Effects of voltage unbalance on IM power,

torque and vibrations

G.R. Bossio, Member, IEEE, C.H. De Angelo, Member, IEEE, P.D. Donolo, Student Member, IEEE,
A.M. Castellino and G.O. Garcia, Senior Member, IEEE

Φ to the voltage unbalance, obtaining in turn the motor

Abstract – Effects of voltage unbalance on the induction derating factor as a function of the voltage unbalance [5][6].
motors power, torque and vibrations are analyzed in this paper. On the other hand, voltage unbalance produces significant
Voltage unbalance produces power oscillations at twice the oscillations on the motor instantaneous active power, which
supply frequency, which introduces, in turn, torque oscillations affect the electromagnetic torque. Torque oscillations
and vibrations at this frequency. The dependence of these produce, in turn, a grow of motor vibrations and an increase
power oscillations on the unbalance level and motor load is of the audible noise. Such perturbations could cause fatigue
analyzed by simulation. The effects of voltage unbalance on the
oscillation of motor power, torque and vibrations are
of the mechanical parts, the same as stator windings
extensively analyzed through experimental results. These isolation.
experiments are performed for induction motors with different In this work, the oscillations produced by voltage
rotor characteristics, showing that the motor behavior under unbalance on the motor power, torque and vibrations are
voltage unbalance significantly changes according to the rotor analyzed. The effects of voltage unbalance on the motor
construction. power and torque are studied by simulation using a
symmetric IM model on q - d variables.
The analysis is validated by several experimental results.
Index Terms—Voltage Unbalance, Vibrations, Induction In these results, the effects of voltage unbalance over motor
Motors. vibrations are also evaluated. Components of the vibration
spectrum that are characteristic of voltage unbalance are
I. NOMENCLATURE determined and analyzed for different load conditions.
kv Voltage unbalance factor (%) Vibration velocity-rms according to the ISO 10816 standard
for different unbalance and load conditions are obtained,
V Voltage phasor (V) showing that some of the limits can be reached by a healthy
I Current phasor (A) machine under voltage unbalance.
v Voltage vector (V) Due to the rotor design (open or closed rotor slots)
significantly modify the behavior of the negative-sequence
i Current vector (A) impedance with the motor load [7], the effects of voltage
p Instantaneous active power (W) unbalance are experimentally analyzed on motors with
P0 Average active power (W) different rotor characteristics.
T0 Average torque (Nm)
ωe Electrical angular frequency (rad/s) III. EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE UNBALANCE ON THE IM
fe Electrical frequency (Hz)
A. Voltage Unbalance definition
fr Mechanical rotor frequency (Hz)
sp Even when several definitions exist for the numerical
Positive sequence value of the voltage unbalance [8][9], one of the more
sn Negative sequence accepted definitions is [10][11]
qds Stator oriented reference frame
t Time (s) Vsn
kv = × 100% (1)
Vsp

