NGN CaseStudies-09 PDF

International Telecommunication Union
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Telecommunication Development Bureau
December 2009
This report on the Developments of Next Generation Networks (NGN): Country Case Studies
was written by Dr. Vaiva Lazauskaite under the direction of BDT’s Regulatory and Market
Environment (RME) Division. The comments and suggestions made by ITU officials were a
very useful input to the report’s preparation.
Note: The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily
represent the opinions of ITU or its membership.
The terms and definitions used are the author’s own and can on no account be regarded
as replacing the official ITU definitions
© ITU2009
International Telecommunication Union
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1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................3
2. What are NGNs? How do we understand NGNs? ..............................................................4
3. Overview of VoIP, IPTV and FTTH markets .........................................................................8
4. NGN in Europe ......................................................................................................................11
4.1. Austria ......................................................................................................................... 11
4.2. Belgium ....................................................................................................................... 13
4.3. Denmark...................................................................................................................... 15
4.4. France ......................................................................................................................... 17
4.5. Germany ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.6. Greece ........................................................................................................................ 22
4.7. Ireland ......................................................................................................................... 24
4.8. Italy.............................................................................................................................. 26
4.9. Latvia........................................................................................................................... 29
4.10. Lithuania...................................................................................................................... 31
4.11. The Netherlands.......................................................................................................... 34
4.12. Norway ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.13. Poland ......................................................................................................................... 40
4.14. Portugal....................................................................................................................... 42
4.15. Romania...................................................................................................................... 44
4.16. Slovak Republic .......................................................................................................... 46
4.17. Slovenia ...................................................................................................................... 48
4.18. Spain ........................................................................................................................... 50
4.19. Sweden ....................................................................................................................... 52
4.20. Switzerland.................................................................................................................. 55
4.21. United Kingdom........................................................................................................... 57
5. Asia and Pacific ....................................................................................................................60
5.1. Australia ...................................................................................................................... 60
5.2. China........................................................................................................................... 62
5.3. Hong Kong, China....................................................................................................... 64
5.4. Japan .......................................................................................................................... 66
5.5. Malaysia ...................................................................................................................... 69
5.6. Nepal........................................................................................................................... 70
5.7. New Zealand ............................................................................................................... 71
5.8. Singapore.................................................................................................................... 73
5.9. The Republic of Korea ................................................................................................ 75
5.10. Taiwan, China ............................................................................................................. 76
6. The Americas ........................................................................................................................77
6.1. The United States ....................................................................................................... 77
6.2. Canada........................................................................................................................ 80
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6.3. Brazil ........................................................................................................................... 83
6.4. Colombia ..................................................................................................................... 86
6.5. Chile ............................................................................................................................ 89
6.6. Paraguay..................................................................................................................... 92
7. Africa .....................................................................................................................................94
7.1. Angola ......................................................................................................................... 94
7.2. Namibia ....................................................................................................................... 95
7.3. South Africa................................................................................................................. 97
7.4. Tanzania ..................................................................................................................... 99
7.5. Uganda...................................................................................................................... 101
8. Arab States .........................................................................................................................103
8.1. Bahrain...................................................................................................................... 103
8.2. Egypt ......................................................................................................................... 105
8.3. Libya.......................................................................................................................... 107
8.4. United Arab Emirates (UAE) ..................................................................................... 108
8.5. Saudi Arabia.............................................................................................................. 110
9. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................112
2
1. INTRODUCTION
The move to Next Generation Networks (NGN) has been discussed in the ICT community
for some time. Not only discussed. Developments in the market reflect the move, where a
number of market players around the world are already operating NGN core networks,
increasing numbers of market players are deploying NGN access, and others have made
significant commitments to roll out fibre access networks (FTTx) or have migration plans for
moving to all-IP networks.
Many previous discussions on this topic concluded that there is no single way of migrating to
NGN. Operators can choose (and actually are choosing) different strategies and scenarios of
migration, and rollout plans. Some say that NGN core networks represent a logical commercial
development for all operators as they increase efficiency, facilitate service and pricing
innovations and allow lowering backbone transmission costs. For example, British Telecom
calculated that its new NGN core network could deliver savings of GBP 1 billion per annum by
2008/09. 1 According to the European Competitive Telecommunications Association (ECTA),
some of its members, such as Telecom Italia, Telekom Austria, Cable & Wireless, Viatel, MCI,
and COLT, already operate converged core networks and have already been carrying voice
traffic using ATM and IP technology rather than traditional circuit switching for several years. 2
If the main driver for operators to deploy NGN core networks is likely to be the long-run cost
savings associated with such investments, then in contrast, there may not be the same cost
savings, if any, associated with NGN access networks. In any case, it is unlikely that widespread
fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) networks will make a good business case everywhere.
Although, traditional thinking is that FTTH networks would typically make sense only “in a
city bristling with skyscrapers” 3, a new report by Tariff Consultancy Ltd finds that FTTH services
are becoming increasingly competitive with conventional Triple Play broadband services in
Europe and are already undercutting more traditional ADSL2+ services. 4 Another consultancy,
IDATE, calculates that FTTH network operators can achieve profitability within seven to eight
years in urban areas of most European countries. However, this calculation assumes that the
operators share costs on passive infrastructure such as trenches and ducts. 5 As a result, some
operators are investing in NGN access, some - making commitments, some are still holding on.
The variety of operators’ plans and activities is leading to a diversity of regulatory actions by
regulators and governments concerning NGN. In some countries, they are leaving it to market
players to decide, when and how much to invest, and in others, like Portugal 6, governments are
offering credit lines for the rollout of NGN. Some countries, like Korea and France, have
broadband rollout plans set by governments, in other countries, like the United Kingdom (UK)
and Ireland, stakeholder groups are established in order to facilitate the process of migration to
NGN. Moreover, concerning the regulation of NGN, it can be seen that there is no global
consensus on which regulation to apply. A particular concern, expressed by ECTA, is that
different approaches are being taken in different countries on the regulation of NGN fibre access
networks. 7
The aim of this document is to present the current situation of NGN development in different
regions of the world and to examine what effect the transition towards NGNs is having on
regulation.
3
The paper starts with a clarification of the meaning of NGN. It then provides an overview of
Voice over IP (VoIP), Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) and FTTH markets, and continues with
an analysis of NGN development in different countries.
2. WHAT ARE NGNS? HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND NGNS?
There are different views of what constitutes NGN. From a technical point of view, NGN is
defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as “a packet-based network able
to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband,
QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of
the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks
and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility
which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.” 8
From this broad definition, a number of fundamental characteristics and aspects of NGN can
be derived (See Box 1 for the detail list of NGN characteristics):
It usually refers to the transmission of packet-based data using the Internet Protocol (IP)
as a standard. Therefore different sources often use the term “all-IP network” as a
broadly equivalent to NGN;
A typical NGN will be able to deliver services in a technology-neutral manner,
independently of the underlying technology (fibre, copper, coaxial, wireless, etc.) or the
underlying architecture. The transport of the packets does allow for a differentiation of
end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics;
Service provision is decoupled from transport – unfettered access by users to different
service providers;
Open interfaces support interworking with legacy networks;
Converged services are delivered over fixed and mobile networks. The delivery of
services will include mobile, nomadic and fixed users.
Box 1: Characteristics of NGN

The NGN is characterized by the following fundamental aspects:
Packet-based transfer;
Separation of control functions among bearer capabilities, call/session, and application/service;
Decoupling of service provision from transport, and provision of open interfaces;
Support for a wide range of services, applications and mechanisms based on service building blocks
(including real time/streaming/non-real time services and multi-media);
Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS and transparency;
Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces;
Generalized mobility;
Unfettered access by users to different service providers;
A variety of identification schemes which can be resolved to IP addresses for the purposes of routing in
IP networks;
Unified service characteristics for the same service as perceived by the user;
Converged services between Fixed and Mobile networks;
4
Independence of service-related functions from underlying transport technologies;
Support of multiple last mile technologies;
Compliant with all Regulatory requirements, for example concerning emergency communications and
security/privacy, etc.
Source: ITU-T, http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ngn/definition.html
Put simply, NGN can be viewed as a “communication network that allows unfettered access
to all communication products and services, irrespective of the service provider or network
connection”. 9
However, it is worth pointing out that there are two broad types of network that currently
enjoy the title of NGN. This concerns developments taking place in core, or backbone, networks
and developments that occur in the access part of telecom networks. As the development of
NGN core and NGN access networks require different time spans, different amounts of
investments and different strategies, it is important to make a clear distinction between NGN
core and NGN access networks.
NGN core network developments usually refer to the replacement of legacy transmission
and switching equipment by IP technology in the core, or backbone, network. This includes
changing telephony switches and installing routers and other equipments. The migration from
traditional to NGN core network potentially entails several structural changes, such as to the
core network nodes and in the number of network hierarchy levels. As a result, a reduction in the
overall number of interconnection points is likely to take place. Although NGN core networks
tend to be based on fixed infrastructure, the possibility of improving interconnection with mobile
networks is being explored to facilitate access to IP services from anywhere.
For fixed operators, the expected cost savings from an IP core network is the key driver for
investment to upgrade their network. For mobile operators, a more important consideration when
upgrading their core network is the ability to offer richer IP multimedia services to customers. 10
NGN access networks developments typically refer to the network segment which
connects an end-user to the nearest location which houses the network access provider’s
equipment. 11 As the ITU definition of NGN implies, NGN access can be delivered by a number
of different technologies. These include fibre, copper, coaxial lines as well as different wireless
options.
In Europe, NGN access networks are mainly considered to refer to the introduction of fibre
into the local loop, either to a street cabinet (+/- max 1km from the customer premises) in
conjunction with VDSL2 or ADSL2 deployment or the deployment of fibre all the way to customer
premises (typically apartment blocks rather than individual houses). This means that an operator
can chose between the following options (for illustration see Figure 1):
Fibre to the cabinet (FTTC) - Deployment of fibre to a street cabinet and provision of
broadband based on VDSL/VDSL2 over copper loops from the street cabinet to end-user
premises.
Fibre to the building (FTTB) - Deployment of fibre until the basement of a building and
provision of broadband based on VDSL/VDSL2 over in-house copper wiring.
Fibre to the home (FTTH) - An end-to-end fibre solution to end-user premises. In this
scenario, the entire copper loop is replaced by fibre, along with the main distribution
frame (MDF) and street cabinets, although some of these may be used for the optical
5
distribution frames (ODF) and optical splitters. FTTH deployment can be achieved by
deployment of either a point-to-point (P2P) or a passive optical network (PON) topology.
The broadly-defined term fibre to the premises (FTTP) is sometimes used to describe
FTTH and/or FTTB.
Figure 1: Options for fibre access
Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTC)

Core Network Access Network
Street
cabinet
VDSL over copper
ODF location D
S
L
pair
Fibre optics Fibre optics A
OLT M
Fibre to the building (FTTB) and Fibre to the Home (FTTH)
Source: Cullen International
The literature on investment costs of NGN fibre access networks suggests that due to the
uncertainty surrounding future technology standards and customer demand for new services
there are likely to be high costs and risks of these investments. Some technology such as PON
by nature difficult to unbundle in the way that copper can be. More expensive technologies such
as P2P are able to be unbundled but are generally more expensive to deploy. 12 There are
different estimations of how much it could cost to deploy a fibre network. Although the cost of a
FTTH rollout will vary from country-to-country, one consultancy estimates the cost to be in the
vicinity of USD 1 500 per household in the Middle East market. 13 Several years ago, the average
cost per FTTH subscriber in urban areas in North America was over USD 2 000 but it is now
down to USD 1 000. Verizon (US operator) reports that at the end of 2005 the cost per FTTP
was USD 1 021; by the end of 2006 that had fallen to USD 850. 14 The European Union
estimated that deploying FTTx in its Member States would cost over EUR 300 billion. 15 The good
news for operators is that costs for such infrastructure are going down. A study, prepared by the
Australian government, even says, that the cost difference between copper and FTTP is
relatively modest compared to the total value of a newly built house, the life of the investment
and when considering the increased functionality of future-proof FTTP networks. 16
Aside from fibre, there are a number of alternative technologies capable of supporting NGN
access. These include, coaxial cable, mobile and fixed wireless networks. Even if recent debates
in the ICT community has been mainly focused on wired NGN access (especially fibre), it is not
really appropriate because NGN access does not only refer to the deployment of fibre. Therefore
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fibre access shouldn’t be considered as the only option for NGN access. Given that mobility is
increasingly a key requirement for users, wireless solutions such as WiMax and Long Term
Evolution (LTE) have the potential to support high bandwidth and concurrent usage that may be
demanded in the future.
Table 1 shows different access technologies and their theoretical down and upstream
bandwidth.
Table 1: Bandwidth speeds for different access technologies
Access Technology Upstream Downstream

ADSL 1M 8M
ADSL2 1M 12M
ADSL2+ 1M 24M
VDSL2 2M to 25M 5M to 50M
Dial-up 56k 56k
Cable Modem 2M 2Mto 25M
Docsis 2.0 27M 38M
Docsis 3.0 120 M 160 M
FTTP 500M on PON 500M on PON
HSPA 1400k 1400k
WiMax 40M 40M
LTE <10M <20M
Source: Commerce Commission of New Zealand, OECD.
To sum up, there is no single NGN solution. It is up to each network operator to develop and
implement its network upgrade, depending on the state of its infrastructure, on the specific
market situation, and on regulatory framework conditions. The cost of network upgrade will
depend on such things as, the current state of the network architecture, the technology chosen,
population density (for economies of scope and scale), geo-typical restrictions, and building
standards, etc. The type, extent and timescale of NGN deployment is dependent on:
Characteristics of the fixed national market;
Involvement in the mobile market;
Competition pressure from alternative network providers i.e. cable operators;
Obsolescence of the legacy network(s);
Deployment strategy (overlay versus replacement);
Demand for broadband services;
Other.
The following section presents a short overview of the biggest VoIP and IPTV markets
worldwide, as these services in many countries are considered to be important drivers for NGN.
7
3. OVERVIEW OF VOIP, IPTV AND FTTH MARKETS
Probably the best example of the “all-IP” move is the rise of VoIP services. The rise of VoIP
increases vulnerability of incumbent operators, as voice accounts for over 80 percent of their
revenues. Therefore, many incumbent operators are currently building NGNs based on IP
technologies to be able to offer bundled services, including VoIP.
In the last few years, VoIP services have continued to grow strongly, they are steadily
replacing voice calls from traditional public switched telephone networks (PSTN) in many
developed and some developing countries. According to some market analysts, the global
number of VoIP subscribers reached some 80 million in 2008. 17 According to iLocus, there were
estimated 69.2 million VoIP subscribers worldwide as of the first quarter of 2008. 18 America had
the highest number of subscribers (18.1 million) followed by Japan (16.8 million) and France
(11.5 million). Figure 2 represents the top 10 countries worldwide in numbers of VoIP
subscribers.
Figure 2: Retail VoIP subscribers (in millions, 2008): Top 10 countries
USA 18.1
Japan 16.8
France 11.5
Germany 5
UK 4
Italy 3.6
Netherlands 2.4
Canada 2.2
South Korea 0.9
Sweden 0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Source: iLocus
Different factors have accelerated the growth of VoIP services in different markets. In Japan,
a ubiquitous broadband market, more than half of the high-speed Internet connections were
associated with a VoIP subscription at the end of 2007. By comparison, in the nearby Republic
of Korea (with a similar broadband take-up), VoIP subscribers with a dedicated prefix amounted
to only 200 000. In that sense, high broadband penetration appears to be a necessary - but not
sufficient - condition for the success of VoIP. 19 Has NGN deployment any role to play in the
VoIP market development? Or vice versa?
8
Another service, which is also often considered as one of the main drivers of NGN
deployment, is IPTV. On the one hand, it provides operators with a new revenue stream (as
voice revenues are declining) and an opportunity to build services around broadband
connections that should make it harder for customers to leave. On the other hand, there is little
evidence yet that delivering TV services over a broadband connection will directly help boost
operators' profit margins. 20 It has potential but its future is still uncertain.
The number of IPTV subscribers worldwide is steadily growing as well. There were 10
million to 15 million subscribers in 2008, according to different estimates. 21 Fixed-line
incumbents and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are launching commercial services in many
regions, including in China, India, and throughout Europe. Europe accounts for most of the IPTV
growth over the past year and now represents about half of all subscribers worldwide. The
number of subscribers in Asia-Pacific and North America has also doubled over the past 12
months. In South Asian and East Asian countries, the growth is slower but sustained, yet in
Latin America and Africa the IPTV market still hasn’t quite taken off, although commercial
services have been launched in a few countries. 22 Figure 3 gives the overview of 10 operators
that have the most IPTV subscribers worldwide. Operators from Europe and Asia have leading
positions in the chart.
Figure 3: Global IPTV Top 10 Carriers (by subscribers, in thousands, 2008)
Iliad (France) 2170

France Telecom (France) 975
PCCW (Hong Kong) 818
Neuf Cegetel (France) 600
Telefonica (Spain) 469
Chunghwa Telecom (Taiwan) 358
China Telecom (China) 310
Belgacom (Belgium) 249
Telia Sonera (Sweden) 216
Fastweb (Italy) 170
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Source: Lightreading
Since 2007, the FTTH Council issues the rankings of top FTTH economies twice a year. It
tracks the level of FTTH market penetration in economies where more than one percent of
households are connected directly into high speed fibre networks. Asian economies have always
been leaders in FTTH market penetration and in 2008 they maintained their leadership, as
South Korea (44 percent of the market), Hong Kong (28 percent), Japan (27 percent) and
Taiwan (12 percent) continued to hold the top four places respectively. This is followed by
European FTTH leader – Sweden (See Figure 4) 23. In fact, the Europe-only ranking, issued in
9
December 2008, indicated Sweden as number one, and the UK as number 25 (the last one of
the ranked countries). 24
Figure 4: Top FTTH economies worldwide, February 2009
Source: FTTH Council, 2009
It is mainly European and Asian countries that dominate in all three categories (VoIP, IPTV
and FTTH). This illustrates strong positive correlation between the demand of these services
and development of infrastructure. However, it is interesting to see, what are the specific factors
leading to much faster growth in some regions, but slower in the others.
In the following sections the paper turns to the analysis of current NGN developments in
different regions of the world. It will cover both market and regulatory developments with regards
to NGNs. As not only regulators, but often governments have an active role to play in promoting
10
broadband in a country, related activities of governments will be observed in some case studies
as well.
4. NGN IN EUROPE
4.1. Austria
Background information
Population 8.39 million
Fixed penetration 40.8
Mobile penetration 102.5
Fixed broadband penetration 19.4
Mobile broadband penetration 29.5
Internet users 67
ICT Development Index (Rank 2007) 20
Sources: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT indicators database, The ICT Development Index.
Market developments
Telekom Austria (the incumbent operator in Austria) began to install NGN core network
elements in 2004. In fact, according to announcements, by the end of 2004 the company had
already invested EUR 780 million and was planning to invest an equal amount over a five-
year period. 25 Investments covered state-of-the-art infrastructure, innovation, research and
development. Telecom Austria’s plans included upgrading some parts of its operational support
systems, the launch of VoIP services for residential customers in 2005 and the full conversion of
the network to NGN by 2012. 26 Today, Telekom Austria is already carrying its voice traffic using
IP technology. 27
The Austrian incumbent operator is also planning to restructure its access network. A recent
(February 2009) announcement confirms this intention: Telekom Austria recently acquired 76
percent stake in CableRunner Austria GmbH in order to optimize the fibre optic network roll-
out. 28 According to an ERG report, Telekom Austria plans to roll out a FTTC infrastructure in
cooperation with both municipalities and other utility sector stakeholders. 29 This rollout should
include the implementation of 20 000 – 30 000 fibre nodes significantly shortening the copper
local loop to 600 - 800 m subsequently allowing the deployment of services with a minimum data
rate of about 20 Mbps. The company sees no business case for a widespread FTTH network,
but has expressed its interest in using fibre in combination with VDSL, as Deutsche Telekom is
doing in Germany. 30 Such technology could sustain a “reasonable” 20 Mbps service to each and
every household. However, no immediate or very detailed plans to roll out NGN access were
announced. Therefore, it could be said, that Telecom Austria has chosen “wait and see”
strategy for its NGN access deployment.
Regarding services to be delivered via NGN, Telekom Austria already launched a triple play
product comprising telephony, broadband Internet and TV services. Since the beginning of 2007,
it began offering a TV service in urban areas in order to improve its ability to compete with Cable
TV (CATV) triple play offers (voice/broadband/TV). In 2007, Telekom Austria was offering IPTV
11
over ADSL2+ in nine of Austria’s biggest cities. 31 It ended 2008 with 63 700 IPTV subscribers,
which is up from 10,930 at the end of 2007. 32 In January 2009, Telekom Austria said it had
reversed a 12-year trend of fixed-line loss by aggressively bundling broadband with mobile,
enabling it to add 2 580 fixed-line subscribers in December 2008. 33
Vienna utility operator Wienstrom in recent years performed trials offering FTTH services to
end customers in selected areas of Vienna. 34 Meanwhile, Wienstrom has withdrawn from the
retail market and is offering fibre access as a wholesale service to other operators (currently to
Telekom Austria, NeoTel and Conova). Wienstrom had 10 000 homes reached by FTTH and is
planning to reach 50 000 homes by the end of 2009. Total coverage planned is 960 000 homes,
with an estimated investment of about EUR 10 million. 35
Other utility operators like Grazer Stadtwerke are offering retail services based on FTTH
infrastructure. In addition to retail broadband services, some local operators, like Infotech Ried,
also started to provide (local) TV services based on their own platform; in parallel, they have
developed system solutions for carriers, service providers and wholesale operators to build and
operate an IPTV platform based on a multi-access broadband Ethernet network. 36
Regulatory developments
The Austrian National Regulatory Authority (RTR) started a discussion process on NGN
issues in June 2007 by launching three papers for public consultation. The paper “Next
Generation Regulation” discusses the consequences of the deployment of NGNs for regulatory
access obligations, investment incentives for communication service providers in next
generation networks, future interconnection billing models, migration issues with regard to points
of interconnection and etc. The responses to this consultation paper have been subject to a
public discussion during a regulatory workshop for operators and other stakeholders in October
2007.
Another dialogue covers the future billing method to be used when settling interconnection
costs between next generation networks and the question of whether “Bill and keep” might be a
preferable billing method within an NGN environment compared to the existing system of Calling
Party’s Network Pays (CPNP). IP interconnection has not yet been subject to proceedings
before RTR.
In addition, an NGA-NGN industry working group has been established in February 2008 to
further discuss aspects of migrating an incumbent’ s PSTN to a NGN. In a first step, the group
concentrates on NGN access issues. The two major topics currently discussed are the issue of
spectrum management on the local loop and various aspects of access to street cabinets.
12
4.2. Belgium
Fixed broadband penetration 26
Internet users 67
Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT indicators database, The ICT Development Index.
Market developments
In 2007, Belgacom (incumbent operator in Belgium) announced its plan to get rid of a whole
range of legacy systems and converge everything onto a single IP/MPLS network, 37 adopting an
approach very similar to that of its neighbor – KPN in Netherlands. Belgacom declared during its
general meeting in April 2008 that in the context of the modernization of its network and the
transition to IP technology about 10 percent of its exchanges would be closed down. The plan
‘Move to all IP’ will be carried out during the period 2008-2012 but the planned exchange
closures will not be completed by 2012. 38
The plan to upgrade the Belgacom access network to higher speeds is named Broadway.
For the Broadway project, Belgacom is upgrading its access network progressively to a
combined copper and fibre optic network. This upgrade includes placing additional fibre between
the local nodes and the distribution frames. Belgacom is planning to run FTTC in the major
Belgian cities. According to the ERG report, about one third of the street cabinets were equipped
with optical fibre in 2007. 39 Other sources of information report that at the end of 2007 there was
a 40 percent of planned coverage achieved by the investments of EUR 382 million. The whole
project has the target of covering 80 percent of homes with FTTx/VDSL by 2011 with the
investment of EUR 647 million. 40
Belgacom’s NGN deployment strategy is based on updating its access and core networks in
a relatively short period of time (the project, initiated in 2004, is planned to end in 2011). The
strong pressure of cable operators could be named as one important reason for such a strategy.
Cable operators have 34 percent of market share in Belgium, whereas the incumbent operator
has 44 percent. Cable operators announced the launching of a 100 Mbps offer based on
EuroDocsis 3 in the short term, which increased the strategic interest of Belgacom for VDSL2.
Regarding services being delivered via NGN, Belgacom launched the first commercial
services of its Broadway project in November 2004. At the end of 2005, television was launched
both on ADSL (only one TV channel) and VDSL. In 2007, Belgacom launched a VoIP residential
service as an option of its Internet service. At the end of March 2008, the total Belgacom IPTV
subscriber base was 349 250 and the total number of VoIP subscribers – 16 000. 41 IPTV
average revenue per user (ARPU) in 1Q of 2008 was 17.4 EUR compared to 13.4 EUR a year
13
before. Belgacom is considered to be one of the 10 top IPTV carriers (by number of subscribers)
in the world (see Figure 3). 42
In 2008, the Belgian regulator (BIPT) studied the consequences of Belgacom’s FTTx roll -
out on alternative operators. BIPT was concerned that the new network would eliminate
alternative players from the market (as alternative operators would have less physical
connection points to access the incumbent’s network), and consequently limit the options of end
users. BIPT launched the consultation on the effects of NGN impact from January up to
February 2008. Based on the results of this consultation, BIPT took a final decision concerning
the addendum complementing its previous decision on the broadband access market. This new
decision evaluates the impact of NGN developments on the broadband access market in
Belgium. Among others, the following remedies were imposed on Belgacom in respect to NGN:
Transparency measure: Belgacom has to provide BIPT and alternative operators with
its detailed plans to develop networks, per region over a 5-year period. The plans must
be adapted and communicated each year.
If Belgacom decides to close down a site for access to the local loop or sub-loop,
Belgacom has to leave this point open for at least five years after the announcement
to the regulator and other market players.
Belgacom has to submit for approval to BIPT and afterwards publish a bitstream
reference offer. This offer has to provide for enough diversification possibilities. The
same levels of quality as the current bitstream offer must at least remain possible and
there have to be enough interconnection levels. The bitstream offer has to include
access to the use of the VDSL1 technology for the remote optical platforms where no
VDSL2 technology is available.
In addition BIPT has imposed the following deployment rules 43:
Belgacom is authorized to roll out VDSL in the 1.1 – 2.2. MHz band, using ETSI
frequency plan 998, and using the DMT (discrete multitone) modulation.
Belgacom must, however, anticipate in good faith on developments that are considered
by the BIPT to be within the realm of the reasonably possible in the future, in particular
the possible development and commercialization by other operators of services based on
ADSL2+ and Enhanced SDSL.
The BIPT reserves the possibility of authorizing, in the future, the utilization of both VDSL
and ADSL2+ in the 1.1 – 2.2. MHz band. The BIPT recognizes, and states, that this
would inevitably require Belgacom to adapt its VDSL-based services, and that Belgacom
can choose to do this by reducing the capacity utilized by VDSL (in terms of the
utilization of the copper spectrum) or by ensuring co-existence of VDSL (deployed from
street cabinets) and ADSL2+ (deployed from MDF) in terms of power output/signal
strength.
A demand also exists from new entrants to use internal cabling of apartment buildings to
provide VDSL services from DSLAM installed in the basement of the buildings with fibre
or leased line access. BIPT has launched a consultation to determine the best way to
process such usage; a first consultation about a full unbundling at the level of the building
distribution frame has proved that it is not feasible (too complex).
14
4.3. Denmark
Internet users 81
Market developments
In 2006, the Danish incumbent operator TDC announced its planned migration to NGN.
According to the plan, within the next two years (by 2008-2009), 75 percent of the Danish
households should have access to 20 Mbps broadband and triple play, such as HDTV, data and
telephony. In 2010, it is expected to cover 90 percent with 20 Mbps and 75 percent with 100+
Mbps broadband. The plan operates with establishing a common NGN across the four existing
TDC networks – mobile, fixed, data and CATV – into one IP-based network. 44 The total
investment of this plan has not been announced yet.
In fact, Denmark is one of the top economies with the highest penetration of FTTH. This is
due to the active involvement of power companies which have been investing massively in the
rollout of FTTH networks, and playing a significant role in infrastructure competition:
In 2004, Energi Danmark ESS (an energy supplier) announced its plans to invest DKK
15 million (EUR 2 million) in a fibre optic cable network in south Jutland, to supply
broadband internet connections with a speed of up to 9.2 Mbps. 45
Dansk Fibrenet is planning to invest EUR 1.3 billion by 2015 to reach 40 percent
coverage of the country by FTTH.
EnergiMidt, a Danish utility company, started investing in FTTH in 2004. 46
A small rural community in southern Denmark is implementing a seven-year FTTH
project, which aims to provide FTTH connections for all households, enterprises and
institutions in the area through a public-private partnership with the local energy company.
The project started in 2002 with support form the EU and the Danish Government. Initial
public investment was about EUR 1.4 million. 47
To date, these FTTH networks cover mainly urban areas, but also have considerable
coverage in rural areas, having already reached 400 000 households in total. It is anticipated
that the total number of Danish households (2.5 million households and half a million enterprises)
will be reached in eight years' time. The number of fibre subscriptions increased by 23.2
percentage points within a year (87 991 fibre lines in January 2009), amounting to 4.3 percent of
all broadband connections. 48 However, energy companies deploying FTTH networks have
expressed concern about difficulties in attracting customers onto their own network because of
15
various local district plans, issued by municipalities, which include in many cases a mandatory
membership and payment to a local CATV network.
In July 2008, 7.39 percent of the Danish population were using bundled services (406 040
subscribers). The vast majority of these subscribers (88.1 percent) use quadruple-play services
including broadband, voice telephony, IPTV, and mobile telephony, while the remainders (11.9
percent) use triple-play services. 49
The Danish regulator, National IT and Telecom Agency (NITA), has taken some initiatives to
build knowledge on NGN developments:
In 2006, a NGN hearing was held.
In 2007, a conference on NGN was organized by NITA.
A public consultation, held in autumn 2007 on the existing LRAIC fixed model,
demonstrated that in view of the significant technological developments in the market
(roll-out of fibre optic networks, the upgrade of the incumbent's copper network), a
revision of the model was necessary. NITA is currently working on this revision. LRAIC
prices for 2010 are to be determined on the basis of the revised model.
As alternative operators expressed the view that insufficient information was given by the
incumbent on its rollout plans, NITA has addressed these issues in its draft decisions on
the physical network infrastructure access market.
Interestingly, the Danish government has promoted broadband uptake with a tax incentive
introduced three years ago whereby employers pay for their staff's broadband connections, if the
employees are working from home. In doing so, both employers and employees get a direct
deduction on their taxable income. This measure has been popular among employers. 50
16
4.4. France
Internet users 64.0
Market developments
Before launching major plans to roll out NGN access networks in France, most operators
have migrated their core networks towards NGN, based on Gigabit Ethernet or a mixture with
ATM/SDH technology. 51 The French incumbent operator (France Telecom) has started rolling
out its NGN core network, based on an overlay strategy: equipments are progressively removed
from the PSTN and new customers are connected primarily to the new network. Interconnection
with the France Telecom NGN network is available at nine points of presence, belonging to the
18 global points of presence available for its PSTN interconnection at the regional level.
Nonetheless, no date of the “PSTN switch over” has been announced so far.
France is among the top three countries in Europe for fibre deployment. Much of the
market’s success has been achieved by alternative operators, which in turn has stimulated
France Telecom to adopt an aggressive fibre roll-out. France Telecom was the first European
incumbent to announce an FTTH deployment strategy. 52 In 2006, three main French fixed line
operators – France Telecom, Iliad (Free) and Neuf Cegetel – announced their plans to roll out
their FTTH networks in Paris and other main cities in France. 53
According to some consultancies, it will cost French operators between EUR 10.4 billion
and EUR 11.3 billion to provide FTTH coverage for 40 percent of France’s population.
According to operators’ announcements:
France Telecom planned to invest EUR 270 million by 2008 and EUR 3 to 4.5 billion by
2012. Currently, deployments are taking place in Paris, Lille, Lyon, Toulouse, Poitiers,
and Marseille.
Iliad (Free) planned to invest EUR 160 million by 2008 and EUR 1 billion by 2012.
Developments are taking place in Paris, Lyon, Montpellier and Valenciennes. In addition
to that, Iliad (Free) bought Citefibre in 2006 – a FTTH operator. At the beginning of 2009
Iliad (Free) confirmed its target of 4 million homes covered by 2012 by FTTH. 54
Neuf Cegetel announced plans were to invest EUR 300 million by 2008. Developments
are taking place in Paris, Pau, Toulouse, Rennes, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, and Nancy.
Following the example of Iliad (Free), Neuf Cegetel acquired Erenis – a FTTB operator –
in 2007.
Table 2 provides estimated numbers of FTTH in France in 2013 by different regions.
17
Table 2: FTTH in France in 2013
Estimated
Region number of
FTTH
Ile-de-France (Paris) 3 000 000
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Marseille) 430 000
Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) 400 000
Nord-Pas de Calais (Lille) 220 000
Aquitaine (Bordeaux) 190 000
Midi-Pyrénées (Toulouse) 160 000
Alsace (Strasbourg) 140 000
Pays de la Loire (Nantes) 90 000
Languedoc-Roussillon (Montpéllier) 80 000
Brittany (Rennes) 70 000
Champagne-Ardenne (Châlons-en-Champagne) 60 000
Basse-Normandie (Cean) 50 000
Lorraine (Metz) 40 000
Poitou-Charentes (Poitiers) 30 000
Haute-Normandie (Rouen) 4 000
Source: Tactis.
By the beginning of 2009, France Telecom had deployed fibre in approximately 40

