other failure modes of beams (both types) include:

Local buckling of
i) Thin flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due to concentrated loads
Local failure/rupture by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
Slide No. 6
 Behaviour of Short/Restrained Beams
What are restrained beams:
Beams, that are restrained against lateral

sway
Slide No. 7
 In Bending
Short beams exhibit 'plastic' behavior

 When external loads are increased,
the extreme fibers yields
 Any further increase in Load, results in
gradual yielding of the entire section.
 A Plastic Hinge is formed at the
maximum stressed location
Slide No. 8
 In Bending
Bending stress in cross section at different stages of loading

Slide No. 9
 In Bending
The beam fails by a collapse mechanism after sufficient number of Plastic hinges
are formed along the length.
Slide No. 10
 In Bending
 Which section is capable of

developing full plasticity..?
Moment-Rotation behavior of the four classes of cross-sections

Slide No. 11
 Which section is capable of developing full plasticity..?
Type of Element Type of Class of Section

Section/
action Plastic Compact Semi-compact
Outstand element of Rolled b/t  9.4 b/t  10.5 b/t  15.7

compression flange
Welded b/t  8.4 b/t  9.4 b/t  13.6
Internal element of bending b/t  29.3 b/t  33.5 b/t  42

compression flange
Axial not applicable b/t  42
comp.
Web NA at mid d/ tw d/ tw d/ tw
depth  84.0  105  126
Angles bending b/t  9.4 b/t  10.5 b/t  15.7
Axial not applicable b/t  15.7

comp. (b+d)/t  25
Circular tube Bending D/t  422 D/t  522 D/t  1462
Slide No. 12
 For reading above

table the values of
b, d, tf and tw
Slide No. 13
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON WIDTH -THICKNESS
RATIO
 Plastic or Compact sections

are preferable.
Slide No. 14
 Moment of Resistance in Bending
 Development of plasticity in a beam considering idealised stress-strain curve
Slide No. 15
Slide No. 16
Slide No. 17
Slide No. 18
My = Moment of resistance when extreme fibers are at yield

= fy x I/y = fy x Ze (Ze = Elastic section modulus)
Mp = Moment of resistance when all the fibers of cross section are at yield
= fy x (At x yt’ + Ac x yc’)
= fy x Zp (Zp = Plastic section modulus)
Slide No. 19
 Members with thin webs (d/tw > 67 ε): Shear buckling of web before yielding
 Members with stocky webs (d/tw ≤ 67 ε): No shear buckling of web before
yielding
Slide No. 20
 Members with thin webs (d/tw > 67 ε): Shear buckling of web before yielding
 Only flanges are considered to resist bending moment and axial loads and web resists
Shear force. fy
Thin webs
fy
Slide No. 21
 Interaction between moment of resistance and shear capacity:
 Members with Stocky webs (d/tw ≤ 67 ε): No shear buckling of web before yielding
 Hence, the interaction of shear and moment to be considered in design.
fy
0.6Vp
fy
Slide No. 22
 Behaviour of long/ un-restrained Beams
Slide No. 23
 Behaviour of Long/ un-restrained Beams
 Lateral Torsional buckling
If the beams are long , then they fail by

Lateral Torsional Buckling Mode before
attaining the Plastic Moment Capacity,
Mp
Slide No. 24
Lateral-torsional buckling is a limit-state of structural usefulness where the deformation
of a beam changes from predominantly in-plane deflection to a combination of
lateral deflection and twisting while the load capacity remains first constant, before
dropping off due to large deflections.
Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam

Slide No. 25
 The analytical aspects of determining the lateral torsional buckling strength are quite
complex, and close form solutions exist only for the simplest cases.
Experimental
Specimen
Slide No. 26
 Factors affecting Lateral Torsional buckling
 • Distance between lateral supports to the compression flange.