II. INTRODUCTION where the positive and negative sequence voltage

V OLTAGE unbalance produce high currents on the

induction motors (IMs) windings, which considerably
exceed the rated currents. These currents significantly
reduce the motor efficiency, while producing overheating
and torque oscillations [1].
The analysis of the IM fundamental currents under voltage
unbalance has been studied in several papers [2][3][4]. These
analyses allow determining the increase of the IM losses due
Φ
This work was supported by Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
(UNRC), ANPCyT, Mincyt-Cba., Fund. YPF and CONICET.
G.R. Bossio, C.H. De Angelo, P.D. Donolo, A.M. Castellino and G.O.
Garcia are with the Grupo de Electrónica Aplicada (GEA), Facultad de
Ingeniería, UNRC, Ruta Nacional #36 Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto,
Argentina. (gbossio@ieee.org, cdeangelo@ieee.org, pdonolo@gmail.com,
amcastellino@gmail.com and g.garcia@ieee.org).
components are obtained by resolving three-phase
unbalanced line voltages (or phase voltages) into two
symmetrical components. This is the definition used in this
work.
B. Effects of Voltage Unbalance
For the effect of voltage unbalance on the motor torque
and power to be analyzed, voltage and currents are expressed
in its symmetrical components. If the motor is supplied by
unbalanced voltages, voltages and currents in a stationary
reference frame are given by:
v qds = Vsp e jωe t + Vsn* e − jωe t (2)
i qds = Isp e jωe t + Isn* e − jωe t (3)
In this reference frame, the instantaneous active power is
calculated as follows [12]:
 3 3.6% voltage unbalance. Besides the average motor power
Re ⎡⎣ v qds i qds ⎤⎦
*
p= (4) P0 , the component at twice the supply frequency 2 f e (100
2
By replacing voltages and currents in (4), the power results Hz), produced by voltage unbalance, can be appreciated.
in The effects of voltage distortion are presented in Fig. 2,
3 where the instantaneous active power spectrum is shown for
p=
2
( )
Re Vsp Isp* + Vsn* Isn a motor operating with the same voltage unbalance and 6%
(5) of 5th harmonic. As it can be seen, a component at 4 f e
3 3
(
+ Re Vsp I sn e
2
 )
j 2ωe t
(  )
*  * − j 2ωe t
+ Re Vsn I sp e
2
produced by the interaction of the unbalance and the
harmonic distortion, appears in the spectrum.
The first term in (5) corresponds to the average power P0 , Fig. 3 shows the amplitude of the 100 Hz component of
while the second and third terms contains the components at the instantaneous active power as a function of the voltage
2ωe frequency, produced by voltage and current unbalance. unbalance, for different load levels. As it can be appreciated,
Then, as it can be appreciated in (5), the motor power this component grows almost linearly with the voltage
under voltage unbalance will present a pulsating component unbalance, reaching half the rated motor power for a 5%
at twice the supply frequency. From these components, the voltage unbalance. For a given unbalance, the magnitude of
first one is the highest, since its magnitude depends on the the power component at 2 f e does not changes significantly
positive sequence voltage. This component also depend on with the load level. This is due to that component mainly
the negative sequence current, thus it will grow with the depends on the second term of (5), where the negative-
voltage unbalance. According to the rotor characteristics, sequence current is practically independent of the load level.
this negative sequence current could depend (or not) on the This occurs on the simulated IM, since the negative-
motor load, as will be discussed later. On the other hand, the sequence impedance does not vary with the motor load,
third term of (5) greatly depend on the motor load, but its making the negative-sequence current practically constant,
magnitude is usually very small, since the negative-sequence for a given voltage unbalance.
voltage is generally much lower than the positive-sequence
voltage. 5
This oscillating power at twice the supply frequency
results in a pulsating torque and, consequently, in motor 4
vibrations at this frequency. Thus, motor vibrations at twice P0
Power (KW)

3
the supply frequency allow detecting unbalance problems.
2f
A similar analysis can be used to study the effects of 2
e
voltage distortion over the instantaneous power, torque and
vibrations. As an example, frequency components at 4ωe 1

and 6ωe appear in the instantaneous power spectrum as a 0

0 50 100 150 200 250
consequence of a 5th voltage harmonic. Frequency (Hz)
It must be noted that some stator related faults, such as Fig. 1. Instantaneous active power spectrum for 3.6% voltage unbalance and
winding short circuits or stator core looseness or short 75% load. (Simulation)
circuits, could produce vibrations at 2ωe , the same as supply
5
voltage unbalance [13]-[15]. For this reason, the analysis of
this component in the vibration spectrum must be 4
complemented with a measurement of the voltage unbalance,
Power (KW)

P0
in order to determine if the perturbation is produced by a 3

motor fault or a supply problem. 2 2 fe

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS 1

4 fe
The terms of (5) which correspond to the oscillating power 0
depend on the relationship between the negative and positive 0 50 100 150
Frequency (Hz)
200 250

sequence voltages and currents. This relationship depends, in Fig. 2. Instantaneous active power spectrum for 3.6% voltage unbalance,
turn, on voltage unbalance, the motor operation condition, 6% THD and 75% load. (Simulation)
and its parameters, among others.
Assuming an electrically balanced motor, i.e. a motor 5
without faults, the analysis of voltage unbalance can be 100%
performed using an induction motor model in q - d variables 4
Power 100 Hz (kW)

[16]. This model is used in this work to evaluate the 3 0%

pulsating power produced by the supply unbalance. The
variation of the magnitude of the oscillating power at twice 2
the supply frequency is calculated from simulation for
1
different unbalance levels and motor load.
Simulation results obtained for voltage unbalance ranging 0
from 0% to 8%, at different load conditions (from unload to 0 1 2 3 4 5
Voltage unbalance (%)
6 7 8

fully loaded motor) are presented in Figs. 1 to 3. Data and Fig. 3. Amplitude of the 100 Hz instantaneous active power component.
parameters of the simulated motor are shown in the (Simulation)
Appendix.
The instantaneous active power spectrum is shown in Fig.
1 for a motor operating at 75% load, supplied by source with
 Autotransformers Accelerometer 5