municipalities, Numericable (a cable operator) had upgraded to fibre in around 30 major urban
centres and SFR (including Neuf Cegetel) and Iliad (Free) are concentrating efforts in areas
where France Telecom is less active. ARCEP (French National Regulatory Authority (NRA))
estimates that between 3 and 4.5 million homes were passed by fibre at the end of 2008.
France Telecom offers triple play services (VoIP, Internet and TV) at 1 000 MDFs from 13
000 MDFs total. At the end of 2007, 5 million local loops were unbundled in France (from 32
million local loops) and the volume of VoIP communications represents one third of the volume
of communications from fixed lines. Triple play services are widespread within residential
customers whereas VoIP remains limited within the business market.
In 2007, ARCEP (French NRA) launched two public consultations on FTTH. The first dealt
with the competitive situation concerning access to ducts and the possible regulation. The
second one - with the infrastructure sharing among operators of the last segments of optical
local loop to limit the amount of works carried out in buildings.
Access to ducts. In general, digging trenches and laying cables to buildings makes up the
biggest part of the cost of rolling out the optical fibre local loop. In less densely populated areas,
the cost of such civil engineering works is higher and rapidly becomes profitless. In France such
civil engineering represents between 60 and 80 percent of total cost of a new fibre network. 55
The objective of ARCEP consultation was to enable all operators to have access to these
18
infrastructures, to encourage investments and infrastructure-based competition in the local loop
segment.
On 15 September 2008, France Telecom published a reference offer for access to its civil
infrastructure. This satisfies the obligation contained in the market analysis decision adopted by
the ARCEP on 24 July 2008, which requires France Telecom to provide access to its civil
infrastructure (ducts, manholes) under transparent and non-discriminatory conditions, and at
cost-oriented tariffs. All operators, regardless of the technology they use, can now employ
France Telecom ducts to deploy fibre.
Sharing fibre local loop. Usually, it is not reasonable for each optic local loop operator to
have its own dedicated cables and optical connectors in each building and each apartment.
Several operators may therefore share the last part of the fibre local loop. ARCEP consultation
on this matter discussed technical, financial and legal issues arising from such infrastructure
sharing. In the middle of 2008, ARCEP launched a consultation on this issue once again. The
first part of the consultation covered the role of the building operator, authorized to install and
operate fibre in the private property. The second part of the consultation dealt with the
agreement practice between operators and building owners or managers. The third part of the
consultation covered the degree of sharing of the fibre local loop among operators, which raises
the question of the location of the sharing point.
The consultation process was followed by the Law on modernizing the economy, of
4 August 2008, which included a number of provisions for network sharing. The first operator to
install fibre in the premises must thus satisfy all reasonable demands for access to the last part
of the network from third-party operators. The Law stipulates that the installation of fibre be
governed by an agreement between the building operator and the owner or manager of the
property. As a result, the major providers Numéricable, Orange and SFR have agreed to share
fibre installations between themselves and open them to other operators.
Pursuant to the adoption of the Law on modernizing the economy, ARCEP also published its
recommendations on infrastructure sharing. It recommends the establishment of sharing of the
last part agreements that include all operators, and which make it possible to test the different
solutions in several large metropolitan areas. ARCEP recommends a best practice whereby the
building operator would offer to install additional last fibre part on behalf of third-party operators.
ARCEP has also published a sample agreement allowing joint property owners and social
landlords to contract an operator to manage the fibre installation inside the premises. 56 This
document includes the essential guarantees for property owners, while limiting the administrative
burden on operators. Market players can already use the sample agreement.
Planned activities of ARCEP. Before the end of 2009, ARCEP plans to publish an ultra-
fast broadband roadmap to track the progress being made by roll-outs and sharing of the last
part mechanisms, and the use of France Telecom ducts.
As some local authorities launched public initiatives to built networks in areas with a lack of
private initiative and competition, in order to ease the arrival of alternative operators with local
loop unbundling, ARCEP will conduct and publish a study to define and evaluate the effects of
the intervention of the local authorities (municipalities, departments and regions) on the
development of telecom and Internet infrastructures in France. ARCEP plans to hold a seminar
bringing together all those who have made a contribution to these developments, and publish
the results by the end of 2009.
19
4.5. Germany
Internet users 72
Market developments
The Germany incumbent operator Deutsche Telecom plans a step-by-step approach to a
unified IP network. Integrated voice-data services will be offered using an NGN overlay concept.
The PSTN platform will be fully substituted around 2012. 57 According to BREKO (the association
of alternative operators) 51 percent of its affiliated companies want to have implemented IP in
their backbone networks by 2009. 58
In 2005, Deutsche Telecom announced plans to deploy fibre between the MDF and the
street cabinet (FTTC), and to install VDSL solutions with EUR 3 billion investments. As of
January 2007, the network deployment covered 12 metropolitan areas with about 5.9 million
potential customers. Based on its original plans, operator was aiming to deploy fibre in
Germany’s 50 biggest cities by 2008. The incumbent operator claims to be still delaying the wide
deployment of fibre due to regulatory uncertainty. However, it continued expanding its high-
speed VDSL access network in 37 German cities with 9 million potential customers, which is
targeted at the provision of HDTV for about 30 percent of the households at streaming speeds of
up to 50 Mbps. Currently, more than 21 percent of all households have access to such high-
speed connections. 59
Deutsche Telecom made its FTTC/VDSL investment plans subject to the suspension or
abolition of ex ante regulation for competitive access to the new networks. In other words,
Deutsche Telecom has committed to the German government to make these investments only if
the government provides a “regulatory holiday” from the obligation that Deutsche Telecom would
have to offer wholesale access services to competitors at regulated prices. Deutsche Telecom
argues that its investment should get protection from regulation because “new products” like
IPTV are offered over them. 60
However other market players started to deploy their own infrastructure. In 2006, Versatel, a
fixed network operator, announced its intentions to build its Internet Protocol (IP) and Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) nationwide networks. At the same time Netcologne (a
city network operator providing services over its own infrastructure in Cologne and surroundings,
owned by an energy utility) began constructing a FTTH network in Cologne. It is intended that
within five years the whole city will be covered. Netcologne planned to invest EUR 250 million
over three years. 61
20
HanseNet, a German telecom operator, launched the FTTB project in Hamburg in
June 2008. In the following November, HanseNet started the first phase with 50 buildings. The
second phase kicked off recently and is expected to add fibre optics to another 500 buildings. 62
The German broadband company HeLi NET Telekommunikation GmbH & CoKG announced
in 2009, that it is deploying a FTTH network in the Hellweg-Lippe region. The new fibre network
for multi-play services will be launched under the name City2020 and will be an open FTTH
network. HeLi NET is a partnership between local energy companies from the municipalities of
Hamm, Ahlen, Soest, Lünen, Kamen, Bergkamen and Bönen. The deployment of the first
clusters to the cities of Hamm, Lünen and Kamen is already underway. 63
In 2009, Media Broadcast announced its NGN as an all-in-one network, which is available
throughout Germany and provides service to radio, media and business customers. NGN
integrates data and voice traffic from IT and telecommunications platforms, links data centers
and connects archives or enterprise applications. Through the NGN, in conjunction with the
telecommunications network node, users have the capability and flexibility to route global
connections into major urban centers in Germany. In addition, these functions can be utilized on
the entire international end-to-end connection. 64
There are two main issues relevant to migration to NGN which have been addressed by
regulation policy in Germany:
Amendment of the German Telecommunications Law regarding (non-) regulation of “new
markets”, and
Interconnection between IP-based networks.
Important amendments to the German Telecommunications Law took effect in February
2007. In principle, these amendments could imply an abolition of regulation for Deutsche
Telecom’s new investments in VDSL technology. In light of these amendments, the German
regulator did not impose unbundling obligations on Deutsche Telecom’s VDSL deployments; the
regulator (BNetzA) did, however, attempt to impose obligations to make ducts available from the
central office to the street cabinet. As a consequence, the EU Commission has launched an
infringement proceeding against Germany in the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg. 65
However, at the beginning of 2009 Deutsche Telekom announced that it is to sublet its
optical fibre data network to other telecom companies. Timotheus Hoettges, chief executive of
the company's T-Home division, said the move to rent out capacity on Telekom's VDSL network
was voluntary and not in response to any regulatory pressure. 66
In 2005, BNetzA launched a Project Group called “Framework for Interconnection in IP-
based Networks”. This expert group submitted its final report in December 2006. The report
notes the importance of the separation of service and network, and the impact of the
centralization of control functions. In 2007, a hearing on this report was opened.
However, as noted in the recent EC report, the deployment of and migration to Next
generation access networks is still a point of regulatory concern and causes regulatory
uncertainty. The medium-term strategy of both the incumbent and other players concerning NGN
access does not seem to be transparent. The incumbent's ongoing investment in FTTH is
currently limited to VDSL in big cities for the transmission of IPTV and triple play, while a few
competitors have also made small-scale fibre deployments. Although the BNetzA declared that it
intends to set a comprehensive and transparent framework for NGN access, it has not yet taken
conclusive action. 67
21
4.6. Greece
Internet users 33.0
Market developments
Announcements in the press indicate that Greek operators are following the general trend to
invest in NGN core networks. Unfortunately, amounts of planned or even already implemented
investments are not made public.
In 2006, Tellas, the major alternative telecom operator in Greece, has reached an
agreement with a company supplying products and services for NGN, for the supply and the
development of a NGN. 68 The NGN solution should guarantee the full interworking with Tellas
existing legacy infrastructure for voice services and enables the delivery over an IP network of
new enhanced telephony and rich content services for residential and business customers.
In 2007, Greece's incumbent telecommunications operator OTE selected a company for a
NGN deployment as well. 69 The solution supports both legacy TDM and IP-based infrastructure
allowing it to remain flexible in its service offerings and migrate to IP gradually over time.
In 2009 hellas online, one of fixed-line telecommunications services providers in Greece,
operating the second largest network in the country, announced that it is making significant
infrastructure investments to enhance the quality and reach of its broadband services. hellas
online’s fiber optic network extends to more than 3 500 kilometers nationwide, enabling the
company to offer residential and business voice and data services, including IP telephony,
virtual private networks and fibre access services.
As of July 2008, 2.85 percent of the Greek population used bundled services. The majority
of these subscribers (2.31 percent) used double play services including telephony and
broadband while 0.54 percent used triple play products (fixed-mobile telephony and
broadband). 70
From the regulatory point of view, EETT (NRA of Greece) has taken several actions in order
to support the development of NGNs:
EETT has updated the authorization regulation with several rules regarding the VoIP
services.
22
EETT has proposed a regulation regarding the rights of way for the development of
wireline networks. The aim of the regulation is to provide a clear set of rules for the
operations that are required in order to build ducts to support the development of
electronic communication networks on public properties in the Greek territory and it is
expected to make it easier for the network operators to acquire the relevant licences.
In July of 2007, EETT hosted a workshop on NGN access, in order to begin a discussion
regarding the development of NGN access (specifically the FTTx technology) in Greece.
In 2008, the Greek government has decided that it is necessary to invest in a new fibre optic
network that significantly upgrades the country's broadband and cable television capabilities. As
the development of NGN access network is more the initiative of Greek government, these plans
and investments are more transparent. According to announcements, it will cost EUR 2.1 billion
and take seven years to build the network. 71 That would give at least 2 million households and
enterprises access to broadband services in at least 52 cities and towns. 72 The network will offer
speeds of at least 100 Mbps and provide HDTV, video telephony, quicker Internet connections
and other high-bandwidth services. The network will be developed through a public-private
partnership and is eligible for funding from the European Investment Bank. The international
tenders will be held in the second half of 2009, with the contracts lasting 30 years. The focus of
the fibre optic network would be the large urban areas. As regards the remote areas – given the
topography of Greece – the emphasis would be on wireless access.
23
4.7. Ireland
Internet users 57.0
Market developments
In 2006, Irish incumbent operator Eircom announced plans to migrate to an NGN core
network and to deploy fibre in its access network in selected urban areas. 73 The announced
plans were to invest around EUR 1 billion over next 3 years (by 2009). 74 75 For 2007, Eircom
revealed a EUR 60 million investment for upgrading to NGN. The incumbent planned first to
upgrade the core network and then invest in the access network. Concerning the latter, trials of
VDSL2 solutions are ongoing at two exchanges and 50 cabinets. Once the results of these trials
have been analyzed, the incumbent will be in a position to make the necessary investment
decisions. 76
In 2009, however, Eircom announced that it is reviewing the level of investment to its NGN
as a result of the economic downturn. 77 Current Eircom’s plans are to upgrade its network from
copper to fibre at urban centres and regional towns throughout the country by 2011. It is also
upgrading its current network to deliver speeds of 1-24 Mbps. Eircom did not however give a
definite figure on investments this time.
Close to 10 percent of the Irish population subscribed to bundled offers (mostly double play)
of electronic communications services in 2008. 78 This share has the potential to increase in the
near future, as operators are pursuing active marketing strategies.
The incumbent's transition to NGN had already been accompanied by regulatory action in
2007, when Irish regulator (ComReg) published its position statement on regulatory aspects of
NGN. 79 The purpose of this statement was to provide the industry with guidance as to ComReg’s
intended approach to the regulation of future wholesale products in an NGN environment. In
February 2008, the market players communicated to the incumbent their expectations as to
future wholesale products. The incumbent, however, will wait until the VDSL2 trials are
completed before elaborating on specific wholesale products.
ComReg continues to pursue discussions with both alternative operators and the incumbent,
and plans to take the NGN developments into account in its analysis of the wholesale
24
broadband access market. The changing economic environment has also meant that the
consideration of plans for incumbent’s structural separation has been suspended.
The alternative operators have urged ComReg to put in place clear rules concerning the
incumbent's bundles, particularly in light of its low-priced offers. ComReg launched a public
consultation on the treatment of regulated services within bundled retail offers in January 2008,
but the final decision was still under consideration at the end of 2008. 80
Besides ComReg’s actions, the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural
Resources published their Consultation Paper on Next Generation broadband, in July 2008. 81
The objective of this paper was to consider the challenges for the government in positioning
Ireland as a leading country in the provision of broadband infrastructure and in the
developments of new digital applications. 82
25
4.8. Italy
Internet users 38.0
Market developments
Telecom Italia has completed the migration of its core network to IP in 2004 and has
indicated this has saved them 75 percent of their operating costs. 83 84
In 2006, Telecom Italia officially announced their intention to launch the migration of the
access network to NGN. 85 The company stated that it would not implement an FTTH-only
strategy to deploy its NGN access network. Instead, it will adopt a multi-technology strategy
depending on market environment and demand using a mix of FTTH, FTTB, FTTC and
VDST2. 86
In 2007, the first announcements about the beginning of roll-out of a fibre network appeared.
Telecom Italia’s plans were to start in Milan, with the overall objective of covering 65 percent of
the population. The network will offer a bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps compared with 20 Mbps for
the current fastest ADSL service and will cost EUR 6.5 billion to build over a ten-year period. 87
According to the initial plan, the population coverage for fibre network (with a speed of up to 100
Mbps) would be 0.2 percent in 2007, 2.2 percent in 2008, 5.2 percent in 2009 and eventually
reaching 65 percent of the population and up to 1 140 cities and towns. The population coverage
for broadband with a speed of up to 4 Mbps will rise from 95 to 98.5 percent in 2009, while the
ADSL2 is expected to cover 67 percent in 2009. Both ADSL offers are eventually expected to
cover 100 percent of the population. The managers estimate efficiency improvements, such as
the elimination of about 1 600 exchanges, will generate more than EUR 1 billion in cost savings
by the end of the project. The financing of the NGN will stem from the group's ordinary CAPEX
program.
According to the presentation of Telecom Italia at the FTTH Conference, 11-12 February
2009, Telecom Italia will continue to roll out its fibre access network regardless of the current
economic downturn, while other Italian competitors have stopped fibre deployments. Telecom
Italia’s planned coverage by 2011 is presented in Figure 5. 88
26
Figure 5: Telecom Italia, FTTx deployment, 2008-2011
Source: Telecom Italia, 2009
Fastweb, the main competitor of Telecom Italia, originally rolled out a fibre-optic network so
that it could compete with the incumbent, but stopped once DSL became an option with local
loop unbundling. The volume of its DSL subscribers soon exceeded the number of fibre
customers. Fastweb’s fibre network covers 2 million potential customers and it has about 250
000 customers connected through FTTH. 89 This is considered to be one of the most extensive
FTTH infrastructures in Europe. Fastweb planned to launch a 100 Mbps Internet access service
in Italy dedicated to small and medium-sized enterprises before the end of 2008. However, the
market shares of these two Italian operators are still very unequal: in fixed access, Telecom
Italia holds a 95 percent market share, and in broadband a 68 percent share. 90
A few regulatory decisions should be mentioned here in respect to NGN:
AGCOM (Italian NRA) has introduced an IP interconnection obligation to operators with
significant market power (SMP) according to the principle of technological neutrality,
temporary adopting the same PSTN economic conditions. At the same time, a working
paper on IP interconnection by AGCOM has gone through a public consultation process.
AGCOM has set a symmetric obligation to adopt the most efficient way to interconnect
networks and allow the interoperability of VoIP services.
AGCOM has introduced the obligation for operators to give access to their technical
interface/protocols and to all the technologies necessary to allow interoperability of VoIP
services. Standard protocols should be adopted whenever possible.
In addition, a new law was approved in Italy in 2008 stating that fibre networks are strategic
primary infrastructures, and therefore they can use existing public ducts.
Another important and interesting issue concerns the process of implementation of
functional separation in Italy. In 2002, AGCOM released a decision introducing the concept of
27
“administrative separation”. 91 The aim of this separation was to allow non-discriminatory access
to the network services offered by the SMP operator, Telecom Italia. Telecom Italia’s response
to this decision was to establish separate commercial units - TI Retail and TI Wholesale.
More recently, there have been moves towards a more hands-on regulatory model. In May
2007, a public discussion document was published by AGCOM and the Italian Ministry of
Communications in relation to functional separation, along with a proposed supplement to the
Italian Electronic Communications Code that would allow AGCOM to impose functional
separation on an SMP operator as a last resort in the event of all other forms of regulation being
unsuitable. 92 The EC wrote a letter to AGCOM, following the announcement of plans to separate
the incumbent's network access unit. The letter complained that the regulator had broken with
procedure by giving implied approval to the separation, without first notifying the Commission.
In February 2008, Telecom Italia announced that it would establish a new unit, to be called
Open Access. The new unit would be completely autonomous and separate from Telecom
Italia’s other commercial operations. It will form part of a new division called Technology and
Operations. Apart from Open Access, the new division will also have a network branch to
design and build a modern network, an information technology branch, and a technical
infrastructures branch for real estate, plant and facilities management. 93 It is a "voluntary"
corporate restructuring, developed with the approval of AGCOM.
This in fact might be seen as something similar to the separation of BT's operations in the
United Kingdom. 94 Indeed, although both promise to offer equal access to an incumbent's fixed
network, Telecom Italia's Open Access will be structurally different from BT's Openreach
because unlike the latter, Open Access will not have a separate, independent board. 95
28
4.9. Latvia
Internet users 55
Market developments
In Latvia FTTH access solutions have been deployed by both the fixed incumbent and some
alternative network providers in some pilot sites in cities, in particular in new build sites. If these
initial deployments turn out to be successful, the fixed incumbent could launch broader fibre
deployments later on in certain densely populated residential areas. 96
At the beginning of 2009, Latvian incumbent Lattelecom announced plans to roll out a new
fibre optic broadband network under its ‘Network of the Future’ project to provide new services,
including HDTV. 97 The fibre optic network is expected to initially deliver speeds up to 100 Mbps,
with the operator claiming this would increase to 500 Mbps by the end of 2009 or early 2010.
Lattelecom has completed a pilot project of 100 Mbps FTTH in the Zolitude district of Riga and
hopes to replace most of the DSL network in Latvia with FTTH in three years. 98
In April 2009, alternative operators IZZI and Baltkom started offering cable Internet with
speeds of 100 Mbps in parts of Riga. 99 Both Baltkom and IZZI are offering combined Internet
and digital cable packages.
The fixed incumbent’s broadband market share has increased over the past year to reach
46.4 percent in January 2009 compared to 44.2 percent a year ago. It ranges from a relatively
small share in Riga, which is due to the significant infrastructure-based competition, to a much
higher share outside the capital, where the incumbent’s DSL lines remain the dominant
infrastructure. The main broadband competitors are ISPs and cable operators. It is estimated
that in Riga the residents of multi-apartment buildings would normally have a choice between
three to four alternative broadband providers and price competition is accordingly strong. 100
Regulation
There are specific broadband market conditions in Latvia where it remains relatively easy
and cheaper for alternative operators to duplicate infrastructure. For example, according to
estimates made by some operators, it is possible to recover the costs of a broadband network in
a densely populated urban area within three years.
29
SPRK (regulatory body in Latvia) is nevertheless concerned about the lack of interest in
unbundled local loop (ULL) and wholesale bitstream products by alternative operators which is
why, in September 2008, it issued a consultation document concerning the fixed incumbent’s
reference offers for unbundled access to local loop and broadband access, as well as
concerning terminating segments of leased lines and the minimum set of leased line markets, in
which regulatory remedies were also imposed in 2007. In this document, the SPRK announced
that it will use the feedback from this consultation to analyze and, if necessary, to make
amendments to these reference offers.
30
4.10. Lithuania
Internet users 49.0
Market developments
Lithuanian incumbent operator TEO LT completed the deployment of a MPLS-based IP core
network in 2003. By deploying a MPLS-based IP core network it aimed to respond to rapidly
increasing demand from customers for high-speed Internet access and data connectivity in
Lithuania. In the future, this core 10 Gbps routing infrastructure will help underpin next-
generation services such as video content delivery. 101 According to TEO LT, the backbone
network upgrade has improved reliability as it is structured according to different customer needs
and features redundant network nodes. Investments in the upgrading of the backbone network
amounted to more than LTL 30 million (EUR 8.7 million), and since the beginning of 2006,
TEO LT has also invested about LTL 10 million (EUR 2.9 million) in data centers. 102 The
upgrading of the core part of the network was fully completed in 2007. 103
In 2007, TEO LT announced its FTTH project. According to TEO LT, it is one of the most
important network modernization projects of the company. Over three years, it will invest more
than LTL 100 million (EUR 29 million) in the new optical access network and roll out a network
capable of 1 Gbps to the home. In general, optical fibre is installed up to a building’s inlet box
from which copper cables are installed to individual apartments. Due to their physical
characteristics, such copper cables limit the speed of data communication, and TEO LT will
eventually install optical fibre up to the user’s apartment – that will provided the customer with
speeds up to 1 Gbps. The fibre network will provide users with the possibility of enjoying high-
quality services through a single Internet access line: to make telephone calls, to watch digital
TV, to browse the Internet, and to send video records simultaneously. Initially, TEO LT plans to
offer residents of the five biggest cities in Lithuania the opportunity to use the advantages
provided by the fibre network. In Vilnius the provision of fibre access was launched in June 2007.
As noted by ECTA, a number of new EU member states such as Lithuania and Estonia are
leapfrogging legacy copper technology by installing fibre access lines. 104 In the first quarter of
2009 almost 32 percent of all broadband connections were based on fibre technologies in
Lithuania (See Figure 6), with 170 300 subscribers connected via FTTB and 22 900 via FTTH. 105
31
Figure 6: Fixed broadband connections by technology in Lithuania, I quarter of 2009
Source: RRT, Report on the electronic communications sector, IQ 2009.
In September 2007, three companies received licences to use the 3.5 GHz spectrum band
for wireless broadband access. By May 2009, one of them – LRTC, a broadcasting service
provider, had expanded its coverage to five cities in Lithuania with its WiMax network. LRTC
expects more than 100 000 subscribers to use its WiMax service by early 2010. 106 The other two
companies are also investing in WiMax network developments.
All three mobile operators in Lithuania have extensive coverage of 3G (HSDPA) services
and the number of mobile broadband subscribers is constantly increasing (See Figure 7).
32
Table 7: Dynamics of mobile broadband subscribers in Lithuania
Source: RRT, Report on the electronic communications sector, IQ 2009.
Regulation
Some discussions between RRT (Lithuanian NRA) and the incumbent as regards the future
regulation of NGN are already ongoing, but no thorough public debate has been initiated yet.
RRT considers that any launch of a national debate should await the conclusion of discussions
at the level of the European Regulators Group (ERG). 107
At the end of 2008, RRT published its guidance on VoIP regulation. The purpose of this
paper was to provide the industry with guidance of regulation of VoIP services and to get the
industry’s feedback. A public consultation was launched from December 2008 up to February
2009. The revised version of the guidelines is under preparation.
It should be noted, that the first phase of roll-out of the publicly funded rural fibre backbone
network (called RAIN - Rural Area Information Technology Broadband Network) was completed
in 2008. RAIN is a phased broadband infrastructure development to bring broadband to
Lithuanian municipal offices, citizens, and enterprises in under-served rural areas. 108 The initial
market reaction appears to be positive: much fibre, amounting to approximately 7 000 km in total,
is already rented. The network is operated on a wholesale basis only, and is open to access by
operators. Two municipal broadband projects were also launched in 2008. 109 The objectives of
the second phase (2007-2010) of the project are to connect 100 percent of public administration
institutions and to create possibilities for small and medium-sized enterprises and residents to
connect to broadband networks within 98 percent of the territory of Lithuania, i.e. to create the
missing infrastructure, which would provide broadband services for existing and new operators.
Planned investments for the second phase stand at EUR 72.5 million. 110
33
4.11. The Netherlands
Internet users 84.0
Market developments
At the end of 2005, KPN announced that over the next few years it wanted to migrate its
network to a NGN. The migration to a NGN is intended to give KPN a cost-effective broadband
IP network that will allow it to provide better services. KPN’s plans included the realization of
unbundled access at the street cabinet level. KPN also planned to phase out almost all of its
main distribution frames (MDF) locations. KPN called this operation the migration to ‘all-IP’.
KPN predicts that replacing existing infrastructure with a new, IP-based one will cost
between EUR 1 billion and EUR 2 billion on top of its regular CAPEX (EUR 1.7 billion in 2004).
KPN did not put a definite date on when the migration will be complete, nor when it will turn off
its PSTN. KPN also announced that it would start IP Multimedia Subsystem-based (IMS) voice
services over broadband from early 2007. The development is part of KPN’s EUR 1-1.5 billion
spend on its all-IP network, to be completed by 2010.
However, KPN also reckons that by 2010 it will be able to cut EUR 850 million from its 2005
operating expenditure level of EUR 9.65 billion, as shown in the table below. 111
Table 3: Saving from NGN
Year OPEX savings per Cumulative OPEX savings