 • Restraints at the ends and at intermediate support locations (boundary conditions).
 • Type and position of the loads.
 • Moment gradient along the length.
 • Type of cross-section.
 • Non-prismatic nature of the member.
 • Material properties.
 • Magnitude and distribution of residual stresses.
 • Initial imperfections of geometry and loading.
Slide No. 27
 How to say a beam is laterally restrained or unrestrained?
 A beam can be considered as laterally restrained if: (Cl. 8.2.1 and 8.2.2)
 Compression flange has full lateral restraint
 When a floor connection to the compression flange is capable of resting a lateral force not
less than 2.5% of the maximum force in the compression flange of the member
 Bending is about minor axis of the section
 Section is hollow (rectangular/tubular) or solid bars
 In case of major axis bending, where  LT < 0.4
( LT = Non-dimensional slenderness ratio for lateral torsional buckling)
Slide No. 28
THANK YOU
PART-II
By: Dr. S. R Dash
Slide No. 30
BEAM DESIGN (AS PER IS-800)
Slide No. 31
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a

beam due to external actions shall satisfy
M Md
Slide No. 32
Laterally Supported Beam Design Laterally Un-Supported Beam Design

(Short (restrained) Beams) (Long (un-restrained) Beams)
Web shear buckling
No shear buckling of
web before yielding
before yielding
(d/tw > 67 ε) (d/tw ≤ 67 ε)
Thin web section Thick web section
With Low Shear With High Shear

(V < 0.6 Vd) (V > 0.6 Vd)
1 2 3 4
Slide No. 33
BEAM DESIGN (AS PER IS-800):DESIGN BENDING STRENGTH
 For (1) Laterally Supported Beam with slender webs, d / tw > 67
 When the flanges are plastic/compact/semi-compact

but the web is slender
 Design bending strength (Md) can be found by any of the following:

 (a) Flanges resist BM and Axial force, and Web resists only the shear
 (b) Whole section resists bending moment and axial force, and web has to
be designed for combined shear and its share of normal stress.
Slide No. 34
 For (1) Laterally Supported Beam with slender webs, d / tw > 67
 Design bending strength (Md) considering

 (a) Flanges resist BM and Axial force, and Web resists only the shear
Md = Z p fy / m0  1.5 Ze fy / m0
 Z p = Plastic modulus considering only flanges

 Z e = Elastic section modulus of the section
Slide No. 35
 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

 [Sections with stocky webs, d / tw  67 and V < 0.6 Vd]
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0 (SS Beam)

 1.5 Ze fy / m0 (Cantilever Beam)
Where,
b = 1.0 for Plastic and compact section
= Ze/Zp for semi-compact section
Slide No. 36

 Effect of holes on Md
 Ideal Location for Holes:

 In Webs: At sections of low shear
 In Flanges: At sections of low B.M.
Slide No. 37

 Holes in the tension flange have no effect on Md when

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9
(i.e., Check to see the net rupture capacity is more than gross yielding capacity)
 When the above is not satisfied,

f y Anf f y Anf
M d  b Z p  1.2Z e
 m 0 Agf  m 0 Agf
Slide No. 38

 Clause 8.2.1.4: Holes in the tension flange have no effect on Md when

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9
(Check to see the net rupture capacity is more than gross yielding capacity)
 When the above is not satisfied,

f y Anf f y Anf
M d  b Z p  1.2Z e
 m 0 Agf  m 0 Agf
Slide No. 39

 Fastener holes in the compression zone of the cross-section

need not be considered in design bending strength calculation,
except for oversize and slotted holes or holes without any
fastener.
Slide No. 40
 For (3) Laterally Supported Beam with High shear (Cl. 9.2.2)
 [Sections with stocky webs, d / tw  67 and V > 0.6 Vd]
• For plastic and compact sections

Mdv = Md –β (Md - Mfd) ≤ 1.2 Zefy/γm0
• For Semi-compact sections

Mdv = Zefy/γm0
Where, β = [2V/Vd - 1]2

Mdv= Design bending strength under high shear
Md = Design bending strength under low shear
Mfd = Plastic strength of section excluding shear area
Slide No. 41
 How to find out shear strength (Vd), to check for high or low shear case..?
Slide No. 42
 How to find out shear strength (Vd), to check for high or low shear case..?
fy
 Design Shear Strength Vd  Av
 m0  3
Where, A v = Shear Area

Design Shear Strength Should be > Design Shear Force
(Shear is rarely a problem in rolled steel beams..)
Slide No. 43
Shear area (Av)

For various
sections
Slide No. 44
 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam
Theoretical
Slide No. 45
Assumptions made in the determination of buckling load:

 Beam initially undistorted
 Elastic behavior
 Loaded by equal and opposite moments in the plane of
the web
 No residual stresses
 Ends are simply supported vertically and laterally.
Slide No. 46
Actual
behaviour
Slide No. 47
Md = b Zp fbd
fbd = design stress in bending, obtained as, fbd = LT fy /γm0
LT = reduction factor to account for lateral torsional buckling
LT = 0.21 for rolled section,

LT = 0.49 for welded section
Slide No. 48
 fcr,b depends on the slenderness ratio of the member = KL/r = LLT/r
 LLT = Effective length of Beam for lateral torsional buckling calculation

Slide No. 49

Slide No. 50

Slide No. 51

 For the ease of design,
 fcr,b can be read from table-14 of IS-800 for known KL/r (LLT/r) and h/tf
 Then for known fcr,b and fy, fbd can be read from Table-13
 Table-13(a) is for rolled section (i.e., LT = 0.21)
 Table-13(b) is for Built-up section (i.e., LT = 0.49)
 From fbd, Md can be easily estimated as: b Zp fbd

Slide No. 52
 Check for deflection of beam (Limit state of serviceability)
 Deflection is checked at Working loads

 Actual deflection < Allowable deflection (Table 6 of the Code)
 Allowable deflection depends on cladding
 Ranges between L/120 (elastic cladding) to L/300 (brittle cladding)
 Only Live Load deflection is of concern in completed structure, since Dead
Load deflection is often compensated by Cambering
Slide No. 53
 Check for deflection of beam (Limit state of serviceability)

Slide No. 54
THANK YOU
PART-III
By: Dr. S. R Dash
Slide No. 56
 The behavior is different for short and restrained beams and long or unrestrained beams
 Failure for short restrained beam: Excessive bending leading to collapse
 Failure of long (or unrestrained) beam: Lateral torsional buckling
Other failure modes of beams (both types) include:

Local buckling of
i) Thin flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
Web Buckling
iii) Web in compression due to concentrated loads
Local failure/rupture by
i) Yield of web by shear
Web Crippling
ii) Crushing of web
Slide No. 57
OTHER MODES OF FAILURE OF BEAMS
When the shear capacity of a beam is exceeded, the

‘shear failure’ occurs by excessive shear yielding of the
gross area of the webs as shown. Shear yielding is very
rare in rolled steel beams.
Shear yielding near support
Under concentrated loads and

reactions, thin webs may fail due to
Web Crippling Web buckling Web Crushing

Slide No. 58
OTHER MODES OF FAILURE OF BEAMS: WEB BUCKLING
LE 0.7d
 
d/2 b1 n1
ry ry
Iy t3 t
ry    Buckling Class - c
A 12t 2 3
d/2
450 LE 2 3 d
 0.7d  2.5
ry t t
(B) (A) Under Reaction at Supports Pwb  (b1  n1 ) t f cd
(A) (B) Under Concentrated Load Pwb  (b1  2n1 ) t f cd
Effective width for web buckling Design Check, R or W ≤ Pwb

Slide No. 59
OTHER MODES OF FAILURE OF BEAMS: WEB CRIPPLING
(B)
b1
b1 n2
(A)
Root radius
b1 = Stiff Bearing Width
(A) Under Reaction at Support) Pcrip  (b1  n2 ) t f yw / m 0
(B) Under Concentrated Load Pcrip  (b1  2n2 ) t f yw / m 0
Design Check, R or W ≤ Pcrip

Slide No. 60
OTHER MODES OF FAILURE OF BEAMS: BUCKLING OF FLANGE
 Buckling of flanges occur for very wide flanges
 Flangebuckling failure can be avoided by providing additional flange
plates which reduces the b/tf ratio of the flange.
 Toavoid buckling of compression flange into the web, the following need
to be satisfied.
d/tw ≤ 345 εf2
εf = Yield stress ratio of web = √(250/fy-flange)

Slide No. 61
 Design Procedure for Beams

Slide No. 62
1. Ascertain the loads acting on the beam. Using appropriate partial load
factors , calculate the ultimate B.M. and S.F. and the required section
modulus. (Assume initially the beam as Laterally Supported with low Shear)
2 .Select the lightest section from the IS 800 or IS Handbook No. 1. Use MB
sections as they are readily available in the market. Classify section based
on b/t ratios using Table 2 of code
Slide No. 63
3. Determine whether the section chosen is laterally supported or

unsupported.
4. Add self-weight of designed section and find design beniding moment.
5. Find Design Moment capacity - Clause 8.2.1.2
6. Check for shear as per Clause 8.4 of code. If the shear force is more than
60% of the shear capacity, change the moment capacity of the section.
Slide No. 64
7. Carryout final design check: M ≤ Md
8. Check the web for buckling and crippling as per Clause 8.7.3 & 8.7.4 for
concentrated loads (if any) and for reactions and the supports.
9. Check for deflection, as per Table 6 of the code.