3∅ IM
(under test)
3∅ 4

Power (kW)
3 P0
IM
kv IM Drive 2
(Load)
Filter
1
Encoder 2 fe 4f
Torque e
Ref. 0
PC Recorder 0 50 100 150 200 250
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 4. Experimental setup. (a)
5

Power (kW)
P0
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 3

With the objectives of validating the simulation results and 2 2 fe

evaluating the effects of voltage unbalance on the motor 4f
1
torque and vibrations, experimental results were obtained e

from a laboratory setup. This setup is composed by a 0

standard 5.5 kW IM supplied by variable-output 0 50 100 150 200 250
Frequency (Hz)
autotransformers. This IM is coupled to another IM driven (b)
by a commercial torque-controlled variable speed drive, who Fig. 5. Instantaneous active power spectrum for the motor operating at 75%
acts as a programmable load (Fig. 4). The autotransformers load. (a) Balanced voltages. (b) 3.6% voltage unbalance.
have the possibility of independently regulate the output
voltage, allowing the adjustment of the unbalance level 30

( kv ) . 25
Two phase currents and two line voltages were measured
Torque (Nm)

20
in order for the instantaneous power to be calculated and the T0
motor torque to be estimated. The measured signals were 15

processed in a PC. Motor vibrations were measured using a 10

piezoelectric accelerometer, mounted in the vertical (radial)
5
direction on the motor non-drive end bearing. The 2 fe 4 fe
acceleration signal was analogically filtered and acquired to 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
be processed in the PC. From the acceleration signal, Frequency (Hz)
vibration velocity was obtained by numerical integration. (a)
Fig. 5(a) shows the instantaneous active power spectrum 30
for the motor operating at 75% load, supplied by a balanced
25
voltage. As it can be appreciated, the most important
Torque (Nm)