Phase
year
Phase 1: All IP 2005 150 million EUR 150 million EUR
Backbone
2006 150 million EUR 300 million EUR
Phase 2: All IP 2008 200 million EUR 650 million EUR
Access Network
34
At the time of the KPN initial planning (in 2005), Reggefiber, an optical fibre company, was
founded to provide open-access fibre networks across the Netherlands. It was a stakeholder in
several local initiatives in the Netherlands (such as OnsNet and AlmeerNet) and also operates
its own network, Glashart. In 2007, KPN announced that it was going to move its customers to
Reggefiber’s network. A year latter, in May 2008, KPN announced plans to take a 41 percent
shareholding in Reggefiber. This indicated that KPN was considering a move from an
FTTC/VDSL to an FTTH strategy.
In December 2008, the Dutch competition authority approved the KPN-Reggefiber joint
venture on condition that it practices maximum wholesale fees for FTTH unbundling in the range
of 14.5 – 17.5 EUR/month (depending on geography) with an annual uplift to reflect inflation. 112
KPN became one of the companies offering services over the open access network. Shortly
after that, operators announced that KPN and Reggefiber are planning to roll out FTTH services
across the Netherlands, with investments that could reach EUR 6–7 billion in an FTTH network
which will cover the vast majority of the Netherlands over the next five to seven years. 113
The evolution of the KPN network has motivated the main Dutch cable operators to
announce pilot developments of moderate scope: 40 000 homes in Amsterdam using Docsis 3.0
and 10 000 homes passed in Baxmeer using FTTH P2P. 114
It is important to notice that the Netherlands has also benefited from innovative municipal
involvement in fibre roll-outs, particularly in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The sector has also
been characterized by the wide range of non-telecommunications operator activity, including the
direct involvement of construction companies, individuals digging their own trenches, real estate
investors and pension funds. Given these collective efforts, the Netherlands has shown than
FTTH can be developed through the initiative of players other than the major
telecommunications operators and cable operators. For instance one of Amsterdam municipality
GNA, offering open access, plans to cover 420 000 homes by FTTH, investing EUR 300 million
by 2013. The Portaal Housing Association plans to reach 130 000 homes by FTTH and it is also
offering open access to its infrastructure.
The developments of FTTH in the Netherlands have shown the arrival of a new kind of
market entrant: real estate financers investing in networks. The first entrant was ING Real Estate,
who, together with Reggefiber, five housing corporations and the municipality of Amsterdam,
invested in Glasvezelnetwerk Amsterdam (GNA). Another new player was Rabo Bouwfonds
Dutch Communication Infrastructure Fund (RBCIF) a fund established by Bouwfonds Asset
Management, the real estate division of Rabobank. RBCIF recently acquired CAIW, a cable
operator, which constructed a pilot FTTH-network in 2006 to 700 homes. The arrival of Real
Estate financiers was a new phenomenon.
To sum up, at present, the Netherlands seems to be well positioned to maintain its rank as
European broadband leader.
In 2006, the Dutch independent post and telecommunications authority (OPTA) published its
position paper on all-IP. At the beginning of 2007, OPTA called on KPN to produce a solution,
acceptable to all parties involved, for KPN’s proposed phase-out of MDF Access as part of its
all-IP plan. OPTA encouraged KPN and alternative operators to reach a negotiated solution
regarding MDF switch-off.
This call was answered by KPN by starting discussions with the three largest MDF
customers. This resulted in three signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) on 13 July 2007.
The MoUs contain conditions under which MDF customers are willing to co-operate with moving
35
out of the MDF locations. One of these conditions is that KPN will maintain MDF access for
coverage of 50 percent of Dutch households. Another condition is that KPN will develop an
adjusted wholesale broadband access offer, which gives other parties the opportunity to
continue their MDF Access business model.
In November 2008, OPTA issued a consultation document entitled “Tariff Regulation for
Unbundled Fibre Access – Policy Rules” 115. These policy rules contain the policy principles that
the OPTA drafted for the price regulation of unbundled fibre. The key elements encourage
investment and foster competition. OPTA puts forward regulatory principles, as well as tangible
one-off and monthly maximum fees (e.g. monthly rental 14.5 -17.5 EUR per FTTH fibre pair), for
the Optical Distribution Frame access (ODF-access) offer and related facilities (co-location,
backhaul) of the envisaged Reggefiber-KPN joint venture.
OPTA also proposed that the Reggefiber-KPN joint venture would be included in the KPN
designation as the operator with SMP in the market of wholesale network access at a fixed
location. KPN and Reggefiber have opposed OPTA’s proposed SMP finding, although they
publicly committed to providing voluntary fibre access. 116
In December 2008, the Dutch Competition Authority (NMa) approved the KPN-Reggefiber
joint venture on condition that it practices maximum wholesale fees for FTTH unbundling in the
range of 14.5 –17.5 EUR/month with an annual uplift to reflect inflation. 117 Some of the
conditions required from the Dutch regulator and NMa to include a guarantee that other
operators have non-discriminatory access to the network at a fixed wholesale rate.
36
4.12. Norway
Internet users 85
Market developments
In 2005, the Norwegian incumbent Telenor announced that it has started upgrading its
broadband network to a Next Generation IP MPLS network in order to meet increased demand
for integrated data, voice and video services (triple play). 118 Telenor is upgrading its entire
network to a new network, including the distribution, access and core. The core network will be
changed into a pure IP network by 2010. Unfortunately, the amount of investment has not been
made public.
In 2007, Telenor unveiled plans for its major FTTH and IPTV-related investments, which
have since begun. 119 In the second half of 2007, Telenor selected a preferred supplier for
advanced broadband access solutions, encompassing FTTH as well as FTTN and VDSL2. 120
This allows the operator to cost-effectively transform its access network - in line with its “all-IP”
strategy. Initial deployments are expected by the end of 2007, and will be extended later to other
Telenor affiliates. Telenor has announced its intentions to use a mix of PON, DSL, and WiMax to
reach the country's 4.6 million inhabitants. 121 The operator is rolling out fibre-based access in
Norway's main cities to keep up with its smaller rivals and deliver entertainment services that
they hope will help to reduce churn and deliver extra revenues. The carrier is also investing in
VDSL2-enabled DSLAMs where fibre to the home is not appropriate. 122
According to the FTTH Council, Norway was one of leading countries in the world for FTTH
penetration, with around 9 percent of household’s at the end of 2008. Many initiatives in Norway
have led this country to this position.
It is mainly power utility companies that are driving investment in fibre networks in Norway:
Two power utility companies – Alta Kraftlag and Varanger Kraft – have deployed FTTH
networks. The two deployments together cover an area of 48 649 km. Alta currently has
a fully operational triple play network, while Varanger has an open access, enabling
multiple providers to compete over the same network and giving users ultimate choice. 123
In May 2007, PacketFront, a provider of open-access FTTH broadband networking,
signed a contract with Norway’s largest power utility company, Hafslund, to build an
open-access FTTH network in Ostlandet, an area around Oslo. In the first stage,
Hafslund have agreed to offer IPTV and other broadband services to selected
37
cooperative housing areas in Oslo. 124 In terms of population, the region of Ostlandet
contains about 50 percent of the 4.6 million inhabitants of Norway.
Lyse Tele, the local energy corporation, is rolling out an FTTH network in Stavanger
(population of 110 000). Although, as PointTopic explained in April 2007 125 : “When
households in the city of Stavanger in Southwest Norway want to get broadband from
Lyse Tele, they have two options: either to wait until the engineers dig a trench for them
or do it themselves. An amazing 80 percent chose to get out their shovels and dig their
own. Lyse Tele’s broadband services, like many of its kind in Scandinavia and the
Netherlands, are special. They are fast, symmetrical and cheap. Monthly prices for
stand-alone service range from as little as USD 26.50 to USD 31.00 for a symmetric 10
Mbps FTTH broadband service. They are delivered over optical fibre, and no longer use
copper wires.”
Lyse Tele was the first broadband operator to launch triple-play offers comprising high-
speed symmetric broadband internet, IPTV and IP telephony services in Norway. Lyse Tele has
established a franchise concept, Altibox, which currently comprises 34 partners from different
regions of Norway, as well as one from Denmark. Altibox partners are owned by local or
regional energy companies. As of November 2008, Altibox had connected 120 000 FTTH
customers. 126
In 2008, broadband network operator Asker og Bærum Fibernett announced its plans to
build open access fibre networks in the municipalities of Asker and Bærum on the outskirts of
Oslo. 127 The project aims to connect up to 50 000 homes in the next four to five years.
Beside fibre, other NGN access technologies are intensively being deployed in Norway:
Mobile operator Telenor is upgrading its existing WCDMA 3G network in Norway with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. With HSDPA, data can be
transmitted through the mobile network at speeds up to 14 Mbps. The initial upgrade at
Telenor supports up to 3.6 Mbps.
Norwegian cable operator Get is using its IP NGN technology to upgrade its network to
support accelerating broadband traffic demand. 128 Get is the second major cable operator
in Europe to deploy EuroDOCSIS 3.0 downstream channel-bonding technology. The
upgrade supports the delivery of broadband services to 380,000 homes in Norway and
will make it possible for Get to develop bundled services combining video, data and voice
over a single ultra-high bandwidth broadband connection.
No specific regulation with regards to NGN is introduced in Norway, as the Electronic
Communications Act is supposed to be technology neutral, and NGNs are therefore not
regulated any differently to other technologies. 129 The majority of operators offer an open access,
while opening the network for others to provide services. 130
However, as it is noted in an ERG case study, the NPT (Norwegian NRA) has a continued
dialogue with the incumbent and other stakeholders in this field and will continue to exchange
information/views with regard to the future of NGN. 131 According to a NPT presentation made in
September 2008, the regulation of NGN should bear in mind the Internet tradition of openness
and neutrality and principle of minimum regulation. 132
The principle of technological neutrality is also embedded in the policy of regulation of VoIP
services in Norway. VoIP service offerings that are designed for any-to-any communication and
are publicly available are considered to be publicly available telephony services. Therefore,
38
these VoIP services are subject to all obligations to which providers of electronic communication
services and publicly available telephony services are subject under the Electronic
Communications Act and the Regulations on Electronic Communications Networks and
Services. 133
The aim of the Norwegian Government is to ensure that everyone in Norway, regardless of
where they live, have access to broadband. By 2005, this policy resulted in broadband being
available to around 95 percent of the population. However, the importance of the issue now is to
stimulate demand and get “people on line”. The Government recognizes that there are some
small local communities where the total demand is too small to attract market investment in
infrastructure, in which case some direct funding may be required. 134
39
4.13. Poland
Internet users 44
Market development
In 2002, the Polish incumbent Telekomunikacja Polska (TP) contracted a technology
provider to provide NGN technology valued at EUR 20 million. 135 This means, that TP started to
upgrade its core network to NGN relatively early. While Netia, Poland’s largest alternative fixed
telecommunications provider, started to introduce IP solutions as the basis for the countrywide
deployment of its next-generation core network in 2007. 136
In January 2008, TP started to first move in the direction of fibre access network
development. Due to cooperation with one of development companies, TP Group has installed
an optical fibre infrastructure in a new building in the Wola district in Warsaw. This made it
possible to activate the TP multipackage together with the 50-10 Mbps Internet access. 137 In
September 2008, the incumbent published a strategy on the subject, estimating the cost of
necessary investment at between PLN 14 and 28 billion (approximately EUR 4.1 and 8.2
billion), and pointing out that future investment will depend on cooperation with public
authorities. TP asked for changes in the regulatory policy (no functional separation for example
and a geographical approach to competition issues) and more government involvement (tax
policy, public-private partnership/ventures, e-government services, more effective use of EU
funds) to support development in telecommunication services. According to TP, the main barrier
to broadband access development is not the level of retail prices but the lack of proper
infrastructure. From 2009 to 2011 within the framework of a “broadband partnership”, TP will
invest EUR 400 million in passive optic networks. TP has also presented data showing that the
amount of data transferred over the fixed network had risen threefold in the previous 24 months,
and quadrupled over the mobile network. 138
Some alternative operators also announced their readiness to upgrade technologies or
invest in fibre networks, taking advantage of the availability of EU funds.
Bundled offers were becoming more common as operators entered new markets in order to
offer additional services. However, double-play remained the favorite choice as price was a
determining factor. 139
40
Regulatory development
As no substantial developments in NGNs were taking place in Poland, the regulatory
approach to NGN is not clearly defined. In October 2008, UKE (Polish NRA) published an expert
opinion on TP’s policy document on supporting telecommunications investment for 2008-
2011. 140 Based on this opinion, the President of UKE then presented an opinion for consultation
on the building and operation of NGN in Poland. 141
41
4.14. Portugal
Internet users 40
Market development
It has to be mentioned, that detailed information on technological evolution of the PT
(Portugal Telecom) group is scarce. In 2005, PT selected a technology supplier to implement a
NGN IP network. The incumbent has conducted a test on FTTH but claims that its investment in
fibre deployment should be subject to more favourable regulatory treatment. 142 The President of
Portugal Telecom has stated that the company will not start investing in a fibre-based NGN
without receiving guarantees from the relevant regulatory bodies that it will be not be forced to
open the network to competitors. The move follows similar - and successful - demands from UK
incumbent BT. Portugal Telecom reached 312 000 subscribers for its pay-TV service 'Meo'
(delivered via IPTV, satellite and mobile) by the end of 2008, adding 110 000 customers in the
last quarter of the year alone.
Things have changed, however, after the Portuguese government announced its
commitments to develop NGN networks. FTTx projects are happening faster than expected in
Portugal, where a high level of competition, government broadband goals, and an effective duct-
sharing policy have helped set off a wave of deployments. Increasing CATV competition has
become an important catalyst:
Sonaecom, a leading alternative carrier, began deploying FTTH networks early this year
saying that it will pass more than 1 million homes over the next three years and invest
EUR 240 million by 2010 in a new FTTH network, over which it plans to deliver its IPTV
service as well as other services. 143
DSTelecom has announced plans to invest EUR 400 million over five years in the
construction of an open access fibre-optic network. The network, which will cover more
than 50 municipalities, is being deployed in partnership with the state, as part of the
government’s commitment to the development of next generation networks. Portugal
Telecom, Zon, Sonaecom and Oni-Communications are also deploying networks as part
of the same initiative. 144
Another strong player is ZON. Two cable companies recently acquired by ZON have
passed more than 100 000 homes with FTTH. 145 The number of wireline and wireless
broadband subscribers is increasing. There are 1.5 million fixed broadband subscribers
42
in Portugal and 1.7 million mobile broadband subscribers. ZON alone has 2.8 million
homes passed with a hybrid fibre/coax (HFC) network and 1 million cable TV subscribers
in Portugal's major cities. These networks have been upgraded to deliver broadband
services.
It is also known that TV Cabo, Portugal's largest pay-TV operator, started to upgrade its
national network in 2006 to offer ultra-high-speed broadband, VoIP and HDTV. 146 TV Cabo has
strongly invested in the improvement of the network (fibre optics and coaxial cable). According
to the Executive Chairman of PT Multimedia, since 2002, TV Cabo has made investments of
over EUR 450 million. These investments allowed for the improvement of client services, the
increase of Internet traffic limits, the introduction of new contents and functions in the television
service, and allows to offer a triple play service including telephony. Approximately 80 – 90
percent of the TV Cabo network is capable to offering voice service. 147
Regulatory development
The following actions taken by ANACOM (NRA of Portugal) can be listed:
A study on the implementation conditions of the NGN in Portugal 148
A public consultation on Next-Generation Access Networks 149
The regulatory approach to VoIP was approves in February 2006. It includes a chapter
dedicated to interconnection, including IP. 150
However, probably the most important and interesting initiative took place in Portugal in
January 2009, when a protocol on NGNs was signed between the Government and four main
telecoms operators, Portugal Telecom, Sonaecom, Zon and Oni Communications. 151 This is an
agreement that shows the commitment of all parties to investing in NGNs. In the scope of this
agreement, “the Government is committed to opening ducts for NGNs, to regulating networks, to
maintaining a centralized information system and to providing a line of credit with a minimum of
800 million Euro”. 152 Prime Minister Jose Socrates announced the funding, saying he hoped the
country's main telecoms operators would invest EUR 1 billion to build NGNs during
2009. This is the first step in a EUR 2.18 billion plan announced in December 2008 to boost the
country's economy. 153 The protocol signed is open to every telecoms operator wishing to invest
in these networks and aims to take NGNs to around 1.5 million homes by the end of 2009.
However, some operators are still holding back on their plans to invest in fibre networks.
Vodafone Portugal considers that, in its particular case, all the required conditions to invest in
NGNs in Portugal are not yet met and therefore is not yet willing to sign the protocol. Vodafone
Portugal will continue to monitor the evolution of NGNs’ regulatory and competitive context.
Furthermore, Vodafone Portugal will continue to explore the possibility of creating a shared NGN
investment with other operators, namely with those that have signed the protocol, not excluding
the possibility of later signing it. 154
43
4.15. Romania
Internet users 24
Market developments
In Romania, competitive pressure from cable television operators has led the incumbent
(Romtelecom) to move towards NGN. 155 Romtelecom follows in the footsteps of other major
European incumbents and has initiated the deployment of NGN. In this respect, Romtelecom
promised to invest EUR 500 million in a NGN, if the evolution of the regulatory framework will
allow a reasonable return on investment. 156 According to Romiania’s contribution to the GSR
consultation on NGN migration, Romtelecom in 2005, made public its investment plans to
migrate to NGN, but did not disclose detailed information on the migration. According to
incumbent’s public statements, it might invest half a billion EUR over a three year period for the
migration to NGN (no details on the investment allocation between NGN core and access
networks). 157
Initial steps have already been taken with approximately EUR 300 million invested in the
infrastructure during the last three years. 158 Romtelecom launched its ADSL service for
residential customers in May 2005. With regards to the telephony infrastructure, in 2007
Romtelecom managed to achieve countrywide digitalization of its network.
Vodafone Romania (mobile operator) announced in October 2007 that it would migrate
towards a fully IP-based core network and planned to complete the migration by April 2008.
When the process is completed, Vodafone Romania are going to use a common IP-based core
network for all its services - 2G, 3G, fixed voice and fixed data. 159
In 2008, the incumbent operator announced the implementation of an IP NGN core network.
The incumbent also started the provision of VoIP origination services to other national and
international networks, and bi-directional VoIP services to and from other users of its network,
both VoIP and PSTN. The objectives of Romtelecom NGN core implementation include the
replacement of analogue and small digital exchanges with access nodes, consolidation and
optimization of the switching network, while avoiding making investments in non-upgradeable
legacy assets. In the future, Romtelecom will start using the IP-based network to provide voice
services, but no IP interconnection is likely to become available in the short term. With regards
to the access network, the incumbent plans to reduce the length of local loops to less than 1km,
and to increase the number of broadband enabled lines and the number of ADSL lines. 160
44
According to a EC report, fibre connections represent 3.9 percent of the Romanian
broadband retail market and fibre continues to be rolled out. Although not yet representing a
significant market share, the approximate 89 000 FTTH lines is the fifth largest in the EU in
absolute terms. 161
In 2006, the National Authority for Comminications ((ANC) the former – ANRCTI) created a
working group to analyze local loop unbundling (LLU) issues in Romania. It studied various
possibilities for viable access to optical network units (regulated backhaul transmission services,
dark fibre and duct sharing) and alternatives (such as regulated bitstream services). The
introduction of a regulated bitstream market was found to probably be the best alternative to
ensure some level of competition on the (shortened) local loop in the current regulatory
framework. However, bitsteam access is still unavailable.
In 2006, considering the fact that some of the Reference Unbundling Offer (RUO) provisions
did not comply with the ANRCTI LLU regulation and the slow take-up of the LLU services,
ANRCTI revised the general LLU framework. 162 ANRCTI imposed on Romtelecom specific
obligations regarding the announcement of planned changes in the access network to:
notify the alternative operators any modification of its network that might affect the retail
services offered by the alternative operators, including the removal of an MDF, not later
than 12 months before carrying out that modification;
publish and update every quarter the plans for modernization of the access network
(including deployment of ONUs) at least 12 months before proceeding to modify of the
access network.
45
4.16. Slovak Republic
Internet users 56
Market developments
In December 2004, Slovak Telecom (incumbent operator) completed the digitalization of its
network by deploying the NGN core technology. In principle, the construction of the NGN
represents the final stage of gradual development and integration of technologies for voice, data
and multimedia services. By the end of 2004, the initial phase (first 150 000 customers) of
overall migration of its current platforms (with 1.2 million customers) into NGN was finished. 163
The Slovak Telecom NGN concept is based on a progressive evolution to end-to-end "all
IP". It has been designed in such a way as to be able to provide all types of emerging
multimedia services and to keep existing services at the same time. The strategy of partial PSTN
replacement and overlay was chosen by Slovak Telecom. In the beginning of 2009, Slovak
Telecom covered about 30 percent of households with broadband and was aiming to achieve 40
percent this year, including 300 000 households connected by fibre. 164
The largest mobile operator, Orange Slovensko, is rolling out FTTH infrastructure as well. It
intends to invest approximately SKK 1 billion (EUR 32 million) on FTTH network in Slovakia
that will cover almost 200 000 households in 10 cities. 165 The coverage achieved by the operator
in November 2008 was reported to be 265 000 households (approximately 15 percent of
households). Triple-play services are offered over its NGN (broadband, fixed voice and IPTV).
Additional areas might be covered using LLU in the future. There has been no agreement
concluded on duct sharing for NGN deployment between Orange Slovensko and the fixed
incumbent operator. 166
The number of providers offering bundled services has risen to nine for triple-play services
(fixed voice, broadband and TV), and 17 for double-play services. 167 These developments
reflect the increasing efforts by local cable operators to offer broadband and fixed voice services.
Mobile broadband services have started to play a role for broadband access. It appears that
some customers regard mobile broadband services as a substitute product for fixed broadband
access (especially those living outside main urban areas). Mobile operators note intensifying
competition between 3G offers with a trend towards increasing speed levels and declining retail
prices. However, the development of 3G infrastructure has been limited. The new entrant is
testing 3G on a small scale using basic UMTS technology. 168 It should be noted that broadband
46
access in rural areas is in some instances also available via other technological means, such as
mobile broadband and WiMAX services.
In terms of various platforms, DSL has 55.9 percent of total fixed retail lines, wireless local
loops (WLL) 13.9 percent, FTTH 11 percent and cable 10.5 percent. DSL is still the technology
with the highest net subscriber gain, followed by FTTH and cable. 169
The regulatory approach to NGNs is not yet defined in the country.
However, the project called SANET should be noted. The aim of the SANET project is to
build up a gigabit network for the Slovak academic and research community with the connection
to a trans-European gigabit network and global Internet. The project is financed by the Slovak
government. The value of the project is around EUR 7 million (SKK 280 million). 170
47
4.17. Slovenia
Population 2 million
Internet users 53
Market developments
Slovenia is one of the top European countries in terms of FTTH deployment. It is important
to mention that two national wide FTTH networks are being rolled out at the moment, one by
Telekom Slovenije and one by largest alternative operator T-2, which is also offering VoIP, IPTV
and the Internet. Telekom Slovenia is moving from TDM transport to IP transport in its backbone
and access networks, but at the moment still using both (TDM and IP).
However, Telekom Slovenia has embarked upon a fibre build programme (“F2”) that aims to
achieve coverage of 70 percent of the population by 2015. The programme is a key part of
Telekom Slovenia’s strategy to compete with new entrants and cable operators. Estimated cost
of F2 is EUR 450 million, which is being part-funded by a EUR100 million loan from the
European Investment Bank – the loan is also being used to fund xDSL and WiMAX roll-out to
areas beyond the FTTH coverage. 171 The company planned to spend EUR 50 million in 2007,
taking fibre to 50,000 homes in Slovenia's main cities, running new cables through its extant
ducts for the initial phase of the rollout. 172 An earnings report of the 1st quarter of 2007 from
Telecom Slovenia revealed some details about an FTTH roll-out: fixed line and broadband
investments in the first three months of 2007 included the construction of a FTTH network; in
April the first subscribers were connected, and the operator says it is aiming for 300,000 FTTH
customers in ‘the medium-term’. 173
T-2 FTTH speed ranges from 10 Mbps (EUR 14/month), 20 Mbps (EUR 28/month) up to 1
Gbps (EUR 1 000/month). Telekom Slovenije offers FTTH speeds from 20 Mbps (EUR 26/month)
upward. Currently FTTH is being built by Gratel as well.
Actually, European countries with little copper legacy are doing their best to bypass the old
access technologies and going straight to fibre. This is especially true in the case of smaller
nations – like Slovenia. The number of FTTH lines continuously grows in Slovenia, and stands at
approximately 45 000 lines, which is one of the best relative performances in the EU. 174
48
Regulation
As far as NGN issues are concerned, APEK (NRA of Slovenia) has been among the first
NRAs in Europe to include termination of VoIP calls in the definition and analysis of the market
for call termination on fixed networks. 175 In 2008, the NRA successfully resolved the issue of
discriminatory rates for the termination of IP traffic on the incumbent’s network. The incumbent
has since been charging the same amount for traditional TDM-based and IP-based termination.
Currently, APEK is preparing the analysis of the markets for physical access infrastructure
and wholesale broadband access, whereby it will also analyze the impact of FTTH and other
modern access technologies on the relevant competition conditions. 176 In the absence of dark
fibre backhaul regulation, for a majority of the market players, access to many locations, due to
the high level of fibre wholesale prices, is off-limits.
According to APEK’s October 2007 decision on the wholesale broadband access market,
the SMP operator has an obligation to provide access to alternative operators in a manner that
will allow functional IP telephony, IPTV and video on demand (VoD), in view of the fact that the
same services have been provided to the customers by its retail unit. Furthermore, based on a
complaint by an alternative operator, APEK mandated the incumbent, inter alia, to replicate its
upper frequency-band bitstream product, which was offered to its retail unit. Naked DSL offered
at a price of retail minus up to 66 percent plus a surcharge for the lower frequency band of the
local loop thus became a part of the reference bitstream offer as of November 2008.
In July 2008, the Slovenian government adopted a new broadband strategy, setting out
broad political goals to be achieved as soon as 2010. One aim of the strategy is to ensure
broadband for all by 2010, and access speeds of at least 2 Mbps to 98 percent of the population
by 2012, and at least 20 Mbps to 90 percent of the population by 2015. 177 The strategy also
specifies that competition is the key to achieving these goals, coupled with measures such as
openness of networks and participation of the local municipalities.
49
4.18. Spain
Internet users 52.0
Market developments
Telefonica (Spanish incumbent operator) has made several public announcements
regarding the deployment of NGN. This concerns both the core network and the access network.
The objectives of the operator, presented in May 2006, included bandwidth of at least 25 Mbps
for more than 40 percent of the population by 2009. 178 It also carried out a limited FTTH trial
based on PON in the outskirts of Madrid in 2005 and announced a EUR 1 billion investment in
FTTH. 179
PTV Telecom, a triple-play provider in Spain, is replacing its existing infrastructure to offer
enhanced services in five major cities across the country. 180 It's moving to IP from its existing
infrastructure and is expected to facilitate future subscriber base growth, deliver multi-play
services to consumers and also give it a lever into the enterprise market with IP trunks and data
services. 181 Following the upgrading of their networks, cable operators launched the first
broadband offers of 50 Mbps and 100 Mbps. The incumbent launched a pre-commercial offer
based on VDSL with speeds up to 30 Mbps.
In Spain the trend towards bundled services is significant and continues to grow, with
broadband as the main driver: 12.01 percent of the population had subscribed to a double-play
offer and 2.91 percent to a triple-play offer as of July 2008. Moreover, IPTV has experienced
significant growth, reaching 668 520 subscribers by July 2008. 182
In 2008, CMT (Spanish NRA) focused on establishing a regulatory framework for NGN
access networks with a view to fostering infrastructure competition, although some of the
principles still need to be adopted or further defined 183:
Following a public consultation, in January 2008 the CMT published its regulatory
position on NGN access in the form of a guidelines document.
In May 2008 CMT, took provisional measures for NGN access, requiring Telefonica to
provide access to ducts, supply information on planned civil works and fibre coverage,
and deliver an FTTH wholesale service (FTTH bitstream) to unbundling operators. This
followed the French model, but in a revision in the following July, the CMT removed the
50
obligation on Telefonica to provide a wholesale service on the grounds that the
company’s civil infrastructure access removed the need to adopt provisional FTTH
bitstream. Telefonica would, however, have wholesale obligations on its VDSL network.
In effect, this decision gave Telefonica a regulatory holiday from FTTH network access,
similar to that secured by Deutsche Telekom in 2007. 184
In November 2008, following verification of the implementation of that obligation, the
CMT authorized the incumbent to launch the first commercial offers based on FTTH. The
incumbent is also required to provide a bitstream service to collocated operators at a
discounted price. This is a compensatory measure for those operators affected by
reduced availability of unbundling due to the instalment of remote nodes between the
local exchange and end-users.
However, after publishing its latest EU Broadband Scorecard, ECTA has cited Spain as an
example of why regulation is needed to ensure investments and take-up in NGNs, as well as to
guarantee competition and consumer choice. According to the research, Telefonica continues to
increase its control of the broadband market, with more than 57 percent of all retail broadband
connections. However, the market in Spain has stagnated with the result that Spain is
languishing below OECD and EU averages with a broadband penetration rate of 20 percent and
growth rates are low. 185 Financial results from Telefonica show that it is primarily focused on
increasing profitability at the expense of vital infrastructure investments. Increasingly, operators
are threatening governments and European politics that they will not invest in NGN access
networks, unless there is a relaxation of competition rules that allow rivals to offer services over
these networks. ECTA emphases, that growth and investment in high-speed networks depend
on competition. Innocenzo Genna, Chairman of ECTA said: “Light touch regulation has not
worked in the banking sector and there is no reason to assume it will work to consumers’ benefit
in telecoms”. 186
Spain is slowly edging towards an open-access fibre environment, but in the short term at
least, there will be little effective competition to Telefonica except from cable operators, which
only market about half of the population. 187 Consequently, Spanish consumers will be punished
with some of Europe’s highest access charges for some time yet.
There are a few governmental initiatives in the area of NGN that are worth noting. For
instance, in October 2008 the Minister for Science and Innovation announced a planned
investment of EUR 130 million for the launch of a new dark fibre network as part of a project
called RedIris Nova. RedIris is the Spanish academic and scientific communities' advanced
communications network, to which over 300 institutions belong, including all of Spain's
universities and public research entities. 188 Also the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce
has established an Advisory Committee, which should identify possible barriers to the
deployment of high speed access networks and propose recommendations to the Ministry.
51
4.19. Sweden
Internet users 80
Market developments
As in many European countries, a number of Swedish operators are moving to NGN core
networks as well. Some public announcements illustrate this trend:
Telenor announces that it is upgrading its network with the main focus on a fixed and
mobile converged IP Centrex application targeting enterprise customers in the first phase.
In subsequent phases, Telenor intends to develop the Swedish market up to a leading
position in the area of converged services based on IMS, for both enterprises and
consumers. 189
A new mobile core network is being developed for Hi3G Access Sweden based on IP
NGN technology. According to the press release, in the second quarter of 2007, the
operator had 44 percent market share in the Swedish mobile broadband market. 190
At the end of 2004, TeliaSonera (the incumbent operator) announced that it was going to
build Sweden's largest IP network, which would link all 3 650 representatives for the
gaming company Svenska Spel in Sweden. The estimated value of the order was SEK
200 million (EUR 19 million). 191
Besides the move to NGN core networks, Sweden is well advanced in its development of
NGN access networks. Sweden has the highest fibre take-up of any non-Asian country, with
fibre comprising nearly 19 percent of residential broadband connections. There are now 152 city
networks in Sweden, reflecting an investment of more than EUR 2 billion. The networks pass
three million homes (around two thirds of all households), and 95 percent of those networks offer
dark fibre. Sweden also boasts the fastest in Europe broadband speeds used by consumers with
more than 30 percent having speeds over 2 Mbps and 10 percent having speeds higher than 10
Mbps. 192 A number of different projects were and are implemented in Sweden in order to reach
its current take-up.
At the end of June 2008, TeleGeography estimated that TeliaSonera had 55 000 direct fibre
users on its network, with the rest of the country’s FTTx connections provided by alternative
access providers over their own infrastructure. 193 This shows that, both the incumbent and
alternative network operators have been investing in its NGN access network during the last few
years.
52
Akelius Fastigheter, one of Sweden’s largest private owners of residential property, signed
an agreement with TeliaSonera in 2008 for the build-out of a fibre optic network that will deliver
triple-play services to all its apartment buildings in Sweden. The agreement is for a nine-year
period and is estimated to be worth SEK 700 million (EUR 67 million). Akelius residents will
gain access to telephony, broadband and digital television services over a fibre optic network
that will connect 27 000 apartments in 37 municipalities in Sweden. 194
Sweden's Bredbandsbolaget, Telenor-owned broadband communication provider, is also
rolling out FTTH network. In 2006, it announced the delivery of triple-play services, bidirectional
broadband access, IPTV and IP telephony services to new FTTH customers. 195 In 2007,
Bredbandsbolaget was testing 1Gbps broadband services in Stockholm as part of a wider plan
to extend and upgrade its existing FTTH network by 2010. In 2007, the provider had 460 000
residential users in Sweden, of which 180 000 were fibre customers, and was the second-largest
broadband provider with a 17 percent market share overall. 196 In 2008, Bredbandsbolaget
started offering broadband services at up to 60 Mbps to some 800 000 households. 197
One of the earliest public initiatives in Sweden was in the city of Vasteras, located 100km
west of Stockholm. The municipal authority engaged the utility Malarenergi (also owned by the
municipal authority) to build an open access Gigabit Ethernet metropolitan network. Construction
commenced in 2000 and was completed in 2007, covering around 83 percent of households. 198
There are more than 25 service providers, including national as well as local companies, and
prices are claimed to be among the lowest in Sweden (100Mbps symmetric service costs from
SEK299 per month).
As noted by the EC, ownership of broadband networks by municipalities doubled between
2003 and 2007 in Sweden. Some 150 municipality-owned companies are also key investors in
fibre. This increasing pace of investment, fuelled by considerable public financing, is in contrast
to a slowdown in the growth of the rest of the economy. 199
Regulation
On 15 Feb 2007, the Swedish regulatory authority (PTS) issued proposals for a new national
broadband strategy. The stated aim of PTS was to achieve an increase in the accessibility of
broadband infrastructure with the short-term objective of offering broadband to all households,
businesses and public entities no later than 2010, and to promote and protect sustainable retail
market competition for broadband services. Broadband is defined in the context of this 2010
target as connections that can be upgraded to a downstream transmission speed of at least 2
Mbps.
Three simultaneous policy lines are put forward by PTS to achieve the stated 2010 goals.
The first involves financial and regulatory requirements for government funded infrastructures,
the second addresses regulation of the fixed incumbent operator’s infrastructure and wholesale
activities (including proposals for functional as well as legal separation), and the third line
focuses on openness and neutrality of (often government-owned or funded) fibre infrastructures.
In terms of government-funded infrastructures PTS suggested the following 200:
Continued government support of initiatives representing a global investment of
SEK 1135 million (EUR 864 million) for the rollout of broadband infrastructure (of which
SEK 567.5 million (EUR 432 million) financed by EU structural funds).
Imposition of minimum requirements on infrastructure established with public funds (e.g.
minimum transmission rate).
53
Any broadband networks financed with ‘central government support’ should be open to
service providers other than the network owner during the (entire) lifetime of the networks.
In short, the aim, to ensure broadband is available to all households by 2010, is based on
open access principles, including equal access to the last mile copper network of the incumbent
operator, funding open public fibre broadband networks where private investment is unlikely,
and giving municipalities social planning responsibility to ensure local access to broadband
infrastructure.
In February 2007, PTS proposed that Sweden's largest telecom operator TeliaSonera be
forced to separate its wholesale organization from its retail operation. The regulator suggested a
model for separating TeliaSonera's network from its other operations based on BT Group PLC's
Openreach structure in the UK. 201 In April 2007, the Swedish government asked PTS to present
proposals on operational separation, a lighter form of regulation. Subsequently, in the spirit of
the voluntary separation, the incumbent set up a new entity responsible for the management of a
full set of passive products (i.e. copper products in particular and ducts). According to the
operator this should ensure equal treatment of all market players. Furthermore, in the summer of
2008, the incumbent established the ‘Equality of Access Board’, which initially aimed at
increasing market certainty and transparency through the planned publication of regular reports
on key performance indexes, also covering the activities of another wholesale unit of the
incumbent, responsible for sales of active network elements (e.g. WLR and bitstream, but not
fibre). However, later in 2008, the incumbent decided not to publish these reports.
In July 2008, the new provisions empowering the NRA to impose functional separation on
the incumbent entered into force. Under the national law, fibre access networks will not fall under
the scope of functional separation. 202 At the end of 2008, PTS announced a proposal to force
incumbent TeliaSonera to unbundle its fibre-optic broadband access network. PTS wants it to
offer a full range of wholesale fibre access services to its competitors, including fibre and ducts.
Earlier obligation decisions regulated only access to the copper network.
As for some time now, PTS has received indications that there are problems in the dark fibre
market that need to be attended to. In light of this, it has conducted a study of the dark fibre
market in 2008, with the aim of describing this market, the problems that exist and how these
may be resolved. 203 Even though the outcome of the analysis falls short of the expectations of
the alternative operators, the study, which was one of the first of its kind in the EU, analyzed the
current market situation, and concluded that, in the light of positive market trends such as the
number of stakeholders providing dark fibre at the wholesale level, it was not justifiable to define
a specific market for dark fibre. Nevertheless the market would require continuous monitoring.
As reported by the EC, state-financed networks, which have a 12 percent retail market share,
may represent another important challenge for the further development of the broadband market.
Alternative operators are concerned that wholesale access is not always available to competitors.
PTS has reinforced the dialogue with the Swedish Urban Network Association, pressing for
conditions that would facilitate wholesale access to both ducts and municipality-owned dark fibre.
In addition, some municipalities provide active, lit-fibre products that compete directly with
market players at the retail level. 204
54
4.20. Switzerland
Internet users 77
Market developments
Swisscom’s (Swiss incumbent operators) intentions to move to a full NGN network first
surfaced in 2005. 205 This was also confirmed by Swisscom’s annual report of 2005, which stated
that Swisscom was in the process of upgrading its networks to NGN. 206 By the end of 2006,
Swisscom had its legacy PSTN transit network replaced with an IP/MPLS core. In 2007,
Swisscom stated construction of a NGN overlay, intending to completely shut down the PSTN by
2015. 207
Swisscom, in common with many of the large European operators, is now looking to
broadband next-generation FTTH networks to fuel growth. 208 Since October 2008, Swisscom
has been expanding its fibre-optic network to cover residential customers and SMEs, with a view
to retaining its leading position in broadband communications. 209 The incumbent is actually
upgrading its access network very quickly to offer VDSL in urban centres, then in rural areas. At
the end of 2008, Swisscom announced that, over the next six years it is planning to invest some
CHF 8 billion (EUR 5.3 billion) in infrastructure, with 35 percent of this sum earmarked for fibre-
optic expansion. Swisscom invited potential cooperation partners from the telecommunications,
cable, and utilities industries to work with it on building the fibre-optic network, with the aim of
implementing the network more quickly and cost-effectively. 210 To enable potential partners to
expand their own fibre-optic infrastructure after the construction work has started, Swisscom is
laying several fibres per household in all areas. One fibre will be used by Swisscom, while the
others will be made available to partners. In May 2009, the operator announced it will launch a
VoIP service that month, as part of its strategy of migrating to an all-IP network — a move that
should cut costs through a simplification of its diverse service offerings. 211
Other actors are playing an active role in the development of fibre access networks as well.
For instance, Swiss network operator Swiss Fibre Communications started construction of a
dark fibre network from North to South Switzerland in July of 2009. 212
In many European markets, the development and growth of national and local fibre
infrastructure is increasingly being stimulated by the involvement of electricity utilities. This is the
case of Switzerland as well, which is fast emerging as one of Europe’s significant fibre markets.
The major operators, including the incumbent Swisscom, TDC Sunrise and Orange Switzerland,
are building their fibre networks in partnership with electricity providers 213:
55
In March 2009 Swisscom announced a joint venture with the Canton of Fribourg and the
electricity provider Groupe E to construct an open access FTTH network in Fribourg. The
Canton of Fribourg has provided CHF 5 million (EUR 3.3 million) as an investment fund
in addition to a CHF 15 million (EUR 10 million) interest-free loan.
Other utilities which have invested in fibre include the Zurich municipal electricity provider
EWZ, which in May 2006 applied to the district council for a CHF 200 million (EUR 132
million) loan to build an open access FTTH network. The network was opened in April
2009, in conjunction with operator Sunrise. Orange Switzerland has also offered a triple-
play package over EWZ’s fibre network. EWZ also has service deals with the ISPs
Netstream, Green.ch and Init Seven as well as the cable operators GGA Maur and
Transluminia. 214
At the time of writing this report, no specific regulatory developments were taking place in
Switzerland. The Swiss NRA (OFCOM) organized a NGN workshop in September 2007. The
participants expressed the view that they did not expect any regulatory holidays with regard to
NGN, but are in favour of an approach of market self-regulation. 215
Wholesale VDSL offers will not be offered in the short term as regular LLU only came into
force in April 2007.
56
4.21. United Kingdom
Internet users 72
Market developments
In 2004, the incumbent operator, British Telecom (BT), announced its plans to replace its
core network infrastructure with NGN, called 21CN. BT's plans for 21CN were for a new single
multi-service network to replace all of its existing networks. BT's stated aims for the project were
to reduce costs (by GBP 1 billion per annum by 2008/09), and improve speed to market for new
services. BT also set out several key milestones for its plans 216:
Trials of the new technology were to be initiated during 2004, with next generation voice
services being delivered to 1 000 customers by January 2005.
Broadband services were to be available to 99.6 percent of UK homes and businesses
by summer 2005, with growth in broadband services being met by a new ‘Multi-Service
Access Node' platform.
The mass migration of PSTN customers was expected to start in 2006, and reach more
than 50 percent by 2008.
Broadband dial tone is expected to be available to most customers by the end of 2009.
According to more recent announcements, BT expects to complete its 21CN migration
process at the end of 2011. The group initially said the network would be finished by the end of
2010. The value of 21CN is around GBP 10 billion (EUR 11 billion). 217 At the time of project’s
announcement this was considered as a unique project, however, currently other operators are
known to be developing similar deployment plans, including most of the operators that compete
with BT in the UK market.
In 2005, Cable & Wireless announced the Group's intention to commit GBP 190 million
(EUR 210 million) over the next three years to the transformation of its UK core network, and
associated IT systems and processes. It expected NGN architecture to be completed by the end
of the 2007/08 financial year, and to have the following key elements: 218
Convergence of Cable & Wireless' existing five separate service platforms to a single
integrated IP service platform;
Reduction of backbone nodes by 50 percent and rationalisation of metro-edge and
metro-access nodes;
57
Installation of ten new soft switches to replace the existing 70 legacy voice switches
(subject to the timing of traffic switching away from legacy products).
With an investment of over GBP 200 million (EUR 221 million), Opal (UK operator) is
migrating its network to NGN. With over 1 650 exchanges fully unbundled to cover 80 percent of
the UK population, the NGN provides access to over 21 million business and residential
premises. 219
However, these developments take care of the "backbone" of the UK's broadband
infrastructure, but NGN access is another matter entirely. The latest ranking of countries with the
most widespread roll-out of FTTH shows the UK without enough coverage to be included in the
league table. It was reported in early 2009, that the annual FTTH conference in Copenhagen
expressed fears for the UK's global economic competitiveness after statistics showed the UK
was still not among the group of economies where FTTH penetration has reached one per
cent. 220
BT is reluctant to spend billions of pounds installing FTTH or FTTC while regulations state it
would have to give competitors an equivalent access to those connections. Although estimates
vary, a full FTTH roll-out could cost in the region of GBP 15 billion (EUR 16.5 billion). 221 FTTC
would be significantly cheaper, but still cost well into the billions. 222 Only in the middle of 2008,
did BT announce a GBP 1.5 billion (EUR 1.65 billion) investment into a super-fast broadband
plan that aims to reach 10 million homes by 2012. 223 However, the deployment of fibre-optic
infrastructure is dependant on 'a supportive and enduring regulatory environment', according to
the company. 224 BT stated that it would discuss the market conditions with the regulator, Ofcom,
to enable the investment to take place. The fibre optic network would allow download speeds
between 40 Mbps and 100 Mbps.
After BT’s announcement to migrate its core network to NGN, the NGNuk industry forum
was formed. NGNuk is independent, created by the regulator but funded by the industry. It is
open and transparent. The overall goals of this forum are:
to develop an agreed industry-led vision of NGN developments on the country,
to act as a co-ordination forum in which key investors in NGN infrastructure and services
will discuss, research, consider and, where possible,
to agree the direction for NGNs in the UK, and
to communicate such direction to other players in the telecommunications industry and
the general public. 225
From the point of view of the institutional architecture, NGNuk is an interesting solution, as it
tries to find a balance between an ‘incumbent-led’ solution (CN21 programme) and a ‘regulatory-
led’ solution, where the regulator simply dictates the rules after a traditional consultation
process. 226
From the regulatory point of view, it enables the regulator to understand and capture the
industry point of view to NGNs without having to conduct costly studies or having to learn
through a dispute resolution process. Essentially, it enables the regulator to ‘learn’ about NGNs
and to ‘gain time’ before making decisions. 227
From an incumbent perspective, again it has the advantage of learning about NGNs and
different stakeholders’ positions without having to face them directly in the market through costly
and lengthy confrontations with the regulator.
58
From the alternative operator’s point of view, they have different incentives depending on
the role that they wish to play in the market. It provides a chance for negotiations with the
incumbent and to be protected by the presence of the regulator as an active listener.
Most probably this “dialog-based” decision making mechanism was adopted in the UK
because it was one of the first countries worldwide facing NGN-led challenges. Ofcom (NRA for
the UK) has been in the forefront in dealing with NGN migration challenges. However, Ofcom
concluded that the migration to an NGN would not eliminate BT’s market power on the local loop
any time soon. As a result, Ocfom has reached understandings with BT to establish a subsidiary
to provide those wholesale services, where it has market power. The subsidiary (called
OpenReach) is obliged to provide access products at wholesale to competitors on the same
basis on which it provides them to BT itself, a principle referred to as Equivalence of Inputs.
Regarding the NGN access situation in the UK, the Digital Britain report, published in 2009,
encouraged the rollout of high-speed broadband in the country, but gave no commitments on
public-sector investment to support UK optical fibre network infrastructure. 228 To date, no
specific actions have been taken by Ofcom.
59
5. ASIA AND PACIFIC
The FTTH Council consolidated ranking of the economies having greater than 1 percent
household penetration of FTTH/FTTB showed that the top four positions are held by Asia-Pacific
countries: South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific region alone accounts
for more than 80 percent of the world's 32 million connected homes. Even Europe has been
slow (compared to Asia-Pacific and North America) to adopt FTTH technology. South Korea now
has more FTTH/FTTB connections than DSL connections, and Japan is close behind. 229 FTTB
has been deployed in Japan since 2002 with over 2 million lines and in Korea with over a million
lines since 2003. Taiwan is the third most advanced country in Asia with almost a million lines.
5.1. Australia
Internet users 69
Market developments
In November 2005 Telstra (the incumbent operator) announced its plans to move to NGN.
More specifically, these plans were to: 230
Introduce a NGN core network, with an investment of more than AUD 10 billion over five
years of which 2-3 billion AUD added incrementally to existing plans, with an IP core in
place by the end of 2007;
Replace the CDMA mobile network with a national 3G GSM network which will offer the
same or better coverage than currently available;
Connect the approximately one third of users located within 1.5 km from exchange by
ADSL2+, by FTTN for the remaining two thirds, and FTTP in “Green-field” areas (without
current service);
Cut the number of business and operational support systems, reduce the number of
Telstra's 52 000 full time equivalent (FTE) positions by between 6 000 and 8 000 over
three years and 10 000 over five years.
60
In short, Telstra's announced plans covered all aspects of its networks: core network
(planned as common to all services), mobile network, fixed access arrangements, and operation
and support arrangements.
In 2006, Telstra decided to abandon a AUD 3.5 billion broadband project because of a
regulatory dispute. The company changed plans to build a fibre optic network in Australia’s five
largest cities, after failing to agree with the competition regulator over what it could charge rivals
for access to its network. 231
Whilst Telstra’s roll-out of next generation services was being much delayed because of the
arguments between the incumbent and the ACCC (Australian Competition Consumer
Commission), a group of Australia’s largest alternative operators (called Terria) came up with a
plan to upgrade the country’s PSTN with fibre-optic technology as an alternative to the NGN
strategy of Telstra. In December 2006, the group announced their intention to invest in a FTTN
network. It was expected to cost around AUD 3 billion. 232 The group lodged a special access
undertaking regarding pricing policy with the ACCC in June 2007. In December 2007, the ACCC
rejected the plan, due to a lack of incentives for providers of the service to compete.
Besides commissioning reports and initiating discussions on different NGN related issues,
ACCC was always actively involved in determination of price levels for wholesale
telecommunication services. ACCC and Telsra had long discussions about how and for how
much rivals will access the new Telsra’s network. As a result, Telsta decided to abandon its fibre
roll-out plan. ACCC also rejected Terria’s (consortium of alternative operators) plan, due to a
lack of incentives for providers of the service to compete. This obviously was slowing down the
process of NGN developments in the country. After a while the Australian government started to
think that the current regulatory system of limited operational separation of Telstra's wholesale
network operations had failed to encourage competition and wanted to act fast to break apart
Telstra's wholesale and retail businesses. Telstra on its side started to consider a voluntary
separation of its wholesale and retail divisions, as well as the sale of some assets to the
Australian government's NGN project. 233
Finally, at the beginning of 2009, the Australian government abandoned its earlier plan to
fund a privately built FTTN broadband network. Instead, it will directly build an open-access, 100
Mbps+, FTTH network that will reach 90 percent of Australian homes within eight years. The
AUD 43 billion "National Broadband Network" project was referred to by the Australian
government as the "single largest national-building infrastructure project in Australian history."
This fibre network will not only reach to 90 percent of homes in Australia, it will also be open
access and available for use by any ISP. The government intends to create a private/public
company to build the new network, with the government owning at least a 51 percent stake.
Deployment of the new network is set to begin in 2010 with an initial investment of AUD 4.7
billion from the government. 234 The network, which will operate under a wholesale-only model,
should take 7 to 8 years to complete.
61
5.2. China
Population 1 336.3 million
Internet users 31
Market developments
In fact, China is one of the most enthusiastic countries to develop NGN. An NGN Forum was
created and started its activities relatively early compared to other countries. One of the
objectives of this Forum was to study the growth trends and the latest technologies of NGN and
to promote NGN developments in China. 235 The 1st China NGN Forum conference took place in
2000. Initially it focused on NGN core technologies and developments. It is worth mentioning
that China itself is a huge producer of NGN technology for the rest of the world. Companies, like
Huawei or ZTE Corporation are now world-leading telecom solution providers. Consequently,
developments of NGN have a double effect on China’s economy.
China Telecom first rolled out NGN services in Shenzhen and Zhaoqing in 2002. In
Shenzhen, it provides a capacity of 600 000 lines and serves over 150 000 subscribers. 236 The
success in this region proved that NGN could replace PSTN switches on a large scale. Based on
the success in regional commercial trials, China Telecom launched its technological
transformation in 2005, with plans to migrate the entire network to NGN in 5 to 15 years. The
first phase of the project were expected to cost 1 billion yuan with almost 800 million yuan to
be spent on equipment. By the end of 2005, the upgrade of China Telecom’s long distance
backbone network was completed. 237 At the same time, the other five operators participating in
the CNGI (China Next Generation Internet) project backed by the Chinese Government also
accelerated the pace in building their own networks.
China Telecom investment in different technologies in 2003, and 2004, are provided in the
following figure.
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Figure 8: China Telecom investment by technology type in 2003 and 2004
Source: http://www.dri.co.jp/auto/report/hr/hrtic05.htm
CERNET, another NGN in China, with an investment of 700 million yuan from the Chinese
Government and more than 120 million yuan from 25 leading Chinese universities, was
officially launched in December 2004, connecting 25 universities at a speed of one to 10
Gbps. 238 After a year, it started a further expansion of the network and it was expected to cover
100 universities in 2005 and to expand to another 180 universities during a later stage.
In 2008, Yangquan Coal Industry (Group) Co. Ltd, a large state-owned coal enterprise in
China, selected a supplier to migrate its traditional fixed network to a NGN that will provide the
company with new, converged voice and data applications and multi-media services. 239
At the end of 2008, China announced that it will build its first nationwide high-capacity optic
fibre network. 240 The backbone network will have a bandwidth of 1 000 Gbps. It will allow every
user in the network to have a 100 Mbps access to the Internet. The amount of planned
investment, unfortunately, has not been revealed. However, it is known that China’s government
is planning to allocate 2 billion yuan to develop next-generation broadband wireless networks
over the next two years. Combined with corporate and local investment, initial investment in the
technology should be approximately 10 billion yuan. 241 The focus will be on the development of
next-generation cellular broadband communications systems, including but not limited to 3G and
concentrating more on LTE, 4G, and other long-term technological developments. State
investment will ultimately total as much as 20 billion yuan. This combined with local and
corporate investments could total 100 billion yuan by 2020. 242
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5.3. Hong Kong, China
Internet users 64.8
Market developments
A number of NGN developments are taking place in Hong Kong, China.
Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited (HKBN), a fixed telecommunications network
services carrier operating in Hong Kong, is the largest alternative residential provider of voice
and broadband services in Hong Kong. HKBN’s "Everything over IP" network is the basis for its
multiplay strategy of offering 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps broadband Internet access, telephony,
and digital/IPTV services to high-density, high-population areas in Hong Kong. 243 As early as
2002, HKBN already foresaw the future need for bandwidth, and initially invested more than
HKD 2 billion in network infrastructure. 244 In 2005, HKBN launched two new Ethernet-based
symmetrical broadband services: 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps. Over the last seven years, taking
advantage of Hong Kong’s high residential density – 200 times higher than the US – it began
building out a fibre network that in 2009 passed 1.4 million homes, at a cost of only about USD
135 per home. Currently, they are offering a basic 100 Mbps symmetrical broadband package,
which costs USD 33-40 per month. Premium services, at 200 Mbps and 1 Gbps symmetrical can
cost up to USD 225 per month. During the next few years, HKBN plans to extend its network to
pass 2.0 million out of the 2.5 million homes in the territory. 245 It is also bidding on the NGN in
Singapore, in partnership with Mobile One.
In 2004, China Motion Telecom (a telecommunications company with strong networks in
Hong Kong) announced that it will develop a NGN to provide cross-border multi-media
telecommunications services across networks to customers in Hong Kong and Mainland China
with an initial investment of USD 5 million. 246
In 2007, PCCW announced its plans to invest HKD 3 billion to upgrade its fibre-optic
network to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth applications. 247
In the beginning of 2009, two telecommunications providers - ZTE and CSL New World
Mobility (CSLNWM) - announced a collaboration to build, as it is noted in the press release, “the
world’s first SDR (Software Defined Radio) based HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed Packet Access)
network”. According tho them, the dual-mode SDR CSLNWM network will be a large-scale all-IP
network, delivering superior services and user experience, while providing a smooth transition
from the existing network to HSPA+. 248 ZTE is the China-based provider of telecommunications
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equipment and network solutions, while CSLNWM is the Hong Kong-based mobile operator, a
subsidiary of Australia's Telstra Corporation. 249
Regulation
In Hong Kong, China, the pace of NGN is driven by the market. The responsibility of the
Government is to create an enabling environment to help operators make the transition to NGN
as and when they see fit. 250 The government is closely monitoring the development of NGNs
and their impact on the future regulatory framework. The Office of the Telecommunications
Authority (OFTA) initiated a discussion paper at the beginning of 2009, which aims to stimulate
discussion on various policy and regulatory issues on NGN. 251 Given the government’s efforts in
pursuing deregulation, it is being cautious with any further regulatory intervention.
It might be interesting to note, that in Hong Kong, China, there have been suggestions that
the cost of Universal Access/ Service (UAS) provision should be calculated by combining the
cost of the existing network and the cost of the NGN. However, the regulator has rejected these
suggestions and will consider the cost of the NGN only where the change to the NGN stops the
existing network from providing UAS.
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5.4. Japan
Internet users 68.9
Market developments
Japan has been deploying FTTH into new buildings since 2005. December 2006 saw the
launch of the NGN field trials by the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Corp. (NTT),
Japan’s incumbent operator. These field trials were started in line with the company’s Medium-
term Management Strategy of 9 November, 2005, which outlined its NGN development plans.
The Strategy aims to build a full-IP NGN with optical access, aiming to serve 30 million users by
2010, and invest 2 trillion yen annually in its construction. 252 Plans involve a radical change of
its entire national network through the use of end-to-end fibre optics. NTT East already has fibre
reaching at least 75 percent of homes in its service area. 253 Around 100 000 people each month
are taking FTTH services from NTT. It had 6.08 million subscribers to its fibre network at the end
of March, 2007 and in September of 2008 reached the 10 million mark (Japan has about 50
million households in total). 254 NTT's plans and rapid growth of fibre-based connections suggest
that all homes in Japan might be connected to fibre networks by 2010.
Meanwhile, competitive access providers from power utilities pursue fibre builds at least in
the major metropolitan areas. In Japan, many players are active in the field of providing FTTH
access services to end users. This does not necessarily mean that all of the players mentioned
actually deploy and own fibre. Rather, some of them build their business model on fibre
purchased from third parties. The main market players active in Japan include: 255
Telecommunications operators: NTT-East and West; also KDDI.
Regional Utilities: K-Opticom (Subsidiary of Kansai Electric Power Co.); TEPCO (Tokyo
Electric Power Co.)
CATV providers: For example, J:COM.
Content providers: For example, usen Corp. (producing music content).
ISPs: Notably Yahoo! BB.
Municipal and regional governments: they are involved in FTTH deployment in rural and
in densely populated regions.
Figure 9 presents technology changes in Japan’s broadband market. It shows that FTTH
had already overtaken cable broadband in 2005 and is getting closer to the number of DSL
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connections in the country. NTT already had more broadband subscribers connected through
FTTH than DSL subscribers in 2007 (See figure 10).
Figure 9: Broadband market changes in Japan
Source: Ministry of Internal affairs and Communications (MIC), Dec 2006
Figure 10: Broadband subscribers of NTT
Source: NTT East and NTT West, April 2007
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Regulation
The two most important factors accounting for the expansion of fibre networks in Japan
probably are very low interest rates and institutional policy commitment to provide ubiquitous
fibre network. Since the mid-1990s, the Japanese central bank discount rate has been below 1
percent (0.1 percent at the end of 2008). In addition to this, ubiquitous fibre network has been a
broad policy goal for the Japanese government. 256 NTT’s national NGN project is largely
encouraged by e-Japan, which is a national plan to create a wired, broadband nation by 2010,
and u-Japan, a supplementary plan that mandates the creation of business applications to meet
its social and economic needs.
Since 2005, the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) has
initiated two studies relevant to regulatory responses to the emergence of NGN, one dealing
with competition rules, and the other dealing with technical architecture: 257
“Study Group on a Framework for Competition Rules to Address the Transition to IP-
Based Networks” was launched in October 2005. The group developed a framework for
an interconnection and tariff policy and compiled a final report in September 2006.
In January, 2007, the first meeting of the “Study Group on Network Architecture” was
held. The purpose of this study group was gathering information on future architecture of
networks, and on issues to be tackled from a variety of viewpoints.
NTT is also subject to comprehensive unbundling regulations. NTT is required to unbundle
copper loops and to allow line sharing (competitive DSL service over the primary copper loop to
provide plain old telephone service (POTS)). NTT is also required to unbundle fibre loops and
interoffice fibre. 258
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5.5. Malaysia
Internet users 55.7
In Malaysia, the Government is in public-private partnership with Telekom Malaysia (TM) to