Slide No. 65
SUMMARY: DESIGN OF BEAMS
 Beams are structural members that support loads that are applied
transverse to their longitudinal axis
 They resist the load primarily by bending and shear.
 The sections are classified as plastic, compact, semi-compact and

slender depending on w/t ratios of the individual elements.
 Local buckling can be prevented by limiting the width-to-thickness ratios.

Slide No. 66
 Beams attain their full plastic moment capacity, when the compression
flange is restrained by roofing, and the sections chosen are plastic or
compact.
 When the beam is long, lateral-torsional buckling occurs. This is similar

to that of Euler buckling of columns.
A simplified design approach has been presented by IS-800 to deal with

lateral torsional buckling of beams
Slide No. 67
 Factors that affect the behaviour of beams include: type of cross section,
type of loading, support conditions, restraint from other members, level
of application of transverse load, effects of plasticity, residual stresses
and imperfections.
 Single effective length factor only is specified for restraints against

lateral bending, and increased by 20% when restraints are not provided
for warping.
Slide No. 68
 The stiffness and strength required for the bracings (which are used to
alter the lateral torsional buckling behaviour) are also provided.
 Theeffect of type of loading can be included by specifying an equivalent

uniform moment factor.
 The code gives expressions for the elastic critical moment for lateral
torsional buckling, Mcr for symmetric and mono symmetric beams only.
Refer AISC Codes for other sections
Slide No. 69
 Shear forces may control short beams which carry heavy concentrated
loads.
 The beams should not excessively deflect or vibrate during the service
life of the structure
 Webbuckling, web crippling, web and flange holes, purlins, and biaxial
bending have been given consideration in the design process by IS-800.
Slide No. 70
 Example-1
Slide No. 71
 Example-1- Solution
Slide No. 72
Slide No. 73
Slide No. 74
You can also consider Shear

capacity as:
fy
Vd  Av
 m0  3
Slide No. 75
d/2 b1 n1
d/2
450
Slide No. 76
(B)
b1
b1 n2
(A)
Root radius
Slide No. 77
Slide No. 78
 Example-2
Check the adequacy of ISMB 450 to carry a uniformly distributed load of 24

kN/m over a span of 6 m. Both ends of the beam are attached to the
flanges of columns by double web cleat. The beam is simply supported in a
vertical plane, and at the ends the beam is fully restrained against lateral
deflection and twist with no rotational restraint in plan at its ends.
Slide No. 79
 Example-2: Solution
Section Properties ISMB 450
Depth (h) = 450 mm

Width (B) = 150 mm
Web thickness (tw) = 9.4 mm
Flange thickness, (tf) = 17.4 mm
Radius of gyration about minor axis, ry = 30.1 mm
Plastic modulus about major axis, Zp = 1533.36 x 103 mm3
Slide No. 80
Section Classification
Slide No. 81
Slide No. 82
Slide No. 83
Slide No. 84
THANK YOU
PART-IV- BEAM SPLICES
By: Dr. S. R Dash
Slide No. 86
DESIGN OF BEAM SPLICES: HOW..?
 In a beam splice there is a small gap between the two beam ends. For small beam
sections, single cover plates may be adequate for the flanges and web. For symmetric
cross sections, a symmetric arrangement of cover plates is normally used, irrespective of
the relative magnitudes of the design forces in the flanges.
 Sometimes the connection can also be made using end plates.
Beam Splice using flange and

web splice plates Beam Splice using end plates
Slide No. 87
 In a beam splice there is a small gap between the two beam ends. For small beam
sections, single cover plates may be adequate for the flanges and web. For symmetric
cross sections, a symmetric arrangement of cover plates is normally used, irrespective of
the relative magnitudes of the design forces in the flanges.
 Sometimes the connection can also be made using end plates.
Beam Splice using flange and