component is P0, which correspond to the average power. 20

Other components at 2 f e and 4 f e also appear in the
spectrum, but with very low magnitude. The power spectrum
for the motor supplied with a 3.6% voltage unbalance is
shown in Fig. 5(b). By comparing Fig. 5(a) with Fig. 5(b), a
significant increase of the component at 2 f e (100 Hz)
produced by voltage unbalance can be appreciated. The
increase of the component at 4 f e (200 Hz), produced by the
interaction of the 5th harmonic with the voltage unbalance,
can also be seen.
These pulsations of the instantaneous active power,
produced by voltage unbalance, results in motor torque
oscillations. This effect is analyzed by estimating the
electromagnetic torque from the stator currents and fluxes.
The linked stator fluxes were obtained from the stator
voltages and currents, with the knowledge of the stator
resistance value [17]. Fig. 6(a) shows the instantaneous
torque spectrum for the motor operating at 75% load,
supplied by a balanced voltage. The spectrum of the motor
torque for the motor supplied with a 3.6% voltage unbalance
is shown in Fig. 6 (b). The same as in the instantaneous
active power, an important component at 2 f e (100 Hz)
produced by voltage unbalance can be appreciated in this
case.
T0
15
10
2 fe
5 4 fe
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Frequency (Hz)
(b)
Fig. 6. Instantaneous torque spectrum for the motor operating at 75% load.
(a) Balanced voltages. (b) 3.6% voltage unbalance.
These oscillations in the motor power and electromagnetic
torque produce, in turn, motor vibrations at the same
frequencies. Fig. 7(a) shows the spectrum of the motor
vibration (velocity) obtained from the piezoelectric
accelerometer measurement, for the motor supplied by
balanced voltages. Fig. 7(b) shows the vibration velocity
spectrum of the motor operating at the same load, but with a
3.6% voltage unbalance. By comparing both figures, an
important increase in the amplitude of the 2 f e (100 Hz)
component produced by the motor power oscillations can be
appreciated.
As it can be seen in Fig. 7(a) and (b), in four-pole motors,
a component at four times the rotation frequency ( 4 f r )
appears in the vibration spectrum. This component is very
close to the 2 f e component, being almost superimposed for
the unloaded motor. This component, the same as the rotor This variation of the negative-sequence impedance makes
frequency component ( f r ) is always present in the vibration the negative-sequence current highly dependent on the motor
spectrum, due to inherent rotor asymmetries, eccentricities load, for closed rotor slots motors. Then, the amplitude of
and misalignment, among others [13]. Since the component the 100 Hz component of the instantaneous active power will
at 4 f r is so close to 2 f e , frequency resolution must be high be now load dependant. For this reason, all the tests were
performed using the two types of rotors. In all them, the
enough to allow to correctly separate between these two amplitudes of the 100 Hz component as a function of the
components. voltage unbalance, for different load levels, were obtained.
As mentioned in the previous section, the simulation
results allow concluding that the 100 Hz component of the A. IM with open rotor slots
instantaneous active power grows almost linearly with the For evaluating the variation of the 2 f e (100 Hz)
voltage unbalance, while being practically independent of
component of the instantaneous power, torque and vibrations
the motor load. However, this is valid only for such motors
with the voltage unbalance, several tests were performed for
in which the negative-sequence impedance does not vary
the motor supplied by different unbalanced voltages while
with the load. In practice, the relationship between the
operating at different loads (from unloaded to fully loaded).
negative-sequence impedance and the motor load is related
The results obtained for the motor with open rotor slots are
with the rotor construction. Specifically, it depends on
shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a) shows that for every load level,
whether rotor has open or closed slots [7][18].
the 100 Hz component of the instantaneous active power
In order to evaluate the dependence of the negative-
grows with the voltage unbalance. On the other hand, the
sequence impedance from the motor load, motors with the
increase of this component with the voltage unbalance is
same stator and two different rotors were tested. The first
practically independent on the motor load. This result
one has a rotor with open slots (Fig. 8(a)), while the second
coincides with the one obtained by simulation (Fig. 3).
one has closed rotor slots (Fig. 8(b)). Even when this last
type of rotor has a lower efficiency, it is widely used in low
and medium powers, due to the rotor construction through
Stator Stator
aluminum injection results easier. However, at low load
levels, when the iron on the rotor slots is non-saturated,
motor parameters could be considerably different with
respect to those at rated load. For these reasons, the
negative-sequence impedance can significantly grow at low
levels in motors with closed rotor slots.
Fig. 9(a) shows the negative-sequence impedance as a
function of the motor load for the open and closed rotor
slots, obtained experimentally. In Fig. 9(b), the real
(resistance, R) and imaginary (inductive reactance, XL) parts
of the negative-sequence impedance is shown as a function
of the motor load, for the two types of rotor. Rotor Rotor
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. (a) Open rotor slots, (b) closed rotor slots.

0.8
8
fr
0.6
Amplitude (mm/s)

6 Closed slots

4 fr
Zn (Ω)

0.4 2 fe 4

0.2
2
4 fe Open slots
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency (Hz)
Load (%)
(a) (a)
0.8
8
fr
0.6 2f
Amplitude (mm/s)

e
6
Amplitude (Ω)

XL
0.4 4 fr
4

0.2
4f 2
e
R
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency (Hz)
Load (%)
(b) (b)
Fig. 7. Vibration velocity spectrum for the motor operating at 75% load. Fig. 9. Negative-sequence impedance as a function of the motor load:
(a) Balanced voltages. (b) 3.6% voltage unbalance (a) Modulus. (b) Real (resistance, R) and imaginary (reactance, XL) parts.
Open rotor slots (solid); closed rotor slots (dashed).
 5 5
100% 75%
4 4
Power 100Hz (kW)

Power 100Hz (kW)

100%

0% 50%
3 3

25%
2 2
0%
1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Voltage unbalance (%) Voltage unbalance (%)
(a) (a)
25 25
100% 75%

Torque 100Hz (Nm)

20
Torque 100 Hz (Nm)

20 100%
50%
15 0% 15
25%
10 10
0%

5 5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Voltage unbalance (%) Voltage unbalance (%)
(b) (b)
2.5 2

100% 100%
Velocity 100 Hz (mm/s)

2 1.6 75%
Velocity 100 Hz (mm/s)

50%
1.5 1.2
0% 25%
1 0.8

0.5 0.4 0%

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Voltage unbalance (%) Voltage unbalance (%)
(c) (c)
Fig. 10. Motor with open rotor slots. Amplitude of the 100 Hz component Fig. 11. Motor with closed rotor slots. Amplitude of the 100 Hz component
of: (a) instantaneous active power, (b) torque and (c) vibrations. of: (a) instantaneous active power, (b) torque and (c) vibrations.