deploy a high-speed broadband network that is capable of offering 10 to 100 Mbps. 259 Telecom
Malaysia has been appointed by the government to participate in its public-private partnership to
roll out infrastructure and services. The first phase of the project is for a ten-year period. The first
part of phase one is to connect 1.3 million premises with FTTH or FTTB by the end of 2010. The
total investment is to be MR 11.3 billion, with the Malaysian government investing MR 2.4
billion and TM investing MR 8.9 billion. Malaysia is divided into three zones and this first rollout
is targeted for zone 1, which has a high population density as well as being economically well off.
This network will be open access and with fair access pricing and competition among all service
providers. All subscribers will receive a minimum of 20 Mbps. After phase one it would begin
“Broadband for the General Public (BBGP)”, which will deliver 2 Mbps and will consist of both
wired and wireless networks. 260
At the beginning of 2009, it was announced that Packet One Networks (P1) (Malaysia) Sdn.
Bhd., Malaysia’s first and leading WiMAX provider, was going to expand its nationwide WiMAX
network throughout the country. This is part of P1’s continuous growth strategy to ramping up its
WiMAX coverage of its WiMAX network in Malaysia aimed at achieving a target of 30 to 35
percent population coverage by the end of 2009. The company has allocated a CAPEX of MR 1
billion to support its network rollout plan over the next five years. 261
It should also be mentioned that in 2005, the NGN Working Group, which consisted of five
market players, in the Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd (MTSFB) was already set up
to address issues and concerns with regard to standards and regulatory policies with the onset
of IP services. This resulted in guidelines on NGN realization. 262
The licensing framework in Malaysia was modified from a system of 31 different types of
licences to four technology-neutral licences, which lessens the burden to NGN development in
the country.
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5.6. Nepal
Fixed broadband penetration -
Mobile broadband penetration -
Internet users 1.4
Nepal Telecom (NT), (former government monopoly, converted to a Public Limited Company
in 2004) is to upgrade its fixed (PSTN) line system into a next generation network, which will
enable customers to enjoy high-speed internet connection, watch internet television and use
other multimedia services. NT has already conducted a feasibility study for the project. The
public bidding process to procure the necessary equipment will start soon.
NT is currently relying on its PSTN network to provide voice service, which can also be used
to send or received small amounts of packet data through this network using the dial-up system.
Recently, NT also launched an ADSL service using the same platform. With this, data can be
transferred at speeds of 128 kbps and 256 kbps. The next generation network will bring all these
services under one umbrella and provide high quality voice, data and multimedia services from
one point. To begin with, NT will lay optical fibres wherever fixed phone lines are operating.
These additional lines will widen the paths through which data and voice travel and reduce the
burden on existing copper wires. NT, however, has not fixed a deadline to complete this work,
not has it fixed the tariff rates for the new service. 263
In 2008, Nepal Telecommunications Authority formed Study Groups to: 264
Conduct a study on fully opening up of VoIP services.
Conduct a study on various issues of "IP Based Network Services and Network Security".
Conduct a study on various issues of NGN and IMS.
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5.7. New Zealand
Internet users 70
Market developments
In 2005, Telecom New Zealand announced its project to build the IP platform for its core
NGN. Telecom planned to invest USD 220 million (~NZD 350 million) in new network and
system capabilities. All of New Zealand's 2.2 million customer lines will have migrated to the new
platform by 2012. Telecom has initiated some FTTH deployment in Greenfield areas. The cost of
transition of the whole network to NGN is estimated to be about USD 1.4 billion (~NZD 2.2
billion). 265
Vodafone launched its 3G package in August 2005 and has begun to upgrade its HSDPA
mobile broadband network. In July 2008, Vodafone announced that it would continue building
out its 3G mobile network, after announcing a year previously that it had to suspend network
construction due to regulatory uncertainty. Vodafone plans to extend its 3G broadband network
to reach 97 percent of the population by April 2010. To this effect Vodafone has shown its
commitment to this project by investing NZD 500 million in its 3G infrastructure. 266 It is
improving the downlink speed to 7.2 Mbps and in future, peak downlink speeds up to 28.8 Mbps
and uplink speeds up to 11.5 Mbps using HSDPA will be available.
In October 2008, TNZ announced that it would invest NZD 574 million in a nationwide
rollout of its new mobile network within the next two years. 267 Customers will have access to the
nationwide 3G services. The technology choices would also extend 3G services and fast mobile
broadband to 97 percent of the population, but by about a year in advance of TNZ’s main
competitor. With the WCDMA technology, TNZ’s handsets would work on more than 430
networks in more than 170 destinations worldwide for voice and texting, and over 110
destinations for Internet data.
There are a growing number of FTTH providers and projects in New Zealand. Vector
Communications, operating in Auckland and Wellington, has introduced FTTH services over its
own fibre network, which it also wholesales to companies such as Ihug, ICONZ and Orcon. In
February 2007, it concluded a contract with Auckland’s North Shore City Council, which involved
building a 38 km extension to its network. The project was funded by the New Zealand
government’s Broadband Challenge Fund, costing an estimated NZD 4.6 million. Another ISP
with fibre optic networks, Wired Country, has networks in Pukekohe and Papakura, South
Auckland. ISP Citylink offers services to more than 350 buildings in the central business districts
of Wellington with more than 100 km of fibre. In Auckland, CityLink is currently building a fibre-
based network. 268
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Regulation
Introduction of ULL in New Zealand through an amendment to the Telecommunications Act
of 2006, is regarded as a significant factor in stimulating broadband uptake in the country. In
addition, operational separation of Telecom New Zealand is intended to facilitate NGN access
network developments. In August 2006, Telecom New Zealand announced plans to separate its
wholesale and retail businesses. However, the government did not wholly accept the suggestion
and so, in September 2007, it ordered Telecom New Zealand to split into three operating
divisions (wholesale, retail and network). It now has an infrastructure operator, Chorus,
responsible for its underlying network. A wholesale division buys network capacity from Chorus
and on-sells it to retailers, including the Telecom New Zealand retail operation.
If 2006 and 2007 were the years when the important regulatory reforms were drafted, 2008
was the year in which they were enacted. One of the first was naked DSL, designed to create a
more competitive environment by allowing competing market players to provide services over
the incumbents’ copper network. It is anticipated that this will drive down prices and further
stimulate investment in the telecommunication sector. The result of these changes will
profoundly change the telecommunication market in New Zealand over the next five years. 269
On 20 June 2008, the New Zealand Commerce Commission issued a draft paper on the
financial information that Telecom New Zealand must provide and the guidelines it must follow
regarding the accounting separation of fixed network services, including its retail and wholesale
operations, and Chorus (fixed network access). The regulator said that July 2008-June 2009
would be a transitional year, with the first financial information released in the second half of
2009. 270 On 27 June 2008, the Commission released its final determinations on the price and
non-price terms for Telecom's provision of backhaul services for ULL and unbundled bitstream
(UBA) broadband services. 271 The Commission noted that Telecom New Zealand faces
competition in most North Island primary and secondary links of the ULL Backhaul Service, but
limited competition in relation to the South Island primary and secondary links. For new access
seekers, the connection fee for the ULL Backhaul Service and the UBA Backhaul Service is NZD
4 030 at one end and NZD 8 059 for a new connection at two ends. 272
Finally on 31 March 2009, the New Zealand government called for submissions on a
proposal to build an FTTH network in New Zealand reaching 75 percent of the population and
taking at least six years to roll out. The New Zealand government will invest up to NZD 1.5
billion in the network, and seek additional private sector investment to create a national market
in dark fibre and wholesale broadband access. 273 The funding will be invested in a government-
owned enterprise, which will jointly invest with the private sector in local fibre companies (LFCs)
in the 25 cities and towns.
In May 2009, Vodafone submitted a proposal to the Ministry of Economic Development
(MED) for the government's plan to install a national NGN. Vodafone’s white paper suggests a
co-investment model, combining public and private investment to fund a new network business,
dubbed FibreCo. Vodafone said, it would not be acceptable to move from a copper access
monopoly to a fibre access monopoly. According to the plan, Chorus - Telecom New Zealand’s
network arm, and TelstraClear (New Zealand's second-largest operator, wholly-owned by
Telstra (Australia)) to put their network assets into the new business that would be jointly owned
by the trio and the government, which would invest through its NZD 1.5 billion broadband fund.
FibreCo would then provide wholesale services to its shareholders, and its shareholders would
compete in retail markets. 274 In April 2009 Telecom New Zealand handed the government its
own proposal for the use of the government’s broadband fund, suggesting that investment
should be channeled into Telecom’s existing infrastructure, rather than spent on deploying a
new network. 275
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5.8. Singapore
Fixed penetration 42
Internet users 68
Market developments
Singapore started the Next Generation National Infocomm Infrastructure (Next Gen NII)
project in 2006, which consists of two components namely, (i) National Broadband Network
(NBN) and (ii) Wireless Broadband Network (WBN). The Singapor government has adopted a
public-private partnership (PPP) approach to set up the NGN. The government is to provide
some funding to kick-start the project and the private sector is expected to build, own and
operate the network.
WBN was launched in December 2006 by three wireless operators (iCELL, QMAX and
SingTel) and it will continue to offer free wireless connectivity at speeds of up to 512 Kbps in
public areas for three years until 31 December 2009. The three wireless operators have
committed to investing SGD 100 million in the project while IDA (Infocomm Development
Authority of Singapore) will add up to SGD 30 million toward deployment costs. 276 It was
reported in December 2008 that there were some 7 500 hotspots installed in high-traffic public
areas.
In December 2007, IDA issued Requests for Proposals for the Next Generation NBN, where
it has embedded the structural separation of new national broadband network infrastructure from
the operating company that will operate its switches and routers. Requirements for two different
parts of the network (passive and active infrastructure) were separated:
NetCo. The NetCo will be responsible for designing, building and operating the “passive
infrastructure layer”. IDA specifies this passive layer to include wirelines and ducts. The
NetCo entity will be subject to universal service obligations (USO) and it will be obliged to
deploy fibre access ubiquitously by 2015. The government will support the deployment
with a grant of up to SGD 750 million. The NGN must initially be capable of providing
100Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream bandwidth for each user. Eventually the
speed shall be increased to 1 Gbps and beyond.
OpCo. The OpCo is responsible for the design, build and operation of the “active
infrastructure layer” of the Next generation NBN. IDA specifies this active layer to include
switches and routers. OpCo shall provide services to 330 000 residential and 80 000
non-residential customers by 2015. Besides managing the flow of traffic on the passive
infrastructure, the OpCo will also be the operator that provides wholesale services to the
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Retail Service Providers (RSPs). The government will support OpCo with a grant of up to
SGD 250 million. 277
The tender for NetCo closed in May 2008 with submissions from two consortia (OpenNet
and Infinity). IDA had selected the OpenNet Consortium. It has committed to achieve 60 percent
rollout of all households and businesses by 2010 and 95 percent by 2012. USO will be imposed
on OpenNet from 2013.
The OpCo tender was launched on 7 April 2008. A StarHub-led consortium was announced
as the winner of its OpCo tender for the national FTTH switching infrastructure. This was the
culmination of a tender process launched by the Singapore government back in 2006. 278
Singapore also has an Intelligent Nation 2015 (iN2015) project. This will link businesses,
schools, hospitals and homes. Under this project, copper access network will be replaced with
fibre by 2015. Singapore already has fibre to the curb but it is currently replacing the last-mile
copper with fibre. A key decision in the iN2015 project was to build an open access network
even though the country already has two high-speed broadband networks. 279
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5.9. The Republic of Korea
Internet users 76.3
Market developments
The Republic of Korea, which has the highest number of broadband connections per capita
in the world, is also quickly moving to provide next generation broadband through its uKorea
(ubiquitous Korea) initiative and its Broadband convergence Network (BcN).
The Republic of Korea has been leading the development of BcN since the early 2000’s. In
BcN, various types of convergence take place such as convergence of wired and wireless
networks, and convergence of telecommunications and broadcasting. For broadband end-to-end
mobile networking, the broadband wired networks are interconnected with wireless networks
(such as Wireless LAN, Wibro, WiMax and 3G/4G wireless cellular networks). The government
launched the BcN project in February 2004 with the vision of providing the core infrastructure for
broadband. The BcN target is to provide broadband service to 20 million subscribers (10 million
wired, 10 million wireless) by 2010. It is estimated that the investment would require 40.3 trillion
won from 2006 to 2010. 280
The BcN plan was divided into three phases: 281
The first phase (2004~2005) was the BcN construction stage. The objective of this phase
is to build an IP-based voice and data integration network for wired and wireless
networks, to provide IP-based wired and wireless internetworking services.
The second phase (2006~2007) was to integrate individual wired or wireless networks,
and integrate with the broadcasting network.
The last phase (2008~2010) is to integrate the wired, wireless and broadcasting network
as an IP-based network, to build an IP-based integration transport network, to complete
infrastructure for quality-assured services, with the help of FTTH, 4G etc., and to
implement intelligent integrated terminals.
A full, commercial BcN deployment is scheduled for 2010, providing high quality services at
speeds of 50 to 100 Mbps for 20 million subscribers.
KT (formerly, Korea Telecom) is planning to invest another USD 1.3 billion to reach
92 percent FTTH coverage by 2010. 282 South Korea has traditionally been deploying FTTB, with
over 80 percent of deployments falling into this category, and most future investment plans will
be towards FTTH.
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5.10. Taiwan, China
Internet users 64.5
Market developments
In 2006, Taiwan's leading operator Chunghwa Telecom revealed its plan to upgrade its
infrastructure by replacing the existing circuit-switched PSTN with a completely digital packet-
switched NGN based on IP technologies. It is estimated that the total investment would be NTD
130 billion. 283 The project commenced in 2007 and it is expected that 80 percent of the
migration would be completed by 2010, while the whole project would be completed in 2013.
After completion, the NGN will integrate fixed, wireless, mobile and Internet-based networks, to
provide voice and data communications, as well as multimedia services. As part of the NGN
program, Chunghwa Telecom will focus on building up FTTH and FTTB access infrastructure
from 2007 to 2011 so as to reach 75 percent of the island's population by the end of 2011.
In 2008, Taiwan Mobile planned to invest in the nationwide optical fibre NGN to offer
convergent telecommunication services. Such a move would make Taiwan Mobile the second
local telecom service carrier to make the jump to a NGN after state-run Chunghwa Telecom. As
the company will focus on its core network, switches, servers and end-user terminal equipment,
high-speed network companies along with other leading network communications companies
are expected to benefit from the investment. To keep costs and construction time minimal,
Taiwan Mobile signed an exclusive rental contract with Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation to
use its nationwide optical fibre network. 284 In addition, Taiwan Mobile will take advantage of the
government-funded national optical fibre network.
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6. THE AMERICAS
6.1. The United States
Internet users 72.5
Market developments
About one quarter of US households had access to next-generation broadband service by