Beam Splice using end plates web splice plates
Slide No. 88
 Ideal location of beam splicing : Close to the point of inflection
Slide No. 89
 Various Beam to Beam Connections
Slide No. 90
Slide No. 91
Slide No. 92
Slide No. 93
Slide No. 94
DESIGN OF BEAM SPLICES : COMPONENTS
 Flange Slice Plate

 Web Splice Plate
 Stub Beam
 Link Beam
 Bolts
Slide No. 95
DESIGN OF BEAM SPLICES: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..?
 A beam splice (or a non-bearing column splice) resists the coexisting design moment
and axial force in the beam by a combination of tension and compression forces in the
flange cover plates and shear by the web cover plates. (Except for deep plate girders)
 Thickness of splice plates shall not be less than the flange plate thickness
 For deep plate girders, web splices are designed to resist shear and its share of bending.
Slide No. 96
DESIGN OF BEAM SPLICES: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..?
Design Process:
 Step-1: Calculate design tension and compression forces in the two flanges, due to the
bending moment and axial force (if any) at the splice location. These forces can be
determined on the basis of an elastic stress distribution in the beam section or,
conservatively, ignoring the contribution of the web.
 Step-2: Calculate the shear forces in the web cover plates ignoring its part of bending
and axial forces.
 Step-3: Determine the bolt resistances and verify their adequacy, in the flanges and in
the web. (no. of bolts)
 Step-4: Verify the adequacy of the tension flange at the splice and the cover plates.
 Step-5: Verify the adequacy of the compression flange at the splice and the cover
plates.
Slide No. 97
DESIGN OF BEAM SPLICES
 Example-Design of Bolted Beam Splice
 Design a bolted splice for an ISMB 400 section to

transfer a factored bending moment of 120kNm
and a factored shear force of 80kN. Assume that V M
the flange splice carries all the moment and the

web splice carries only the shear. Use M20
HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 without allowing slip at
the connection at ultimate load.
Slide No. 98
288.5 kN
 Solution:
V M = 120kNm
 Step-1:
For the given section ISMB400, tf = 16mm, tw = 8.9mm
288.5 kN
Flange width = B = 140mm
Design BM = 120kNm and Design SF = 80kNm

Assume thickness of flange splice = 16mm
Axial force in flange due to bending = 120kNmx103 / (400+16/2+16/2)mm

= 288.5kN
Slide No. 99
288.5 kN
 Solution:
V M = 120kNm
 Step-2:
For M20 grade 8.8 HSFG bolts, for no slip at ultimate load
Shear capacity in single shear = μ ne Kh F0/γmf
= 0.48 x 1 x 1x (0.7x800x π/4 x 202 x 0.78)/ 1.25 /1000 = 52.7 kN 288.5 kN
Single shear strength after slip = fu/√3 (nnAn) γmb = 800/ √3 (1X0.78X314)/1.25/1000
= 90.48 kN
Shear strength of each bolt in bearing = 2.5 kbd t fu / γmb

= 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 16 x 410/1.25/1000 = 131.2 kN
Hence, Bolt value = 52.7 kN
Slide No. 100
288.5 kN
 Solution:
V M = 120kNm
 Step-3:
No. of bolts required = 288.5 / 52.7 = 5.4 288.5 kN
Let’s use three rows of bolts at a pitch of 60mm, and

2 bolts in each row
Slide No. 101
288.5 kN
 Solution:
V M = 120kNm
 Step-4:
Strength of flange plate in net rupture:
= (140-2x22)x16x410/1.25/1000 = 503kN 288.5 kN
Strength of flange plate in gross yielding:

= 140x16x250/1.1 = 509kN
Hence, the considered flange plate of width 140mm and

thickness 16mm is SAFE.
400 mm
Length of flange splice plate on both faces =

2x(40+60+60+40) = 400mm
Slide No. 102
 Solution:
V = 80kN
 Step-5:
Design of web splice for SF = 80kN
Let’s try 8mm thick web splice on either side of web.
Slip resistance per bolt in double shear = 2x52.7 = 105.4kN