The behavior of the 2 f e component of the
electromagnetic torque is very similar to the one of the
instantaneous power, as it can be appreciated in Fig. 10(b).
The 100 Hz component of the vibration velocity is shown
in Fig. 10(c), where it can be seen that it significantly grows
with the voltage unbalance, while being practically
independent of the load level, the same as the instantaneous
active power and torque.
B. IM with closed rotor slots
Fig. 11 shows the amplitude of the 2 f e component of the
power, torque and vibrations, for different values of voltage
unbalance and motor load, for the motor with closed rotor
slots. As it can be seen, the component of both the power
and the torque (Fig. 11(a) and (b), respectively) significantly
vary with the motor load. This important difference with
respect to the motor with open rotor slots is principally due
to the negative-sequence impedance grows for low load
levels. This produce a diminution of the negative-sequence
current for a given voltage unbalance. Since this effect
predominates at low load levels, the behavior of the two
types of motor from 50% load is similar.
The component of vibration velocity at 2 f e also grows
with the voltage unbalance and, different from the motor
with open rotor slots, also changes with the motor load. The
reason is the variation of the negative-sequence impedance,
as explained before.
As mentioned in section II, predictive maintenance
programs usually use the RMS value of the vibration
velocity as an indicator of the motor condition. The RMS
value of the vibration velocity as a function of the voltage
unbalance is shown in Fig. 12, for different motor loads.
This result was obtained for the motor with closed rotor
slots.
According to the ISO 10816-1 standard [19], vibration
velocities between 0-0.71 mm/s (zone A) correspond to
machines just put into operation. Values between 0.71-1.8
mm/s (zone B) correspond to equipment which can operate
continuously without any restrictions. Finally, values
between 1.8 and 4.5 mm/s (zone C) indicates that the
condition is acceptable only for a limited period of time.
As it can be appreciated in Fig. 12, voltage unbalance
produce an increase of the RMS vibration velocity, due to
the grow of the 2 f e component. For the motor with closed
rotor slots, this value also depends on the motor load and
machine defects or constructive parameters. Thus, it is
important to note that, if the motor vibration at a given
operation condition are close to the established limits,
transient supply voltage unbalances could produce false
alarms when the RMS velocity vibration value is used as an
indicator of the motor condition. A more complete vibration-
based condition monitoring system should take into account
the variation of the 2 f e component to improve the motor
protection.
 2
C [5] NEMA Standard MG1 - Motor and Generators, 1993.
1.8 [6] P. Pillay, P. Hofmann and M. Manyage, “Derating of induction
100%
1.6 Motors Operating with a Combination of Unbalanced Voltages and
Velocity (mm/s− rms)

B 75% Over or Undervoltages,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,