year-end 2008. 285
AT&T, the largest US operator, began to roll out a FTTN network in 2004. In January of
2008, AT&T’s so-called “U-verse” network passed approximately 7.9 million households and had
231 000 subscribers. The investment required to roll out the U-verse network was projected to
be as much as USD 6.5 billion through 2008. 286 In March 2009, AT&T said it would invest nearly
USD 18 billion to expand its wireless and wire-line broadband networks. 287 That will create 3
000 jobs in 2009 and create demand for products.
In 2004, Verizon also announced that it would begin deploying a FTTH network, called
“FIOS”. 288 In the next four years, it spent billions of dollars to pass 11 million homes. 289 Its initial
plan included investment of USD 23 billion nationwide between 2004 and 2010 to pass 18
million homes.
Verizon and AT&T are not alone among communications companies in the US investing in
NGNs. Cable companies have made massive investments in their broadband infrastructures as
well. While the combined annual capital expenditures of AT&T and Verizon increased from USD
17.1 billion to USD 24.6 billion from 2004 to 2008, the aggregate annual capital expenditures
of the three largest publicly held cable providers, Comcast, Cablevision, and Time Warner Cable,
nearly doubled, from USD 5.6 billion to USD 10.1 billion during the same period. 290 Cable
companies began to deploy DOCSIS 3.0 technology, with 10 million homes having access to
this service at the end of 2008. Comcast (a cable operator) expects to reach approximately
30 million homes with DOCSIS 3.0 service by the end of 2009. 291
Mobile operators in the US are planning to turn to NGN wireless access technologies to
keep pace with the demand for data service. Among the wireless access technologies, mobile
WiMax and long-term evolution (LTE) are expected to gain prevalence. The leading edge of 4G
roll-outs has begun with WiMax deployments and will accelerate with Verizon LTE deployments
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in 2010, with mainstream technology roll-outs and market adoption picking-up in 2011 and
2012. 292
However, as the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation reports, the main
shortage in the US is the connection speed of broadband services. 293 According to its report
(2009), nearly all-Japanese citizens have access to next-generation broadband, with median
connection speeds over 15 times faster than the United States. South Korea, a country with
1/6th the population of the United States, has almost as much Internet traffic as all of North
America. And South Korea is not satisfied with its current speeds; the Korean Communications
Commission announced on February 2, 2009 an initiative to widely deploy 1 Gbps broadband —
both upstream and downstream, that is, “symmetrically” — by 2012. Even China has announced
plans to build its first nationwide high-capacity fibre optic network, which would allow most users
100 Mbps access. 294
The US is one of the few countries that has committed to non-mandatory unbundling of new,
broadband facilities. 295 This policy has evolved slowly as the FCC implemented the local
competition provisions of the 1996 Telecommunications Act. Lengthy regulatory proceedings
resulted in an extremely complicated wholesale network unbundling regime that diminished the
incumbents’ incentives to invest in network facilities after 2001. However, after repeated
reprisals by US courts, including the Supreme Court, the FCC began to reverse course. The
FCC decided to abolish line sharing and to largely forbear from requiring unbundling of new
deployments of fibre to the home (FTTH) in its August 2003 “Triennial Review” local competition
order. 296 The FCC based its decision on its conclusion that incumbents had no inherent
advantage in building new facilities and that any unbundling requirement would discourage their
investment in these facilities. In this deregulatory environment, broadband subscriptions in the
US were growing significantly.
On 10 March 2004, FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) seeking to
address the issue of the proper regulatory regime for services and applications that rely on
Internet-based platforms. The proposed rules reaffirm the FCC’s policy of light-touch regulation
of the Internet and draws attention to the importance of embracing a minimal regulatory
approach to IP-enabled services. The FCC has acted to ensure that VoIP providers comply with
important public safety requirements and public policy goals. These include: 297
imposing in June 2005, 911 obligations on providers of interconnected VoIP services –
VoIP services that allow users generally to make calls to and receive calls from the
regular telephone network--following reports that some VoIP subscribers were unable to
access 911 emergency services;
limiting interconnected VoIP providers' use of customer proprietary network information
such as telephone calling records, and requiring interconnected VoIP providers to protect
them from disclosure;
requiring interconnected VoIP providers to contribute to the Universal Service Fund,
which supports communications services in high-cost areas and for income-eligible
telephone subscribers;
requiring interconnected VoIP providers to comply with the Commission's
Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) requirements, including contributing to the
TRS Fund used to support the provision of telecommunications services to those with
speech or hearing disabilities, and offering 711 abbreviated dialling for access to relay
services;
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requiring interconnected VoIP providers and equipment manufacturers to ensure that,
consistent with Section 255 of the Communications Act, their services are available to
and usable by individuals with disabilities, if such access is readily achievable;
requiring interconnected VoIP providers and telephone companies that obtain numbers
for them to comply with Local Number Portability (LNP) rules. These rules allow
telephone, and now VoIP, subscribers who change providers but remain within the same
geographic area to keep their phone numbers. VoIP providers must also contribute to
funds established to share LNP and numbering administration costs among all
telecommunications providers benefiting from these services.
It should be noted as well, that In the United States, the government has allocated USD 7.2
billion to support broadband build-up. Even though the investment for a country as big as the
United States is limited, many advocate apportioning the funds to areas that really need the
stimulus. 298
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6.2. Canada
Internet users 73
Market developments
During the third quarter of 2003, TELUS began the transition from circuit-based switching to
IP technology by launching its NGN, which is designed to carry high-quality voice, data and
video applications. TELUS began the process of moving customer long distance voice traffic to
its NGN network in parts of Alberta. In November 2003, the operator launched its IP-One
telephony service for business customers in Ontario and Quebec. The IP service uses the
TELUS NGN to provide business customers with IP-based advanced application services and
the ability to integrate voice mail, e-mail and data via the TELUS Web portal. 299
In 2006, TELUS announced investments to enhance its broadband network in British
Columbia, Alberta and eastern Quebec by the end of 2009. It has been installing advanced
Internet equipment in more than 7 000 sites across its network and running fibre optic cable
closer to customer homes. The upgrades began in early 2006, making an investment of
approximately CAD 190 million in 2006 and CAD 600 million from 2007 to 2009. 300
In April 2009, TELUS earmarked an investment of CAD 700 million to expand and upgrade
wireless and wireline networks in Alberta province, including the planned roll-out of a 3.5G High
Speed Packet Access (HSPA) mobile network. 301 The new budget follows earlier announcement
that TELUS would spend CAD 500 million in the neighboring province of British Columbia. It
previously earmarked over CAD 2 billion for nationwide network improvements in 2009. 302
Ahead of its upcoming financial and operational report on the first quarter of 2009, TELUS
revealed it added only 48 000 net new wireless subscribers in the first three months of the year,
46 percent less than the 88 000 it gained in the first three months of 2008.
In 2000, Bell Canada announced an investment of USD 1.5 billion (~ CAD 1.6 billion) over
three years to rapidly expand and enhance high speed Internet availability for its residential and
business customers. Its Galileo initiative, which was launched in 2004, set out to migrate 100
percent of data traffic to IP/MPLS by 2007, with an estimated reduction in operating cost of
between USD 1 billion to USD 1.5 billion in 2006. 303 A further investment of CAD 200 million
over three years was announced in 2003. 304 In 2006, Bell Canada announced the availability of a
high-speed Internet access (called Sympatico Optimax), built on the latest in fibre optic
technology in Toronto. Rolling out progressively across Toronto, Sympatico Optimax offers
customers a consistent and reliable high-speed Internet connection, including a certified
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maximum speed of 16 Mbps service. Announced prices were CAD 70 for 10 Mbps and CAD 100
for 16 Mbps. 305 In 2008, Bell has been consistently increasing high-speed bandwidth coverage
by driving fibre deeper into its network. Bell's FTTN program is deploying fibre to within less than
a kilometer of homes throughout the Quebec-Windsor corridor, and by the end of 2008 it was
planned to cover 2.4 million households. 306 FTTN is also being deployed in all new suburban
housing developments.
At the end of 2008, Rogers Wireless launched a nationwide HSDPA upgrade of its network,
offering peak downloads of 7.2 Mbps. The Rogers 3.5G next generation network is available in
the top 25 markets in Canada, from Victoria to Halifax and elsewhere. 307
According to Canada’s Contribution to Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR) 2007, the
regulatory framework in Canada is designed to enable competitive network provision, including
competitive infrastructure builds. 308 The CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission) mandates local loop unbundling (LLU) and co-location of
competitor equipment in incumbents’ switching centers. This provides for competitor and
incumbent interconnection of both local and inter-urban traffic and for competitor use of
incumbent copper-based loops all at cost-based rates. The CRTC has mandated third-party
access to cable networks to provide competitive Internet access.
In 2005, the CRTC decided that VoIP calls by customers of the incumbent operators, Telus
and Bell Canada, will be regulated in the same way as other calls the operators offer. However,
in 2006, Canada lightened its regulation of certain VoIP services. On appeal to the Minister, it
was decided that there must be a distinction for different types of VoIP services for the purpose
of economic regulation. Namely, “access dependent” (VoIP services which connect to customers
making direct use of the service provider's own network, e.g. a cable company providing VoIP
service over its own cable network) and “access independent” services (those which connect to
customers using any high-speed internet connection and are therefore not tied to the service
provider's network e.g. a phone company providing VoIP service to a customer through the
customer's cable internet access). Access independent VoIP is accessible only to consumers
who have a high-speed connection and must be accessed through the Internet. Access
dependent VoIP is similar to the traditional phone service, generating stronger arguments for
applying the same regulatory regime. The appeal changes the CRTC's decision so that it
forbears from the economic regulation of “access independent” VoIP services of incumbent
telephone companies when offered in their incumbent territories.
When operating outside their incumbent territories, incumbent telephone companies are
already deregulated to the same extent as new entrants. This does not however, vary the social
and safety obligations imposed on VoIP service providers such as 911 emergency services,
which were effectively applied to VoIP services under the CRTC's original decision. 309
Two relatively recent CRTC decisions regarding speeds of wholesale broadband access
resulted in a new dispute between CRTC, incumbents and other market players:
Telecom Decision CRTC 2008-117, Cybersurf Corp.’s application related to
matching service speed requirements for wholesale Internet services, dated 11
December 2008, and
Telecom Order CRTC 2009-111, Cybersurf’s application related to the
implementation of Telecom Decision 2008-117 regarding the matching speed
requirement, dated 3 March 2009.
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Essentially, these decisions direct incumbents in Canada to provide competitors with
wholesale broadband access services at speeds which match the speeds that Bell and Telus
are currently providing to their own retail Internet service customers. 310 311 In the case of Bell
Canada, this would mean that Bell would be required to offer these services at speeds of 7, 10
and 16 Mbps in addition to the 512 Kbps, 5 Mbps and 6 Mbps speeds that are currently offered.
Both Bell Canada and TELUS say it could cutback in NGN investments unless the federal
government overturns and rescinds the two recent CRTC decisions on speed matching.
Keeping in mind the fact that once a leader in international broadband standings, Canada is
now being passed by many countries in broadband services, some investment plans are being
made by the Government itself. For instance, at the beginning of 2009, it was announced that
the Government would invest more than CAD 33 million over three years towards projects in
communities most at risk from the Mountain Pine Beetle infestation. The first one will install a
fibre optic network in the community of Grand Forks, British Columbia. 312
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6.3. Brazil
Internet users 35.2
Market developments
Service providers (fixed and mobile) in developing countries are also aware of cost saving
efficiencies associated with NGNs in core networks. This might be illustrated by the example of
Brazil, where a number of providers have also already announced plans to migrate to NGNs for
their core networks.
In 2003, Telefonica selected a supplier for its IP backbone network. While initially deployed
to support the voice service offer expansion throughout Brazil, Telefonica's NGN ultimately has
served to enable the convergence of voice, data and video services in a single network. 313
In 2006, Transit Telecom announced a USD 7 million investment that it considered would
build one of the largest NGNs in Latin America to enable the convergence of voice and data for
IP service offerings and the Voice over Broadband market. Implementation of the NGN network
was scheduled to be completed by the end of 2006. 314 Transit Telecom has a strong presence in
the south and southeast of Brazil and is rapidly expanding throughout the rest of the country.
In 2006, Telemar announced that it contracted a technology supplier to upgrade its network
in Brazil. The agreement, worth approximately USD 5.7 million, included enhanced versions of
hardware and software that will enable Telemar to offer new advanced services to its wireline
subscribers through the installation of NGN platform. 315
Brazilian long-distance operator Intelig Telecom completed tests of its NGN in 2006. In the
test phase, 20 000 customers migrated to the unified voice and data platform. The network is
used to carry traditional local and long-distance voice call services and also handle VoIP and
PABX. The operator has also extended its backbone in Minas Gerais state capital Belo
Horizonte and Brasilia, with indirect benefits for Brazil's northeastern region, in order to better
serve the corporate market. 316
In 2007, Brazilian fixed line and mobile operator Brasil Telecom selected a provider to
supply it with an IP/MPLS solution as the core backbone for its converged, nation-wide network
in Brazil. The IP/MPLS platform will enable the operator to deliver a set of fixed and mobile
residential broadband services, as well as business VPN services from a single platform. The
exact details of the ‘multi-million Euro contract’ were not disclosed. 317
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Another Brazilian fixed line operator, CTBC announced in 2007 its plans to migrate the
existing infrastructure to a full IP platform over the next five years. The switch to a NGN will allow
the operator to offer convergent services. 318
The creation of Brazil’s first IP communications network purely for business use was
announced in 2008. Empresa de Infovias S.A. aims to provide cost effective, converged IP voice
and data services for its corporate users and to influence the growing regional economy. 319
In April 2009, Brazilian telecoms operator Sercomtel launched an NGN platform to offer
fixed telephony services in Rolândia, Paraná state. 320 When launched, the new NGN will have a
capacity of 20 000 users. Sercomtel contracted a technology provider to build the new platform
in 2008, awarding it a BRL 4.9 billion (~USD 2.8 billion) contract for the installation of the NGN,
which will eventually replace its TDM infrastructure. 321
Some operators in Brazil have initiated FTTx projects for NGN access networks. At this
stage, however, the high costs and uncertain returns limit such projects to high population, high-
income areas. Therefore, other types of technologies, such as WiMax, are gaining their
popularity in this country.
By the end of 2008, Brasil Telecom (BrT) had expanded its fibre optic network in five cities in
Brazil and intends to offer broadband Internet access to residential users at speeds of up to 100
Mbps. In the first phase, BrT is offering fibre optic connectivity to residential users in Brasilia,
Parana state capital Curitiba, Goias state capital Goiania, Rio Grande do Sul state capital Porto
Alegre, and Santa Catarina state capital Florianopolis. The operator offers for broadband
services include: 14 Mbps download speed at BRL 199.90 per month, 20 Mbps at BRL 225.90,
30 Mbps at BRL 299.90, 50Mbps at BRL 499.90, 70 Mbps at BRL 699.90 and 100 Mbps at BRL
990.90. 322
In 2009, Brazilian satellite TV operator Sky is launching trials of WiMax technology in the
country using the 2.5GHz spectrum band to offer broadband Internet access. 323
Wireless broadband solutions provider WxBR says it is ready to launch and are fully
operational with the complete WiMax portfolio: customer premises equipment (CPE), base
stations, gateways and management. 324
Telefonica Brazil has rolled out WiMax technology trials in Sao Paulo. The pilot project, was
taking place in the Pinheiros and dos Jardins areas, and included around 150 customers. The
three-month trial in the last quarter of 2008 used the 2.5GHz band and WiMax equipment based
on the 802.16e standard, and was looking to provide broadband Internet access with speeds of
2 Mbps (download) and 600 kbps (upload). 325
COPEL Telecomunicacoes in Brazil deploys broadband over power lines (BPL) technology
in the state of Parana, according to Telegeography, September 2008. 326 COPEL plans to offer
high speed Internet access over the existing electrical infrastructure to thousands of customers
living in the region. The project includes installation, integration and testing, and operation of
BPL equipment and power line communications (PLC) systems. Three hundred customers were
expected to participate in trials of the new service by the end of 2008. A second citywide
deployment is designed to attract 3 000 to 10 000 customers, while a large-scale deployment is
expected to provide full coverage of the company's 3.5 million customers.
To give an overall picture of broadband subscription in Brazil, by 30 June 2008, Brazil had
10.04 million broadband lines (48 percent increase since 30 June 2007). At the same date, the
total number of mobile broadband connections (excluding 3G devices but including PC access)
stood at 1.3 million, up 464 percent compared to 233 000 subscriptions as of 30 June 2007. The
number of 3G-based Internet users was estimated at 950 000 at the end of June 2008, and at
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that time according to Cisco’s calculations, broadband penetration in Brazil reached 4.6
percent. 327
Anatel (Brazilian regulatory body) established guidelines for co-location and line sharing in
2004, setting a price of BRL 15.42 for providing broadband services over the last mile and giving
incumbent operators Brasil Telecom, Telesp and Telemar 30 days to publish plans for line
sharing and full unbundling. 328 However, local loop unbundling (LLU) was not very popular
among operators due to the lack of a framework for the implementation and enforcement of
rules. 329 As with many other country examples, characteristics such as the size of Brazil,
population density, areas covered by different fixed line operators etc., have led to other
broadband technologies being considered as more promising in this country.
In 2007, Anatel approved regulations to allow the country’s 5 561 municipalities to offer Wi-
Fi Internet access. Under these regulations, municipal governments wishing to set up Wi-Fi
networks can do so either through Anatel-approved companies, or by offering the services
directly by applying for a licence to offer a private network service. Anatel hoped the ruling would
boost Wi-Fi networks in smaller municipalities. It estimated that it would cost BRL 20 000 to set
up a Wi-Fi network capable of covering 10 000 people. 330
The Brazilian authorities believe the development of 3G/WiMax in the country will help to
speed up broadband internet penetration, and in February 2009, Anatel announced plans to
auction spectrum in the 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz bands for third-generation (3G) and WiMax
services before the end of the year. 331 However, in June 2009 Neotec, the organization
representing the licensed multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) operators, has
accused 3G operators and equipment suppliers of doing all they can to block the award of
WiMax licences in the 2.5GHz band. In Neotec’s view, 3G licence holders are concerned that
MMDS operators will be allowed to use part of the 2.5GHz spectrum for high speed mobile
WiMax (802.16e) services, when they were forced to pay up a total of USD 3.4 billion for their
licences in December 2007. 332
In May 2009, Anatel also published a decision which approves the Regulation on the
Conditions of Use of Radio Frequency by Broadband over Power Line (BPL) Systems. The new
regulation establishes the criteria and technical parameters for using this technology to ensure
that BPL systems do not cause harmful interference to other services (e.g., sound services and
image broadcasting services). 333
With regards to VoIP regulation, it has to be said that there is no specific legislation for VoIP
services in Brazil. Anatel considers that VoIP is a telecommunications service or simply a value-
added service. 334
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6.4. Colombia
Internet users 26.2
Market developments
In 2006, Colombia fixed line operator Empresa de Telecommunicaciones de Bogota (ETB)
selected a provider to supply broadband network equipment (at a cost of USD 1.3 million) which
will allow it to offer ADSL2+ Internet access, IPTV, IP telephony and gaming applications. The
first installation has already been successfully carried out, with the network launched
commercially in the same year. 335
Emcali, one of Colombia's four major fixed-line operators, also announced the upgrade of its
core network to NGN core network in 2006. The new network provides a range of advanced
services, including broadband access, IPTV, and other intelligent services, to customers in
Columbia's second largest city Cali. 336
In 2006 Telefonica announced a plan to launch new broadband products in the Colombian
market, with higher speeds, as well as packages combining voice, Internet access, and quality
digital television, with attractive offers that are also suitable for lower-income customers. It was
going to make an investment of approximately EUR 170 million, in order to convert its current
network to a NGN with greater transmission capacity. 337
Colombia's broadband penetration is slightly lower than the regional average, but it is
expanding. Colombia is one of the first countries in the world where WiMax has been deployed
commercially, achieving a 5 percent share of the broadband market. According to Colombia’s
telecoms regulator, CRT, the country ended 2007 with 1.2 million broadband Internet
subscribers. ADSL technology represented 57.4 percent of total connections, followed by cable
modem technology (35.5 percent) and WiMAX (4.4 percent). Operator ETB took 22.1 percent of
the broadband market, followed by EPM Telecomunicaciones (Une) with 20 percent and
Colombia Telecom with 16.7 percent. 338 During 2008, a 51 percent growth in the number of fixed
broadband connections was observed in Colombia. The growth can be attributed to service
provider investment in infrastructure and an increase in computer penetration which as of
December 2008 reached 11.01 computers per 100 inhabitants compared with an 8.8 percent
penetration in 2007. Fixed broadband connections reached 1 812 892, an increase of 20.7
percent during that period. Fixed broadband penetration in Colombia is now 4 percent,
compared with 3.4 percent penetration in June 2008. Mobile broadband grew 3.5 times in the
last six months of 2008, reaching 246 700 subscriptions. 339
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Colombia Movil, the Colombian wireless network operator planned to launch 3G services in
the second half of 2008. It has already attempted to boost take-up of its services by expanding
its coverage and rolling out 2.5G and 2.75G data services to more areas, investing USD 170
million in 2007 alone. 340 By September 2007, it had 87 percent GSM/GPRS coverage. It began
rolling out an EDGE platform in early 2005 and although services remain limited to the
metropolitan areas; it eventually plans to build out an EDGE-capable network across most of its
GSM coverage area. 341
Orbitel, owned by municipally run operator EPM, launched WiMax services in July 2006 (the
only company at that time offering these services) in the city of Cali and has since expanded to
Bogotá, Medellín, Barranquilla, Cartagena and Cucutá. At the end of 2006, it had just over 1 000
WiMAX customers, of which 15 to 20 percent are corporate accounts. 342 In 2007, Colombia's
communications ministry, Mincomunicaciones (MinCom), awarded 55 departmental WiMax
licences for the 3.5GHz spectrum band. 343
Several operators offer triple-play solutions, combining telephony, broadband, and television.
The pay TV market has experienced a wave of consolidation, with the acquisition of five cable
TV firms by Mexico's Telmex, and of two cable TV firms by UNE-EPM. As a result, Telmex
controls more than half, and UNE-EPM almost one fourth of the cable TV market. 344
Regulatory environment
As stated in a study carried out by CRT (the Colombian NRA), one of the main reasons for
the implementation of measures geared at unbundling the subscriber loop in incumbent
operators is to promote competition, help incumbents see this market as a way to diversify their
offer and to find alternative sources of income, and subsequently to promote investment in new
infrastructure to satisfy demand for these services by new users. 345
In another study in 2007, CRT looked at regulatory options for extending broadband Internet
penetration. This study shows that broadband Internet access development in Colombia is low
compared with other countries in the region. 346 It also analyzes different mechanisms to promote
competition and achieve established goals. The mechanisms focus on enhancing competition
based on the existing services (DSL, cable modem) and lowering barriers to competition by
analyzing the possibility of unbundling the local loop of existing networks. The study indicates
that it is necessary to establish regulatory mechanisms for the unbundling of the local loop and
to enable resale of existing infrastructure to promote competition in broadband access. The
study shows that there are no special regulations for broadband Internet access in Latin America.
In some cases like Chile, the country with the highest regional broadband penetration, the
influence of cable companies in market competitiveness resulted in a higher penetration of cable
modem services and more investment by telecom companies. This did not happen in Colombia
where broadband access tariffs are still high compared with other countries of the region (local
tariffs in Argentina are around half the price of those in Colombia). 347
A relatively new measure being implemented in Colombia in order to address the
convergence issues is the introduction of a flat interconnection rate representing the cost of the
capacity, rather than a per-minute rate. Colombia has implemented a capacity-based
interconnection (CBI) regime that allows operators to request a specific interconnection capacity
and pay a flat rate charge that reflects the fixed cost nature of that capacity. As interconnection
capacity is dimensioned to peak-hour traffic, CBI rates reflect economic costs and do not require
artificially spreading such fixed costs over projected traffic minutes to arrive at a per-minute
charge. In 2002, the regulator issued a resolution allowing operators the option of choosing time-
based interconnection or capacity-based interconnection on a per-city basis. However, there is
only a single 2 Mbps capacity unit and reselling is not allowed. 348
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Colombia, however, has a relatively restrictive environment with regards to VoIP services. It
allows VoIP and treats it as a voice telephony service, but one that can only be offered by
already licensed voice services operators. The high costs of licences in Colombia mean that
there is little possibility of new entrants in the sector. 349
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6.5. Chile
Internet users 31
Market developments
The composition of the Chilean telecommunication market is very specific: 13 administrative
areas govern the telecommunications sector with officials representing each area. The fixed
market is split between a number of local and long distance operators, while the mobile market
now operates on a model similar to that used in the rest of the world, with three major national
operators. 350 The Chile telecom market is the most mature in Latin America, with a modern
infrastructure.
Entel, Chilean fixed line and mobile operator, operates a nationwide trunk network using a
microwave system and an NGN-IP platform (See Figure 11). In 2006, Entel announced plans to
invest USD 150 million over the coming three years to expand the number of value-added
services it offers over its NGN network. The network, which cost USD 30 million and took one
year to install, enables the operator to supply communications, data and Internet services. 351
Entel also plans to invest up to USD 500 million in 2009, with 80 percent going into expanding
the company's 3G network and the rest into fixed line infrastructure. 352
Telmex Chile has upgraded its fibre optic infrastructure with IP/MPLS and NGN technology.
In 2005, Telmex announced that it was the first operator in the country to offer a nationwide IP
network service, following the deployment of an IP Centrex system, which integrates Telmex's
IP/MPLS network and its NGN network. 353 In addition to that, Telmex Chile won the licence to
offer WiMax-based services in January 2007 and launched commercial services two months
later. In January 2008, it completed coverage of 98 percent of the country's population,
equivalent to 92 percent of municipalities including Easter Island. 354 Initial planned investments
were USD 15 million. 355
Telefonica Chile operates the largest fibre optic network in the country, with digital satellite
and microwave links. 356 Beginning to build its networks in 2003, with initial investments of USD
230 million and USD 150 million in 2004, Telefonica Chile became the first IPTV service
provider in Latin America by 2007..357 358 In June of that year, the company launched IPTV in
Santiago, with an investment of around USD 20 million in network upgrades and equipment
purchases. A few months later it was announced that Telefonica del Sur would provide wireless
IPTV, using the MediaFlex system, which is a multimedia Wi-Fi solution designed to extend the
range and increase the reliability of Wi-Fi signals while automatically avoiding interference as it
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occurs. This allows flawless streaming of multimedia, such as IPTV channels, over standard
802.11a/b/g Wi-Fi. 359
In 2006, telecommunications and cable provider VTR deployed IP NGN architecture, to
facilitate the growth of triple-play (data, voice and video) services over residential broadband
connections. 360
Figure 11: Coverage of Entel’s networks
Source: Entel, 2007
In March 2009, Inverca Telecom, a Chilean company associated with Malaysia’s Packet
One (P1), was awarded a CLP 56 billion (~USD 112 million) deal to provide wireless
broadband services to rural Chile. The company won because in its offer it requested zero
government subsidies. The other three bidders - Telefonica Chile, Entel, and Comunicacion y
Telefonia Rural (CTR) - asked for subsidies of CLP 28 billion, CLP 22 billion and CLP 31 billion,
respectively. 361 The project will involve providing connectivity to 1 470 rural communities that
comprise more than 850 000 households and three million individuals. There are also 800
schools. Inverca must establish 30 percent coverage of the rural areas by October this year, 70
percent by July 2010 and 100 percent by March 2011, when the country expects 92 percent of
its total population of around 16 million to have access to the internet, compared to the current
70 percent. The cost of the internet service will be approximately CLP15 000 a month per
megabyte. 362
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Regulation
Both market players and regulator realized relatively early that the future of the sector lay in
wireless technologies, and on this basis, the regulator chose licensees carefully and adopted
measures to stimulate competition in the market. For instance, not all current operators are
allowed to participate in the upcoming auction for spectrum in the 1700MHz/2100MHz band,
because of a Supreme Court ruling on 27 January which stipulated that existing players may not
exceed 60 MHz of spectrum per operator. The regulator, Subtel requested this restriction in the
hope that this would encourage a fifth mobile operator to enter the market. 363
In 2008, Subtel published a list of regulations for VoIP services, which guarantee
subscribers the same rights as those linked to traditional telephony services. 364 According to the
new regulations, VoIP is still a public service, which requires a concession licence. The
regulations allow users to make VoIP calls to and from the public telephone network, with the
right to complain about poor service, receive an itemized bill, end a contract in a maximum of ten
days, as well as call emergency numbers even when the service is suspended due to non-
payment. The regulations do not cover internet-to-internet calls or one-directional calls from the
Internet to public phone networks. VoIP service providers will receive blocks of numbers that will
be assigned to a geographical area, so that callers can be connected to the Internet outside the
geographical area, but calls will still be charged as if initiated from the area where the number is
registered. Additionally, the concessionary must inform the user about the quality of service
being provided. Concessionaries may interconnect with the public telephone network either
directly or indirectly via their own means or via third parties, assuming the cost of interconnection.
The service is subject to telephone line interception according to the public security regulations
established by law. Additionally, the responsibilities of the service provider (concessionary) are
separated from those of the broadband service provider and of the ISP.
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6.6. Paraguay
Internet users 8.7
Market developments
The implementation of a NGN network in Copaco was the result of the need to expand the
capacity of both the national and international switching centres. 365 On the basis of competitive
bidding Copaco has acquired soft switches capable of handling international and national traffic
for 90 000 domestic telephone lines and 45 000 IP lines and started carrying traffic with the new
technology for the 90 000 lines at the end of 2007.
With the acquisition of this new technology, although savings in switching costs have been
made, the cost of investment and maintenance of the copper access network is still high. Apart
from that, with respect to international calls, and keeping the quality level offered by the
company, the external fees paid to correspondents are the same for circuit switched or IP
technology. The expansion of IP telephony will depend on the growth of Internet services, and
the use of computers, given the small penetration in the country.
The company has acquired the NGN network technology to expand the services currently
provided, taking into account the cost savings made on switching. It has opened the possibility
of IP telephony and other services such as IPTV, which is being studied at the moment. 366
Although there are no alternative fixed line operators active in Paraguay, it is expected that
the country’s mobile operators will establish new fibre-optic links to internet gateways. According
to TeleGeography, Telecel Paraguay (Tigo) and Nucleo (Telecom Personal) provide fixed-
wireless and mobile broadband access services via WiMax technology. Nucleo launched its 3G
and 3.5G services in the beginning of 2008. 367 Tigo also operates a fibre-optic backbone network
which covers the entire metropolitan area of Asuncion and surrounding cities, whilst Nucleo uses
its wireless infrastructure to offer data services to corporate customers in the largest cities, under
a separate licence, partly via its own fibre optic network in Asuncion. 368
Following the decision by the Paraguay regulator, Conatel, in March 2009, to end Copaco’s
monopoly on wholesale internet access, the incumbent operator has announced in May that it
will reduce retail and wholesale internet access tariffs for the second time this year. From the
beginning of March, Copaco cut certain tariffs by an average of around 23 percent. The
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monopolistic market and high prices have inhibited growth in the sector; Copaco reportedly
finished 2008 with fewer than 15 000 broadband customers, up from an estimated 10 000 at
end-2007 369
Alongside the wholesale resolution, Conatel reassured Copaco that its exclusivity on the
provision of VoIP telephony in Paraguay would continue. The operator launched VoIP services
on a commercial basis early 2008.
At the beginning of 2009 the government of Paraguay announced that it is investing USD
235 million in the national fixed line operator Copaco. 370 The funds will be used to expand
Copaco’s wireline and fixed-wireless user base and improve the availability of broadband
internet services. The government wants to raise the number of fixed line users from the current
level of around 400 000 to one million.
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7. AFRICA
7.1. Angola
Internet users 2.9
ICT Development Index (Rank 2007) NA
Market developments
The priority in Angola, as with the majority of African countries, is to develop and upgrade its
backbone networks.
In 2008, Angola Telecom stated that it planed to complete the digitization of its fixed line
network over the next few years as part of a wider plan to modernize its services. Angola’s
incumbent operator plans to expand its fixed communications network and install both a wireless
access telephony system and fibre-optic cables. 371 In 2009, state-run Angola Telecom
announced that it has budgeted USD 2.4 billion to expand and upgrade its domestic fixed line
network by 2013. The first phase of the planned project will involve deploying a 7 000 km fibre-
optic backbone and installing 500 000 fixed local access connections, at a cost of USD 1.2
billion, with a second phase of roughly the same value to further develop the network by
2013. 372
In April 2009, only a few days after Angola Telecom announced its investment plan of USD
2.4 billion, the alternative operator Mundo Startel, which is partly owned by Telecom Namibia,
revealed its own USD 55 million expansion plan to build 100 000 new access lines through
wireless local loop connected to a NGN backbone. 373 Mundo is building out a fixed-wireless
network based on CDMA2000 access technology and NGN backbone infrastructure. 374
It is interesting that joint activities in building national backbone networks are becoming quite
popular in African countries. In June 2009, Angola Telecom agreed to form a joint venture with
four private operators under the name Angola Cable to build and manage fibre-optic
infrastructure. The new company will be 51 percent owned by Angola Telecom with the
remainder split between Mundo Startel, Unitel, Mercury and Movicel, and the partners have
committed to a USD 90 million investments between them. The fibre project will involve building
new links to other African countries as well as Europe, with operations scheduled to commence
in 2011. 375
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7.2. Namibia
Internet users 4.9
Market developments
In its annual report of 2005/2006, Telecom Namibia indicated that a transition to an IP based
network would provide an ICT product and service portfolio to customers via access
technologies such as ADSL, CDMA, WiMax and Metro Ethernet. During the period, the Multi
Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology was implemented with investments of NAD 120
million, and the development of ADSL technology has made good progress. 376 377 The migration
of the company’s PSTN to an all IP network is scheduled to be completed by 2010 at a cost of
NAD 1 billion. 378 To fund the investment, Telecom Namibia intended to raise NAD 400 million
on the financial markets, with the remainder provided by its own resources.
In 2007, Telecom Namibia started to upgrade its wireless in the local loop (WLL) systems to
WiMax standard, in order to expand voice telephony, broadband internet and data services
throughout the country. In 2008, the company launched a WLL pre-paid 3G mobile data card
service over the company's CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A network. The operator says it has
upgraded its networks from EV-DO Rev 0 to Rev A in many towns around the country. 379
In December of 2006, Namibian mobile operator, MTC, officially launched its W-
CDMA/HSDPA mobile network function in the capital Windhoek. The 3G network, with an
estimated cost of NAD 40 million, initially offered data transfer speeds of up to 900 Kbps.
During the next phase of network development, the operator planned to cover the majority of the
country's commercial centers. 380 By the middle of 2008, MTC had invested nearly NAD 300
million in its network infrastructure, in projects including raising SMS capacity, the deployment
of a transmission backbone across several areas of the country, and the replacement of central
switching equipment with next generation architecture elements. The company’s fibre optic
transmission network was extended in areas including the capital Windhoek, coastal regions and
in the north, ending MTC's long-standing reliance on renting backbone capacity from Telecom
Namibia. MTC also upgraded its radio access network and wireless broadband service. MTC
investments over the last 13 years total NAD 1.6 billion. 381
In March of 2008, MTC and broadcaster MultiChoice Namibia have jointly announced that
they will offer broadcast TV services to MTC mobile subscribers over the operator’s 3G network.
MultiChoice Namibia switched on its mobile television network in 2009, based on the Digital
Video Broadcast - Handheld (DVB-H) technology standard. DVB-H configured mobile phones
will be made available to consumers through MTC. 382
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A new pay television station, GTV Namibia, launched in October 2007, as part of a Pan-
African television service already available in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Botswana, Rwanda,
Mauritius, Zambia and Ghana, and after investing over USD 250 million (~ NAD 1.8 billion) in
Africa and a further announcement to invest over USD 35 million (~ NAD 260 million) in
expanding its NGN in West Africa, has recently collapsed citing the current financial crisis for its
demise. 383
In February 2009, ISP MWEB Namibia launched a new range of business subscriber
packages for premises owners wishing to offer Wi-Fi wireless Internet hotspot facilities. MWEB’s
Wi-Fi hotspot solutions are aimed at businesses such as hotels, lodges, restaurants and
shopping malls. 384 The company is planning an extensive roll-out of the service throughout Africa.
In September 2008, Namibian Communications Commission (NCC) published a draft of the
new licensing framework in Namibia. The current licences issued by NCC are service specific as
operators are licensed to provide either mobile or fixed telephony. In the new licensing
framework, it is foreseen that integrated network platforms will carry all forms of communication,
including fixed and mobile voice, data and video, originating from many different providers. A
service and technology neutral approach is employed in the new framework, under which NCC
will issue only two types of licence: for Electronic Communications Services
(Telecommunications and Broadcasting) and for Electronic Communications Network Services
(Networks and Facilities). The aim of this new licensing framework is to remove policy and
regulatory barriers in order to facilitate and promote effective competition, to reflect the reality of
technological convergence and to liberalize the ICT sector.
As NCC stated in the draft document, this new licensing regime enables the following: “a.
Recognition of Next Generation Networks (NGN) as a key driver of technological convergence.
Due to the uncertainty of its evolution path, the new licensing structure aims to avoid reliance on
any one view of future market structure, whilst also avoiding unnecessary complexity in licensing
structures. The implementation of this process will however happen in stages b. Transfer of
spectrum from the broadcast to the telecommunications sectors (as in the case with digital TV
migration) or visa versa.” 385
In Namibia, VoIP services are provided only by licensed operators. 386 Under the old
framework, ISPs were required to obtain separate licences to offer VoIP. This is due to change
when a new Communications Bill (presented in the Parliament of Namibia in June 2009 387),
together with the new licensing framework, come into force.