Double shear strength after slip = fu/√3 (nnAn+nsAs) γmb = 800/ √3
(0.78X314+314)/1.25/1000 = 206.5 kN
Shear strength of each bolt in bearing = 2.5 kbd t fu / γmb
= 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 8.9 x 410/1.25/1000 = 73 kN
Hence, bolt value = 73kN
Slide No. 103
 Solution:
140 mm V = 80kN
 Step-5:
No. of bolts required = 80 / 73 = 1.09
Hence, use 2 bolts on either side
Lets use web splice width = 40+40+40+40= 160mm

(edge distance = 40mm)
Length of web splice = 40+60+40 = 140mm
Shear strength of splice plate

160 mm
= 2 x 8x(160 – 2x22)x 250/√3/1.1 = 243kN > 80kN
Hence, the chosen size of web splice is OK.
Slide No. 104
THANK YOU
PART-V- ASSIGNMENTS
By: Dr. S. R Dash
Slide No. 106
 Assignment-1
A simply supported beam ISMB400 @61.6kg/m has an effective span

of 5m and has adequate lateral support to its compression flange.
Find:
(i) the design shear strength of the beam,
(ii) the design bending strength of the beam,
(iii) the intensity of UDL the beam can carry under service condition,
(iv) the maximum deflection of the beam.
Slide No. 107
 Assignment-2
Design a simply supported I-section to support the slab of a hall

9m x 24m, with beams spaced at 3m c/c. The thickness of the
slab is 100mm. Consider a floor finish load of 0.5kN/m2 and a
live load of 3 kN/m2. The grade of the steel is E250. Assume that
an adequate lateral support is provided to the compression
flange.
Slide No. 108
 Assignment-3
Design a laterally unrestrained beam to carry a uniformly

distributed load of 50kN/m. The beam is unsupported for a
length of 1.5m and is simply placed on longitudinal beams at its
ends.
Slide No. 109
THANK YOU

Design of Beams-Part-3 PDF

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Design of Beams-Part-3 PDF

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DESIGN OF STEEL BEAMS

 It transfers the load principally by means of

 Various examples include:

 Failure for short restrained beam: Excessive bending leading to collapse

 Failure of long (or unrestrained) beam: Lateral torsional buckling

 Other failure modes of beams (both types) include:

What are restrained beams:

Beams, that are restrained against lateral

Short beams exhibit 'plastic' behavior

Bending stress in cross section at different stages of loading

 Which section is capable of

Moment-Rotation behavior of the four classes of cross-sections

Type of Element Type of Class of Section

Outstand element of Rolled b/t  9.4 b/t  10.5 b/t  15.7

Internal element of bending b/t  29.3 b/t  33.5 b/t  42

Axial not applicable b/t  15.7

 For reading above

 Plastic or Compact sections

My = Moment of resistance when extreme fibers are at yield

If the beams are long , then they fail by

Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam

 • Distance between lateral supports to the compression flange.

The factored design moment, M at any section, in a

Laterally Supported Beam Design Laterally Un-Supported Beam Design

(d/tw > 67 ε) (d/tw ≤ 67 ε)

Thin web section Thick web section

With Low Shear With High Shear

 When the flanges are plastic/compact/semi-compact

 Design bending strength (Md) can be found by any of the following:

 Design bending strength (Md) considering

 Z p = Plastic modulus considering only flanges

 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0 (SS Beam)

 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

 Ideal Location for Holes:

 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

 Holes in the tension flange have no effect on Md when

 When the above is not satisfied,

 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

 Clause 8.2.1.4: Holes in the tension flange have no effect on Md when

 When the above is not satisfied,

 For (2) Laterally Supported Beam with low shear

 Fastener holes in the compression zone of the cross-section

• For plastic and compact sections

• For Semi-compact sections

Where, β = [2V/Vd - 1]2

Where, A v = Shear Area

Shear area (Av)

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

Assumptions made in the determination of buckling load:

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

LT = 0.21 for rolled section,

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 fcr,b depends on the slenderness ratio of the member = KL/r = LLT/r

 LLT = Effective length of Beam for lateral torsional buckling calculation

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 For (4) Laterally un-supported Beam

 From fbd, Md can be easily estimated as: b Zp fbd

 Check for deflection of beam (Limit state of serviceability)

 Deflection is checked at Working loads