1.2 vol 17. nº4, pp. 485-491, 2002.
50% [7] M. Arkan, D. Kostic-Perovic, and P.J. Unsworth, “Closed rotor slot
25%
0.8 effect on negative sequence impedance [in induction motors],” Thirty-
0.71 Sixth IAS Annual Meeting, Vol. 2, 751-753, 2001.
0%
[8] M.H.J. Bollen, “Definitions of voltage unbalance,” IEEE. Power
0.4
A Engineering Review, Vol. 22, Nº 11, pp. 49-50, 2002.
[9] P. Pillay and M. Manyage, “Definitions of voltage unbalance,” IEEE
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Power Engineering Review, Vol. 21, Nº 5, 50–51, 2001.
Voltage unbalance (%) [10] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants, ANSI/IEEE Std. 141-1993, December 1993.
Fig. 12. RMS vibration velocity (according to ISO 10816 standard), as a [11] Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the presence of three-phase
function of the voltage unbalance for different motor loads. Induction Motors, IEC TS 60034-26, 2002.
[12] D.W. Novotny and T.A. Lipo, Vector control and dynamics of AC
Drives, Oxford University Press, 1996.
VI. CONCLUSIONS [13] P. Girdhar, Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive
Maintenance, Elsevier, 2004.
The effects of supply voltage unbalance on induction [14] F.M. Cabanas, M.G. Melero, G.A. Orcajo, J.M.C. Rodríguez, and J.S.
motors instantaneous power, torque and vibrations were Sariego, Técnicas Para el Mantenimiento y Diagnostico de Maquinas
analyzed in this paper. The obtained results indicate that Eléctricas, Ed. Marcombo, 1998.
voltage unbalance produces a power oscillation at twice the [15] B. Liang, S.D. Iwnicki, and A.D. Ball, “Asymmetrical Stator and
supply frequency. This oscillation produces, in turn, torque Rotor Faulty Detection Using Vibration, Phase Current and Transient
Speed Analysis,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol. 17
oscillations and additional motor vibrations. This component No. 4, 857-869, 2003.
of the instantaneous power grows almost linearly with the [16] P. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S. Sudhoff, Analysis of electric
voltage unbalance, reaching half the rated motor power for machinery, IEEE Press, New York, 1986.
5% voltage unbalance. [17] R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
In motors with open rotor slots, the oscillating component [18] M. Arkan, D. K. Perovic, and P. Unsworth, "Online stator fault
produced by the voltage unbalance is practically independent diagnosis in induction motors," Electric Power Applications, IEE
on the motor load. However, for motors with closed rotor Proceedings, vol. 148, pp. 537-547, 2001.
slots, the component at twice the supply frequency [19] ISO 10816-1:1995, “Mechanical vibration- Evaluation of machine
vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts – Part I: General
considerably decreases for low load levels. This is due to the guidelines,” International Standards Organization, 1995.
negative-sequence impedance greatly increases when the
load decrease. IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Finally, it can be concluded that voltage unbalance can
Guillermo R. Bossio (S’03 - M’07) received the Electrical Engineer degree
produce a significant increase of the motor vibrations, may from the Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina, in 1999, and the
even reach values where the motor continuous operation is Dr. of Engineering degree from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata,
not recommended. Argentina, in 2004. In 1994, he joined the Grupo de Electrónica Aplicada,
Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. He is also currently with CONICET.
His research interests are in fault diagnosis on electric machines, sensorless
VII. APPENDIX motor control, electric vehicles, and renewable energy generation.
Technical data and parameters of the induction motor
Cristian H. De Angelo (S’96 - M’05) received the Electrical Engineer
used for simulations and laboratory experimental results are degree from the Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina, in 1999,
shown in Table 1. and the Dr. of Engineering degree from the Universidad Nacional de La
TABLE 1. Plata, Argentina, in 2004. In 1994, he joined the Grupo de Electrónica
TECHNICAL DATA AND PARAMETERS OF THE IM. Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. He is also currently with
Induction Motor CONICET. His research interests are in fault diagnosis on electric
Rated power 5.5 kW machines, sensorless motor control, electric vehicles, and renewable energy
Rated voltage 380 V generation.
Rated current 11.1 A
Rated speed 1470 rpm Pablo D. Donolo (S’09) received the Electrical Engineer degree from the
Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina, in 2006. In 2005, he joined
Frequency ( f e ) 50 Hz the Grupo de Electrónica Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. He
Rs 0.8 Ω is also currently with CONICET. His research interests are in fault diagnosis
on electric machines.
Rr 0.4 Ω
Lm 125 mH Ariel M. Castellino received the Electrical Engineer degree from the
Lls = Llr 4 mH Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Argentina, in 2006. In 2005, he joined
the Grupo de Electrónica Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. He
is also currently with CONICET. His research interests are in fault diagnosis
on electric machines.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] W. Yaw-Juen, "Analysis of effects of three-phase voltage unbalance Guillermo O. García (M’86, S’90, M’95, SM’01) received the Electrical
on induction motors with emphasis on the angle of the complex and Electronics Engineering degree from the Universidad Nacional de
voltage unbalance factor," IEEE transactions on Energy conversion, Córdoba, Argentina, in 1981, and the M.Sc. and Dr. degrees in electrical
vol. 16, pp. 270-275, 2001. engineering from COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
[2] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour, and P. Pillay, "Influence of unbalanced in 1990 and 1994, respectively. In 1994, he joined the Universidad Nacional
voltage on the steady-state performance of a three-phase squirrel-cage de Río Cuarto, Argentina, where he is currently Director of the Grupo de
induction motor," IEEE transactions on Energy conversion, vol. 19, Electrónica Aplicada. He is also with CONICET. His research interests are
pp. 657-662, 2004. in power electronics, electric vehicles and renewable energy conversion.
[3] J. H. Dymond and N. Stranges, "Operation on Unbalanced Voltage:
One Motor's Experience and More," IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 43, pp. 829-837, 2007.
[4] W.H. Kersting and W.H. Phillips, “Phase frame analysis of the effects
of voltage unbalance on induction machines,” IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 415-420, 1997.