It is also important to note, that the Namibia government has guaranteed funding of NAD
240 million to Telecom Namibia to connect the country to a new undersea cable that will
provide greater broadband capacity for high speed internet, data and voice transmission
between Africa and Europe. Namibia will also participate in the African West Coast Cable
(AWCC) project, led by South Africa’s Broadband InfraCo, which aims to operate the new
submarine fibre route by May 2010. 388 In the new era of NGN, guaranteed and high quality
international connectivity becomes very important.
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7.3. South Africa
Internet users 8.2
Market developments
The State Information Technology Agency (Sita), provider of communications services to
government, was one of the first (in 2007) to move to NGN in South Africa. The NGN had to
replace the government common core network (GCCN), because, in the years since its
deployment, core capacity requirements on the GCCN have grown by 150 percent year-on-year,
although there have been no major bandwidth upgrades since 2007. The project’s total
investment was ZAR 454 million over a five-year period, and at that time it was the largest
deployment of NGN services in the public sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. 389
Telkom South Africa is planning to make substantial investments into its NGN over
upcoming years. As indicated in the company annual report, over the next two years it is going
to invest in: 390
NGN: Approximately ZAR 2.9 billion is expected to be invested to accelerate
deployment of the NGN;
Wireless access network: Approximately ZAR 3.8 billion is expected to be invested;
Data centre: Approximately ZAR 1.5 billion is expected to be invested in building local
data centre capacity over the next two years; and
MWEB Africa and Multi-Links: An amount of ZAR 1.9 billion has been earmarked to
settle the bridging finance relating to the acquisition of MWEB Africa and for the buy-out
of minority shareholders in Multi-Links.
Wireless operator MTN South Africa announced plans to spend ZAR 4.6 billion upgrading
its network in 2009. The company aims to improve network coverage and data transmission
speeds, whilst reducing operating expenses. MTN is planning to build 305 new base station
sites and it is also investing in a fibre-optic network. 391 The network upgrade project began in
2008. One of the key objectives for 2008 was to extend 2G and 3G/HSPA network coverage and
major milestones were achieved last year, with 2G coverage extended to reach 97.9 percent of
the country, while 3G coverage increased its footprint to 38.2 percent. The complete migration to
MTN’s NGN is scheduled for 2011. 392
South Africa is to host the 2010 Football World Cup. In preparation, it is capitalizing on
advances in 3G and digital migration to ensure that every mobile phone in the country can
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receive mobile television, while visitors from around the world will be able to use mobile
multimedia services to send images and video footage of the action at South African stadiums.
At the beginning of 2009, mobile operators Vodacom, MTN and Neotel decided to build co-
operatively a 5 000 km national long-distance fibre-optic network that could cost about ZAR 2
billion. 393 The telecom companies agreed to share the costs of trenching and project-managing
the 5,000km network. However, they are expected to provide their own fibre and transmission
equipment.
There is no specific regulation with regards to NGN in South Africa so far. But from the
speeches of ICASA (Independent Communications Authority of SA) officials, it is clear that the
regulator is keeping an eye on NGN that they would be held accountable for service delivery. 394
“National Broadband Forum” is drafting a framework for a national broadband strategy for South
Africa, which no doubt will take into consideration current NGN developments in the country.
One of the issues to simulate NGN developments in South Africa is relatively recent
deregulation of VoIP services in the country. In February 2005 several statutory restrictions have
been lifted on the use VoIP in South Africa. Previously, VoIP could only be utilized by the
incumbent telecommunications operator, the second national operator and under serviced area
licensees. An announcement by the Minister of Communications revoked this ban so that as of 1
February 2005, VoIP could be provided by Value Added Networks (VANS) as well. 395
However the pending decision on mobile TV licence/ licences might be interpreted as
obstacle to the further spread of NGN services, especially the ones provided through mobile
networks. In February 2009 ICASA has withdrawn an invitation calling for firms to apply for
mobile TV licences, saying it is keen to finalize its digital migration policy before offering
concessions. ICASA favors the deployment of a single national mobile TV system, which will be
shared by all cellular operators, while the operators themselves have called for spectrum to be
awarded to individual players. 396
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7.4. Tanzania
Internet users 1.0
Market developments
Tanzania launched an IP-based NGN network in 2005 after the expiry of the four year
Exclusivity Period (February 2001- February 2005) on basic telecommunications and leased line
services given to the Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL), the incumbent
fixed telecommunications network operator. 397 At the end of 2006 TTCL announced that it would
begin work on installing a NGN in Zanzibar in 2007 to improve the island’s telecoms system. 398
In February 2007 Vodacom Tanzania launched 3.5G services in the capital Dar es Salaam,
offering broadband speed on the move via an HSDPA data card. 399 The service has since been
rolled out in Dodoma, the third biggest city in the country and capital of the Dodoma region. In
June 2008 Vodacom Tanzania launched 3G services in the northern city of Arusha, offering
subscribers access to high-speed Internet connectivity, as part of a USD 126 million broadband
upgrade for Vodacom. 400
In 2007 Redline Communications has won a contract to supply Tanzania-based telecoms
provider Hotspot Business Solutions with the country’s first national WiMax network. Financial
details were not disclosed, but it is understood Redline will supply the operator with products,
enabling Hotspot to deliver high-quality voice, video and data internet services across the
country, via its six-city WiMAX network. The first phase of the project launched in 2007 in Dar es
Salaam and Mwanza. The second phase deployment will begin in January 2008 and will bring
WiMAX services to Dodoma, Morogoro and Zanzibar. 401
On 23 February 2005, the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA)
introduced the Converged Licensing Framework (CLF). The CLF was introduced after the end of
the exclusivity of the incumbent fixed line operator. The new framework is designed to
encompass technology and service neutrality and crafted to match with the dynamism of the
communications sector. The converged licences currently available are: 402
Network Facility Licence entitles the holder to construct, maintain, own and make
available electronic communication infrastructure, e.g. earth stations; fixed links and
cables, payphones; radio transmitters.
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Network Service Licence entitles operation of electronic communications networks in
order to deliver services e.g. bandwidth services, broadcasting, access to applications.
Application Service Licence authorises reselling or procurement of services from
Network Service Operators e.g. Internet providers, VoIP, virtual mobile provider.
Content Service Licence entitles provision of public content e.g. satellite broadcasting,
free to air TV, radio broadcasting.
During 2006 most service providers obtained their new licences. The new licensing
framework has had two types of effects. First, it has led to an increased variety of implemented
(wireless) technologies, and second, it has led to new market entry. New technologies including
CDMA and WiMax have been introduced. 403 After the introduction of the new Converged
Licensing Framework, by May 2006 already four new service providers were licensed that are
rolling out wireless/mobile services. 404
According to Balancing Act, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda have the most liberalized
environments, clearly defining who has access to international gateways and VoIP services and
how international VoIP providers can interconnect with local operators to offer truly "legal"
VoIP. 405
As reported by TeleGeography in June of 2008, the government of Tanzania also intends to
spend TZS 204 billion (~ USD 150 million) to build a national ICT infrastructure backbone
designed to link all regional and district headquarters by 2010. The ICT backbone will be built
using fibre-optic technology and financed through a soft loan by China. 406 The new system would
have capacity to cater for all Tanzania’s data transmission requirements and will link up with the
Indian Ocean submarine cable systems - EASSy, Seacom and Uhurunet - where Dar es Salaam
will the landing site. Upon completion the new ICT backbone will be government-owned while its
operational management will be handled by TTCL. Alongside the construction of the new fibre-
optic backbone, the government was also finalizing plans on the introduction of a new universal
communication access fund. The fund was established under the Universal Communication
Access Act of 2006 and aims to enhance telecoms services in the country, particularly in rural
areas. The minister said the new fund would be up and running by December 2008 thanks in
part to a USD 30 million contribution from Sweden via the World Bank. 407
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7.5. Uganda
Internet users 3.6
Market developments
Uganda Telecom, the incumbent operator, has completed the first phase of the rollout of a
USD 5 million IP-based NGN in June 2006. 408 In September 2007 the company has announced
that it has selected a provider to design and deploy an 802.16e WiMax network. Initial
deployment was due for completion by the end of 2007, enabling residential and enterprise
voice and data connectivity services such as VoIP and virtual private networks (VPN). 409 A few
months later Uganda Telecom announced that it successfully deployed an UMTS/HSPA network.
The new network is seamlessly integrated with a GSM/EDGE-based network. 410
In October 2008 Uganda Telecom signed an agreement with a provider to expand its
existing NGN, with an investment of more than USD 10 million. 411 It is planned to replace 33
analog RLUs (remote line units) spread across Uganda with new state-of-the-art soft switches,
also to deploy seven new CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) landline sites and transfer
existing sites from a wireless loop to the NGN. The NGN expansion is scheduled for completion
by the end of September 2009.
MTN Uganda was also deploying an IP/MPLS network in 2006 already. It was meant to
serve as overall backbone for MTN, provide IP-VPN services to enterprises and allow the
implementation of NGN architecture and services delivery solutions. 412 It began deploying a fibre
optic network in 2000 in capital city Kampala. According to AllAfrica.com, MTN Uganda has
extended its fibre optic network to the Mbarara and Bugiri districts of the country in 2006 and
was planning to expand the network to the northern part of the country. 413 In June 2007 MTN
Uganda has announced the launch MTN Broadband, a WiMax-based broadband service,
available in three different packages: 200 Mb bundle at UGS 115 000 per month (~ USD 69.7),
500Mb bundle for UGS 220 000, and 1 Gb bundle for UGS395 000. A one off installation charge
was set up to UGS295 000. 414
In September 2007 wireless licensee Warid has selected a supplier to deploy an IMS
system in Uganda. By constructing the IMS core network and integrating it with a WiMax access
network, Warid was seeking to offer VoIP and IP-based multimedia services. 415
Late 2007 Reliance Communications (RCom) announced that it would invest USD 200
million to launch a telecom network - both fixed and mobile – in Uganda by the third quarter in
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2008. The company has gained a licence to be the Uganda’s sixth telecoms operator. RCom
has two licences - Public Infrastructure Provider (PIP) and Public Service Provider (PSP) - which
will allow the company to offer mobile, fixed, Internet, national and international long distance
services, in addition to WiMax and Wi-Fi services in Uganda. RCom planned to launch mobile
services on the GSM platform in the first phase and then expand to the services to other
communication related services. Since the Ugandan licence also provides for international long
distance services, RCom will look to link its network with its Flag Telecom’s upcoming NGN
African undersea cable. Flag Telecom is a 100 percent subsidiary of Reliance
Communications. 416
Regulation
In January 2007 the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) has confirmed that a new
licensing regime has finally ended MTN and Uganda Telecom’s (UTL) five-year duopoly on fixed
line telephony. Under new licensing regime three categories of service licences are available:
public service provider licence, infrastructure provider licence and general licence permits. 417 The
licences available are no longer hinged to a type of technology (cellular, Public Switched
Telephony Network - PSTN or Internet Protocol). The licensee is given a licence to provide for
example Voice and it is the licensee that chooses what technology he/she will use to provide this
voice to his/her customers.
According to UCC, VoIP in Uganda is considered simply as another form of voice service
and is therefore an acceptable service in Uganda for personal and public use. 418 However,
licences are still in order to provide VoIP services:
Voice and Data licence - if what a customer receives is a voice service similar to the
conventional personal/organizational telephone service (fixed or mobile phone);
Capacity Resale licence - if a calling card or pre-paid pay phone system is offered;
If a provider wants to offer public payphone kiosk services using VoIP or have
customers using VoIP applications available on the Internet as they surf, then it is eligible
for General Authorization licensing.
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8. ARAB STATES
8.1. Bahrain
Population 766 thousands
Internet users 33.2
Market developments
In January 2009 Batelco, Bahrain’s incumbent operator, has announced that the final
migration from the legacy network to the new NGN was completed. Batelco has invested USD
52 million in its new NGN to deliver countrywide MPLS services in the Kingdom of Bahrain. 419
The migration was divided into several phases, while the nationwide project was scheduled to
be completed by the end of 2008 (2011 initially).
With regards to NGN access network, Batelco started its Fibre-to-the-Home-and-Business
(FTTH&B) Pilot Network for up to 100 homes and 20 businesses in Bahrain in 2002. 420 Though,
no further information about the outcome of this Pilot project is publicly available. However, just
after the complete migration to core NGN, Batelco has announced in May 2009 the upgrade of
its HSDPA-based mobile broadband services to a maximum theoretical speed of 14.4 Mbps
(download). To access Batelco's mobile broadband services from a laptop or PC, customers
may purchase one of its “O-net” plug and play devices; “O-net” pre-paid packages are also
available. 421 In June 2009 the company has launched a new range of ADSL broadband internet
packages including a new 10 Mbps (download) package; consumer DSL access speeds were
previously capped at 2 Mbps. Existing customers will have their maximum speeds automatically
upgraded, for instance subscribers to Batelco’s 2 Mbps package will be upgraded to a 4 Mbps
service. 422
ZAIN Bahrain, one of the leading telecommunication operators in the Kingdom of Bahrain,
was deploying its WiMax network in 2007. The project was evaluated at USD 10.2 million. 423
In January of 2007, Bahraini wireless and satellite broadband operator, Mena Telecom
announced, that has successfully implemented a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) which will allow
the company to provide customers with the full range of fixed and nomadic telecommunications
services. It has rollout its FWA network nationwide, deploying a technology solution based on
state-of-the-art WiMax technology. 424
Market players such as 2Connect and Neutel are also offering ICT services through their
NGN networks. 425
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Regulation
With 3 mobile operators (3rd mobile licence was handed over in March 2009), several
WiMax players and a liberal policy towards VoIP, Bahrain is widely viewed as one of the region's
most dynamic telecom markets. 426
Since 2003, after the end of fixed-line monopoly, the Bahrain's telecoms regulator TRA has
issued 140 licences across 12 segments since and eight other companies have been issued
licences for national fixed-line services. 427 However, the unbundling regulation has not been in
place all these years. In March 2009 TRA has launched a consultation on draft access
regulations, which order the incumbent Batelco to add local loop unbundling (LLU) to its
Reference Access Offer. Under the draft order, it must “make all appropriate actions so that LLU
field test experimentations can start no later than 15 July 2009”. 428 TRA thinks that in Bahrain,
unbundling would mainly be used by operators to offer broadband services, rather than fixed
voice.
The former monopoly operator already offers IP bitstream and wholesale DSL products.
However, bitstream offer, which allows other operators to offer services using Batelco's
infrastructure, has a limited success. According to Batelco, there has only been one customer for
the last four years. 429
In May 2009 TRA also has published for a public consultation a draft Position Paper, which
aims to provide guidance for the deployment of telecommunications networks in new property
developments. The main elements of the proposed regulatory strategy are: (1) contribution of
developers towards deployment of telecommunications infrastructure together with (2) an open
access policy, ensuring competition and choice for consumers in new developments, as well as
(3) continued application of the existing regulatory framework. 430
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8.2. Egypt
Internet users 14.0
Market developments
In 2005, Telecom Egypt (TE) chose suppliers to upgrade its fixed network to an IP- based
core network. 431 Initially, the NGN deployment strategy was based on the targeting of small
areas in Egypt that offered strong potential as business and tourism centers. In June 2006, TE
contracted technology suppliers to enable the launch of VoIP and advanced data services
across various parts of the network. Under the deal, TE integrated Broadband Loop Carrier
Technology and ATM network technology, allowing circuit switched voice to move onto a pure
packet network. Suppliers also provided a roadmap for the delivery of new voice, video and data
services such as ADSL2+, VDSL2, Passive Optical Network (PON), Ethernet and IP Video. 432 At
the end of 2006, Telecom Egypt launched its first IPTV services via its ISP subsidiary TE Data,
providing streaming and video-on-demand content to TE Data's ADSL subscribers.
In 2007, Telecom Egypt started the expansion of its transport network in the Nile Delta area.
Capacity extensions in the backbone network were necessary to meet the rapidly growing
demand for broadband capacity required for high-speed data, storage, video, and voice
services. 433
Etisalat Misr (Etisalat Egypt) was established in July 2006, when a consortium led by the
UAE-based Etisalat won the third GSM licence to operate 3G and 2G services in Egypt, for EGP
16.7 billion. The company launched its services in May 2007. It planned to invest up to EGP 8
billion over the next three years on its network to boost its coverage area. 434 Etisalat now offers
3.75G services, thus enabling its mobile users to benefit from data transfer speeds of up to 7.2
Mbps. Among the features that Etisalat offers via its 3.75G network, are video calling, mobile TV
and a mobile portal, especially created by the operator so that its customers can have access to
a wide range of content made for their handsets. 435
In 2007, Egyptian ISP EgyNet chose WiMax products to build a broadband wireless network
in Sharm el-Sheikh. The project forms part of an initiative by the Ministry of Communication and
Information Technology (MCIT). EgyNet was licensed to provide wireless Internet services to the
region through the WIESC (While In Egypt Stay Connected) programme.
April 2008, Tata Communications, formerly VSNL, announced the expansion of its Global
VPN service to Egypt through a partnership agreement with Telecom Egypt’s TE Data arm. The
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pair has interconnected their respective multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) infrastructures,
setting up multiple redundant network-to-network interconnection points between the two
companies. The agreement allows Tata to extend its end-to-end service capabilities by
incorporating TE Data’s IP MPLS network footprint in Egypt, reportedly using more than 800
access points of presence. 436 At the end 2007, Egypt's Ministry of Interior selected a supplier to
provide equipment for the WiMax network. The network is expected to be used to connect
Egyptian police stations and offices nationwide.
In June 2008, Vodafone Egypt announced the launch of ADSL services. The service, which
is available to both residential and business customers, comes with a free Wi-Fi router and no
installation charges. Customers have the choice of two packages: a 2 Mbps options with 100 on-
net minutes and a 10Gb download limit for EGP 222 per month or an 8 Mbps package with 200
on-net minutes and a 30 Gb download limit for EGP 555 per month. 437
In May 2009, Egypt's Mobinil announced the beginning of its IP-NGN. The new IP-based
infrastructure will help to reduce network complexity and management costs and enhance
network reliability. 438
Also in May 2009, Palm Hills Developments (PHD), a leading Egyptian real estate
development company, selected a supplier for its first FTTH network deployment. 439
Regulation
In early 2006, the National Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (NTRA) announced
that it would amend licences to enable Internet service providers to obtain international
bandwidth. The licence amendment was a bid to restructure the broadband system. The NTRA
will offer two international licences in March for international call services to expand incoming
and outgoing telecommunication traffic. During the first phase (2006 to mid-2008), the two
licences were to allow the new companies to operate international gateways based on the
infrastructure provided by Telecom Egypt. Companies will be permitted to build their own
infrastructure during the second phase. 440
In April 2005, the NTRA released the regulations governing the VoIP market in Egypt. PC-
to-PC IP telephony calls are not regulated, whereas services to end-users are monitored for
quality of service. Infrastructure-owning ISPs can, along with Telecom Egypt, resell IP
connectivity to companies wishing to offer VoIP services, or sub-contract the networks' rollout to
other firms. In June 2005, LINKdotNET, a major privately owned ISP and solutions provider has
become the first company to provide VoIP services in Egypt. An agreement has been signed
with the NTRA, expanding the class 'A' ISP licence granted to LINKdotNET to include providing
VoIP services to agencies and corporations using VPN networks. 441 442
To support its continuous liberalization of telecom market and promote competition, Egypt
introduced an unbundling of local loops for ADSL services as part of the broadband initiative
launched in May 2004. 443
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8.3. Libya
Internet users 4.7
Market developments
In 2008, Libya's national incumbent Libyan Post Telecommunications and Information
Technology Company (LPTIC) announced its plans to put in place a fibre Next Generation
Backbone Network (NGBN) and that pilot projects will extend IP delivery at a local level. Its
implementation of the NGBN is split into two phases and between the eastern and western part
of the country at a total cost of EUR 160 million. 444The first phase of the project is to roll out 8
000 kms of fibre to link all of the cities of Libya. Most of the cable has to be laid across rocky
ground. The second phase involves putting in the transmission equipment. This work will be
carried out at two levels: the first level concerns the transmission equipment for the backbone
infrastructure and the second level concerns the routers to link the small and medium-sized
towns.
Libya Telecom & Technology (LTT), Libyan Internet service provider, plans to launch its first
commercial WiMax wireless network, hopes to start with WiMax coverage, including mobile
WiMax, in 18 cities. The operator’s new system, which has initial capacity for 300 000
subscribers, will begin signing up business and residential customers in the beginning of
2009. 445 The project is worth almost USD 60 million, and follows a EUR 90 million’s project,
initiated in July 2007 to build a national fibre-optic network. 446 In May 2009, the company
awarded a contract to an equipment vendor to provide it with a FTTH network. Under the deal, a
provider will roll out an FTTH network, covering 800 apartment buildings on the Airport Road in
Alzohor District, Tripoli, in the first phase, and expanding the network coverage to other districts
in the second phase. The deployment will enable LTT to offer more stable and more advanced
broadband services for end users. The network will be the first commercial FTTH project in
Libya. 447
Regulation
The General Telecommunication Authority (GTA) announced, in February 2009, the launch
of an international tender for a fixed and mobile licence covering Libyan territory. The GTA will
grant one combined licence to one service provider. The winner was expected to be announced
in June 2009. There are currently no private telecoms operators in Libya. The state-owned
General Posts and Telecommunications Company (GPTC) is the only fixed line service provider.
GPTC has 100 percent ownership of the two mobile operators Libyana and Al-Madar. 448
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8.4. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Internet users 51.6
Market developments
The UAE telecommunications market was officially closed to all but Etisalat, which has been
the telecommunications service provider in the UAE since 1976. In 2003, the situation changed
with the announcement of a Federal Government Decree, which declared the end of the Etisalat
monopoly status and paved the way for the partial liberalization of the UAE telecom sector. 449
The second telecom operator “du” was licensed on February 12, 2006.
Currently, Etisalat offers fixed line services over a NGN, which enables it to offer voice,
video and data. It successfully launched UMTS services on December 24, 2003, and became
the first organization in the Middle East and the Arab World to introduce a 3G network. 450 In 2006,
Etisalat announced the migration of is core network to NGN. It predicted that 50 percent of its
network would be NGN by the end of 2007, and 90 percent by the end of 2009.
Etisalat is also in the process of completing the roll-out of a nationwide fibre optic network
(access NGN network), and aims to connect every home in the UAE by the end of 2011. One of
the key project milestones for its implementation will be achieved by mid 2009, when Abu Dhabi
becomes fully connected with FTTH. 451 In April 2009, Etisalat announced that it has nearly
completed its FTTH network covering the whole of the country’s capital Abu Dhabi. The project,
known as eLite, is set for completion at the start of the third quarter of 2009 and will be
expanded to Dubai and Sharjah in the near future. The network will provide high definition IPTV
services, broadcast and on-demand, online gaming and other new services such as e-education,
online health check-ups, video conferencing and remote infrastructure management. The
company has reported that it has already connected over 300 000 homes to the eLite network
since 2008, and aims to connect the entire country by the end of 2011, including 1.4 million
homes and offices. 452 Etisalat will migrate 712 000 customers in 2009 to its FTTH network with
plans to connect the entire country by the end of 2011. 453
du, the main Etisalat’s competitor, has an IP based, fibre network with FTTH and FTTB. It
also offers triple-play services (voice, IPTV, data) to residential and business consumers over its
fibre network in select areas of the UAE. Broadband services currently rely on copper and
coaxial cabling for last-mile delivery, although management stated that sizeable investment in
NGN infrastructure will deliver converged services at higher speeds. 454 In June 2009, du
announced the launch of broadband speeds of up to 24 Mbps download, claiming it to be not
only the fastest speed achievable in the country but in the Middle East as a whole. The operator
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also stated that customers subscribed to its broadband services offering theoretical speeds of 4
Mbps, 8 Mbps and 12 Mbps will see their speeds doubled, free of charge. 455
It is also interesting to note that, in June 2009, operators started to negotiate possible
infrastructure sharing. Osman Sultan, CEO of du, said his company planned to spend
USD 545 million on mobile and fixed line network upgrades this year, and is hoping to forge an
agreement with its rival to offset some of the associated costs in light of the current economic
downturn. 456 The operator recently revealed plans to launch advanced IPTV-based services in
Dubai in the coming months, including HDTV and Video-on-Demand (VoD) applications,
following the completion of its core IP network upgrade to 40 Gbps. Until recently, du enjoyed an
unofficial monopoly of fixed-line services in most of the areas known as ‘New Dubai.’ Within
most New Dubai areas, Etisalat’s Internet, voice telephony, and TV services are delivered via
du’s infrastructure. At the same time, du relies heavily on Etisalat’s wireline infrastructure for
outgoing voice and data traffic from New Dubai. 457
Regulation
VoIP is allowed on private telecommunication networks in UAE, for instance corporate
networks, but not to make international calls or calls to other networks. This means use of VoIP
services like Skype, Net2Phone and Vonage are banned in the UAE. Under their licence terms,
both Etisalat and du can provide VoIP services to the public, but neither operator provides such
service nor has indicated that they will do so in the future. 458 The United Arab Emirates
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) has reiterated that the provision of VoIP
services will remain the exclusive domain of Etisalat and du. 459
In line with TRA directives, in June 2008 du started blocking VoIP calls from residents living
in Emaar and Nakheel properties in the Dubai free zones that the company services, where
VoIP services were previously accessible. Whilst this obviously punishes customers, it should
enhance du’s international call revenues from these locations, given a majority of the people
living in the areas affected are expatriates. du has tried to soften the blow by offering cheaper
international calls to its customers - for each second of an international call, they will receive 1 fil
of free credit. 460
In May 2008, TRA set out rules for mandatory mobile site sharing between operators. 461
In April 2009, Etisalat was fined AED 400 000 (~ USD 108 thousands) by TRA for non-
compliance with fair-competition rules. Etisalat, along with its sole competitor du, were required
to introduce carrier pre-selection (CPS) by June 2008. While du complied, Etisalat failed to adopt
the service by the deadline given by the TRA. A month before, TRA fined Etisalat AED 200 000
and issued a new deadline of 16 April, which was also ignored. The fine has since doubled and
a new deadline of 16 May was set with the fine doubling for each month of non-compliance.
Etisalat said it had upgraded 70 percent of its network to enable CPS, while the remaining 30
percent allows the service to be used with special dialing codes or devices. 462
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8.5. Saudi Arabia
Internet users 25.8
Market developments
The Saudi Arabia telecom market has experienced rapid changes in recent years. In 2006,
two data licences were issued, and in 2007, three fixed network licences were issued. In 2007,
more and more competitors began entering the telecom market in Saudi Arabia, and they began
introducing new technologies such as WiMax, FTTx and IMS, in an attempt to target different
market segments.
Before the competition came in to force de jure and de facto, STC (Saudi
Telecommunications Company) started to prepare for it. In 2005, STC started to replace some
existing nodes in its network, followed by transforming the whole STC’s fixed-line network into
an all-IP NGN core network, which allowed STC to reduce costs and quickly implement new
services in response to the competition. 463 In the same year, the operator made a USD 23.46
million (~ SAR 88 million) deal with a technology provider to roll out 180 000 ports for
advanced IP DSLAM technology to enable the operator to meet the demand for high speed
internet access services and broadband applications such as IPTV. 464 In 2006, the company
also started to upgrade its 3G networks with HSDPA equipment. 465 In 2007, it announced
investments of SAR 4 billion in broadband services and has selected a technology provider to
build a WiMAX 802.16e network to provide wireless broadband coverage of major Saudi cities
including Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam. 466 467
In July 2006, Mobily, the second largest mobile operator by subscriber in Saudi Arabia,
launched its W-CDMA/HSDPA services and signed up 1.8 million 3G/3.5G users by the end of
June 2007. 468 It also claimed 70 percent population coverage and 300 000 3G subscribers at the
end of 2008. In 2007, it selected a provider to construct a nationwide IP backbone network for
voice and data services, aimed at enabling Mobily to provide users with faster and more reliable
3G mobile services and move towards an all-IP network. 469
In September 2008, Mobily launched a new WiMax service for residential users in four major
cities: Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam, and Khobar, after it had taken over ISP and WiMax licensee
Bayanat al-Oula in 2007. Mobily said subscribers can expect download speeds of up to 2 Mbps
on the service. The service costs SAR 250 a month. Mobily said WiMAX coverage will
eventually be expanded across the whole Kingdom. 470 In March 2009, the company announced
the launch of a high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) upgrade to its 3G/3.5G network. In a
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SAR 1 billion roll-out, the 3.5G technology will boost mobile upload speeds in the main cities of
Saudi Arabia, with further expansion expected.
Zain Saudi Arabia, a subsidiary of Kuwait's Zain telecoms group, won a licence from the
Saudi Telecommunications and Information Technology Commission to operate a mobile service
in the country in April 2008. Zain paid USD 6.1 billion for the third mobile licence and is
intending to invest USD 335 million to deploy its new network. 471
The Saudi Arabian fixed line licensee Optical Communications Co, which is led by US
operator Verizon Communications, is expecting to spend USD 3 billion on deploying
infrastructure. The company has set a USD 3 billion budget for the optical wire infrastructure
alone and hopes to launch its operations for 2010. 472
In June 2009, Etihad Atheeb launched broadband services in two of Saudi Arabia’s largest
cities. The company deployed networks in the Saudi capital Riyadh and the city of Jeddah.
Etihad Atheeb has also launched a nationwide WiMax network. Etihad Atheeb plans to invest
USD 1 billion over five years in its fixed line operations, targeting government and industrial
hubs as well as regions not covered by STC. 473
Regulation
According to the VoIP regulation framework, set by CITC (Communications and Information
Technology Commission), all Facility-Based Providers (FBT) can offer IP telephony services in
Saudi Arabia. ISP licences do not include VoIP services. VoIP services are subject to the same
security monitoring and emergency services as for the PSTN. CITC doesn’t set the requirement
for QoS or prices for VoIP, leaving market forces to determine acceptable levels of QoS and
prices. 474
CITC has briefly considered IP-based interconnection as part of their review of the
Reference Interconnection Offer of the Saudi Telecommunications Company (STC). 475 They
note that “…IP traffic does not lend itself easily to per minute charging, and it is technically
complex to separate one kind of traffic (e.g. voice) from another (e.g. http traffic) where many
different types of traffic may be carried simultaneously across the same interconnection link.
This raises issues about how service providers should charge for interconnection, and the issues
are particularly complex when traffic has to be passed from a circuit-switched to an IP
environment, or vice versa. The CITC believes that interconnection to NGNs will be an important
issue in the Kingdom in future, and intends to begin a process of analysis and consultation to
arrive at an optimal set of regulations for NGN interconnection within the Kingdom.”
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9. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the NGN expansion in different regions of the world shows significant
differences across regions in terms of both market and regulatory developments.
In Europe, the majority of operators have already migrated to NGN core networks, hoping to
make some savings in the future. As many operators have extensive infrastructure already in
place, for migrating to NGN many of them have chosen an overlay strategy. NGN access
developments in this region are mainly based on fibre optics. However, compared to Asia, the
roll-out of FTTx in Europe has been much slower. In Europe, the main incentives to invest in
fibre infrastructure have originated from the competitive pressure of alternative operators, but
with relatively small, limited developments, rather than nationwide roll-outs. FTTx in many
European countries has also been strongly driven by municipalities and utility companies,
usually limited to focusing their investment in specific areas.
Incumbent operators in Europe are announcing their plans to move to NGN access, but are
carefully observing not only demand for high-speed broadband services, but also the regulatory
environment. The regulatory environment has often been cited as a reason for the slow roll-out.
Regulators across Europe have different approaches to regulation (e.g. structural separation in
the UK, access regulation in the Netherlands), and that has slowed down incumbent operators
who state that they will not invest without a clear regulatory environment. This has particularly
slowed down investment in the UK and in Spain. The European Commission is seeking to
harmonize the regulatory framework across EU Member States, however, its draft
Recommendation on this matter results in extensive debate.
On June 12, 2009 the Commission published for public consultation a second draft of its
Recommendation on regulated access to NGA. The draft Recommendation aims to promote a
consistent approach to regulated access to NGA networks and to provide legal certainty to
investors. In the light of comments from stakeholders, the revised draft Recommendation
includes mechanisms to allocate the investment risk between investors and operators seeking
access to NGA networks. The Commission is seeking to encourage investment in FTTH
networks based on multiple fibre lines into end-user premises. To provide an incentive, it says
that no cost orientation obligation should be imposed on the price of unbundled fibre loops or
WBA in multiple fibre FTTH deployments provided certain conditions are met.
However, just after the draft Recommendation was published for consultation, ETNO (the
European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association) announced that the
Recommendation would further slow down fibre investments in the EU, as it extends current
regulatory obligations to new networks and does not exploit the potential of new mechanisms to
promote investment. 476 Market players are mainly financing fibre deployments by themselves
and they are particularly sensible, therefore, to any changes in the regulatory environment.
Credit lines have been opened by governments in some countries to ease the transition through
the recent economic downturn.
Asia appears to be leading the field in the development of both NGN core and NGN access
networks. In general, when investments in NGN core networks are financed by the operator,
driven by a belief of possible savings, NGN access developments have strong support from
governments in the region. The preference for FTTH technology is clear in the majority of Asian
countries.
112
In many Asian countries, governments are committing substantial investment. The level of
government investment, thus, is a consequence of the business case for investment in national
FTTH networks, which is being undermined by the high capital cost of fibre access and
uncertainty over future revenues, especially in dispersed and diverse markets such as Australia
and New Zealand. Nevertheless, government investment cannot eliminate the underlying
technological and commercial risks. This means that taxpayers are bearing these risks instead
of private investors. 477
The US is of the view that a deregulatory regime has successfully encouraged investment in
NGNs. It is one of the few countries that have committed to no mandatory unbundling of new,
broadband facilities. Although companies such as AT&T and Verizon have begun to deploy
FTTH and FTTC and broadband penetration is high in the country, it might, however, have
negative effects on market structure. There is a strong pressure from operators for deregulation
in Canada as well. In both countries, governments are contributing to the funding of NGN
expansion, but not so significantly as in Asia.
In Latin America, there is a need for innovations in both infrastructure and business models
to make deployments in rural regions with low ARPU users. Operators are considering how they
can provide services to the consumer segment, offer seamless access to services and also
introduce new offerings in a quick and cost effective way. Not surprisingly, operators have begun
the transition to NGN core networks. Regarding NGN access developments, wireless NGN
access technologies seem more promising in this region. Some operators have also initiated
FTTx projects for NGN access networks. At this stage, however, the high costs and uncertain
returns limit such projects to high population, high-income areas. Therefore, other types of
technologies, such as WiMax, are gaining popularity.
Not only market players, but regulators as well, realized relatively early that the future of this
region lies with wireless technologies. Therefore, regulators have been licensing relevant
spectrum bands, carefully choosing licensees and stimulating competition in the market.
In the Africa region, the priority had been to develop and upgrade backbone networks. There
is a range of different financial sources being made available to build backbone infrastructures in
Africa: operators are investing individually to build their own network, joint private activities in
building national backbone networks are becoming more popular (e.g. groups of operators are
investing jointly in Angola or South Africa), and governments are allocating funds to built
essential infrastructure. NGN access in the region is more likely to be developed using wireless
technologies than fixed wire lines. It is also more likely to be new build rather than an overlay of
legacy networks and which is also more likely to be driven by cost savings, rather than by new
services, such as IPTV or HDTV.
Although new licensing regimes with the principles of technological-neutrality and service-
neutrality are replacing old frameworks in Africa, more liberal policies with regards to VoIP or
International gateways might be needed in some African countries in order to facilitate ICT and
NGN investments.
Operators in the Arab region are also following the trend to migrate their core networks to
NGN. NGN developments vary across the region, e.g. the Bahraini incumbent operator states
that it fully completed the migration from its legacy network to a NGN in January 2009, whereas
the Libya incumbent operator, LPTIC, announced its plans to put in place its NGN backbone in
the middle of 2008. For NGN access, there is a mixture of different technologies being used in
the region.
As the liberalization process in the region is relatively recent, the majority of current
regulatory developments are related to adapting to the changing environment, e.g. changes in
licensing frameworks, infrastructure sharing obligations etc. However, when creating their new
113
regulatory frameworks, regulators in the region might directly address the issue of NGN
developments, for example, the Communications and Information Technology Commission of
Saudi Arabia has considered IP-based interconnection as part of current RIO of Saudi Telecom
or the recent position paper from TRA of Bahrain that promotes state-of-the-art
telecommunications infrastructure in new property developments. In some cases, quiet strict
regulation of VoIP services are still a barrier for further developments in telecommunications
markets.
Although NGNs are a reality and that investments are taking place in all regions of the world,
the current economic situation has become a challenge for everyone – operators, regulators,
and governments alike. In response to the economic crisis, where operators are reducing their
investments by postponing the launch of big projects, governments have begun to deploy
incremental public infrastructure programs with an ICT focus. Government reaction varies from
country to country, for example, with some encouraging greater private-sector involvement via a
combination of guaranteed wholesale access, while others give tax breaks and subsidies. It
should be noted that the acceleration of broadband access deployment, which some
governments regard as an issue of national competitiveness, does not need to be restricted to
the roll-out of fibre alone. Fibre has its advantages of almost limitless bandwidth and low
operating costs, but this comes at a high price. If the average cost of connecting a household
with fibre in a country with a combination of city and rural households is an estimated USD 1
000, 478 then in some cases, the return on investment may not justify the cost. Therefore, in
today’s situation, the potential of alternative NGN access technologies should be considered as
well.
1 “BT Announces Network Transformation Timetable”, BT Media Release, 9 June 2004, at

http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=500408a0-a768-46e7-9dec-ef4a199be68e
2 http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ngn/documents/ECTA-NGN.doc
3
http://www.telecommagazine.com/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_3466
4
http://www.fiberopticsonline.com/article.mvc/FTTH-Services-Undercutting-Traditional-ADSL2-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO
5
http://www.ichay-mullenex.fr/download/the-roll-out-of-the-fibre-network-in-france-a-short-update.pdf
6
http://www.telecomsinsight.com/file/73803/portuguese-operators-preparing-for-rapid-ngn-roll-out.html
7
https://www.communicationsdirectnews.com/do.php/130/34207
8
hhttp://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ngn/definition.html
9
Cohen, T. (2007). Next-generation networking: a regulatory overview. In Trends in telecommunication reform 2007: the road to Next-
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10
Commerce Commission. (2008). Discussion paper on Next Generation Networks. New Zealand.
11
12
13
http://www.itp.net/news/501846-optical-access
14
15
ITU (2008). Market and Regulatory trends in the ICT sector. Trends in telecommunication reform 2008: six degrees of sharing.
16
http://www.itwire.com/content/view/25347/127/
17
Infonetics Research, through VoIP News, 1 march 2008, at: www.voip-news.co.uk/2008/03/01/80-million-worldwide-voip-
subscribers-in-2007/
18
http://www.ilocus.com/2008/05/nortel_leading_in_terms_of_liv.html#more
19
Ovum, VoIP becoming mainstream in Korea and Japan, 21 January 2008, at: www.ovum.com/go/content/c,377,73689
114
20
http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=142594
21
TMG; Point Topic
22
Analysis based on data from PointTopic, at: www.totaltele.com/View.aspx?ID=10670&t=1
23
http://fibresystems.org/cws/article/newsfeed/37790
24
http://fibresystems.org/cws/article/tech/37063
25
http://www.intercomms.net/FEB04/content/austria.php
26
Source: Telecom Austria 2004
27
http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ngn/documents/ECTA-NGN.doc
28
http://telekom.at/Content.Node/media/news_neu/0209-fiber-optic-network.php
29
http://www.erg.eu.int/doc/publications/consult_ngn_2008/erg_08_26rev1_consul_ip_ngn_080604.pdf
30
31
32
http://telcotv-view.blogspot.com/2009/01/telekom-austria-has-637k-iptv.html
33
http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=334676
34
http://www.erg.eu.int/doc/publications/erg_07_16rev2b_nga_opinion_suppl_doc.pdf
35
Comparative analysis of operators’startegies for the rollout of next generation access infrastructure in Euroean markets.
36
http://www.erg.eu.int/doc/publications/consult_ngn_2008/erg_08_26rev1_consul_ip_ngn_080604.pdf
37
http://www.lightreading.com/blog.asp?blog_sectionid=384&doc_id=123209
38
BIPT consultation doc.
39
40
Vergara, A., Perez, J., Moral, A. ( 2008). Comparative analysis of operators’ strategies for the rollout of next generation access infrastructure
in European markets.
41
http://www.ilocus.com/2008/05/belgacom_voip_and_iptv_1q08_up.html
42
43
44
http://www.union-
network.org/UNITelecom.nsf/cffabd4e75b8e05ec125701a00349322/8d50f63d71308ad6c125712d004a866e?OpenDocument
45
http://www.investindk.com/visNyhed.asp?artikelID=11823
46
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NVN/is_50_24/ai_n8587696/.
47
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/istevent/broadband_gap_2007/cf/exhib-detail.cfm?id=1312
48
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/dk.pdf
49
50
51
http://www.erg.eu.int/doc/publications/erg_08_26b_final_ngn_ip_ic_cs_sup_doc_081016.pdf
52
http://www.ichay-mullenex.fr/download/the-roll-out-of-the-fibre-network-in-france-a-short-update.pdf
53
54
http://www.fiberevolution.com/2009/03/free-releases-2008-results-part-i.html
55
http://www.muniwireless.com/2008/09/18/municipalities-open-access-drive-ftth-growth-in-france/
56
http://broadbandprime.blogspot.com/2008/10/french-regulator-releases-ftth-last.html
57
http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/media/archive/5437.pdf
58
www.brekoverband.de
59
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/de.pdf
60
http://cclp.usc.edu/assets/docs/RegulatoryApproachestoNGNs_AnInternationalComparison.pdf
61
ERG 2007.
62
http://www.cn-c114.net/577/a409362.html
63
http://www.telecomkh.com/en/optical-networking/news/fiber-optic/optoelectronic-equipment/ftth-fibre-to-the-home-network/heli-net-
telekommunikation-gmbh-cokg/packetfront/793
64
http://www.media-broadcast.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Pressemitteilungen/PM_2009_008_NGN-Services_ancotel_en_final.pdf
65
66
http://www.topnews.in/deutsche-telekom-sublet-german-opticalfibre-network-2133571
67
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/de.pdf
68
http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr67/pr36/docs/061120_pr_italtel_tellas.pdf
69
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Nov_14/ai_n27445156/?tag=content;col1
70
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/el.pdf
115
71
http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/259/1037259/greek-geeks-fibre-network
72
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/el.pdf
73
eircom Press Release (15.11.06) and NGN presentation (09.03.07)
74
http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single7427
75
http://enterprise.eircom.net/11444406/11983255/11983303
76
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/ie.pdf
77
http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2009/03/13/4054070.htm
78
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/ie.pdf
79
http://www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg0740_23994292.pdf
80
81
http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/A437A145-6B57-46C3-83C1-
6810C1F14861/30908/NGNConsultancyDocumentJuly2008TheFinalversion.pdf
82
http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/56CF7AA3-1DFD-4D8A-8394-8BCE9A49498D/0/NGBConsultativeForumresults
83
84
http://www.huawei.com/publications/view.do?id=2915&cid=5307&pid=61
85
http://www.telecomsitaly.com/2006/10/telecom_italia_to_invest_in_ng.html
86
http://www.telecomsitaly.com/2008/03/ngn_investments_fttx.html
87
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/03/09/afx3502186.html
88
http://www.slideshare.net/ceobroadband/ftth-conference-2009-telecom-italia-domestic-ngn2
89
http://www.telecomsitaly.com/2008/08/fastweb_to_launch_100_mbps_ser.html
90
http://uk.biz.yahoo.com/19112007/323/telecom-italia-facing-pressure-separate-access-network-ops-rivals.html
91 Agcom, Resolution no. 152/02/CONS http://www.agcom.it/eng/resolutions/2002/d152_02_CONS.pdf.
92 Agcom, Delibera 208/07/CONS http://www.agcom.it/provv/d_208_07_CONS/d_208_07_CONS_eng.htm
93
http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail11538.htm
94
http://www.openreach.co.uk/orpg/aboutus/Downloads/web_corp_brochure.pdf
95
96
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/lv.pdf
97
98
http://latviantelecoms.blogspot.com/2009/04/100-mpbs-latvias-new-lower-speed-limit.html.
99
http://latviantelecoms.blogspot.com/2009/04/100-mpbs-latvias-new-lower-speed-limit.html.
100
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/lv.pdf
101
http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/prod_052803c.html
102
http://www.azooptics.com/Details.asp?NewsID=840
103
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/implementation_enforcement/annualreports/14threport/lt.pdf
104
http://pr.euractiv.com/press-release/spain-stagnates-telefonica-profits-broadband-study-shows-8595
105
www.rrt.lt
106
http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=28673
107
108
http://www.epractice.eu/en/cases/rain
109
110
http://www.rain.lt/EN/index_9.php
111
112
http://www.t-regs.com/content/view/399/86/
113
http://blog.cat-iq.org/post/2008/11/KPN-and-Reggefiber-plan-nationwide-FTTH-services-in-the-Netherlands.aspx
114
Vergara, A., Perez, J., Moral, A. ( 2008). Comparative analysis of operators’ strategies for the rollout of next generation access
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115
http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200812/pdf04bp0Ahesq.pdf
116
http://www.t-regs.com/content/view/399/86/
117
http://www2.opta.nl/asp/en/aboutopta/history.asp
118
http://www.telenor.com/en/news-and-media/news/2005/joint-press-release-from-telenor-asa-juniper-networks-and-siemens-
communications
119
http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/home/latest_news/?cid=37&nid=236
116
120
http://www.alcatel-
lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3tXDUL8h2VAQAURh_Yw!!?LMSG_CABINET=Do
cs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_2007/News_Article_000512
121
122
123
http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=567
124
http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/298026/13/ARTCL/none/none/1/update/
125
http://point-topic.com/content/dslanalysis/BBAftth070219.htm
126
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/library/public_consult/nga/lyse_tele_131108.pdf
127
128
129
http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/2288.pdf
130
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/11/40461018.pdf
131
132
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International Telecommunication Union

Telecommunication Development Bureau

2. WHAT ARE NGNS? HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND NGNS?

Box 1: Characteristics of NGN

Source: ITU-T, http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ngn/definition.html

Figure 1: Options for fibre access

Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTC)

Fibre to the building (FTTB) and Fibre to the Home (FTTH)

Source: Cullen International

Table 1: Bandwidth speeds for different access technologies

Access Technology Upstream Downstream

Figure 2: Retail VoIP subscribers (in millions, 2008): Top 10 countries

Figure 3: Global IPTV Top 10 Carriers (by subscribers, in thousands, 2008)

Iliad (France) 2170

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Figure 4: Top FTTH economies worldwide, February 2009

Source: FTTH Council, 2009

By the beginning of 2009, France Telecom had deployed fibre in approximately 40

Source: Telecom Italia, 2009

Source: RRT, Report on the electronic communications sector, IQ 2009.

Source: RRT, Report on the electronic communications sector, IQ 2009.

Table 3: Saving from NGN

Year OPEX savings per Cumulative OPEX savings

Figure 9: Broadband market changes in Japan

Source: Ministry of Internal affairs and Communications (MIC), Dec 2006

Figure 10: Broadband subscribers of NTT

Source: NTT East and NTT West, April 2007

In Malaysia, the Government is in public-private partnership with Telekom Malaysia (TM) to

6.1. The United States

About one quarter of US households had access to next-generation broadband service by

Figure 11: Coverage of Entel’s networks

Source: Entel, 2007

1 “BT Announces Network Transformation Timetable”, BT Media Release, 9 June 2004, at

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