CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Beam–Columns

Pang Sze Dai

Associate Professor
B.Eng., NUS, 2001; M.Eng., NUS, 2002; Ph.D. Northwestern University, 2005

Associate Head (Academic)

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Email : ceepsd@nus.edu.sg
Tel: 65162799
Room: E1 07-11
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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

What About Members Subject to the Following Forces??

Biaxial Moments and Shear Major Axis Moment, Minor Axis Moment, Biaxial Moments,
Shear and Axial Load Shear and Axial Load Shear and Axial Load
NEd NEd NEd
My1,Ed My1,Ed My1,Ed
Vy1,Ed Vy1,Ed Vy1,Ed

Mz1,Ed Mz1,Ed Mz1,Ed

Vz1,Ed Vz1,Ed Vz1,Ed

My2,Ed My2,Ed My2,Ed

Vy2,Ed Vy2,Ed Vy2,Ed
NEd NEd NEd
Vz2,Ed Mz2,Ed Mz2,Ed Vz2,Ed Mz2,Ed
Vz2,Ed

Members subject to such forces are also known as BEAM-COLUMNS

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Identify the slabs, beams, tension/compression members, and beam-columns

D C
What is the Load Path? 3
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Design Flow Chart for Beam–Columns Resistance Check

Determine design forces
VEd, NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed

NO

Shear check
VEd/Vpl,Rd ≤ 1 Select section
Restrained Beams
Slide 7
YES

Low Shear High Shear Beam-Columns

Slide 11

Use yield strength Reduce yield strength or

fy thickness of shear area

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment and Axial Force Resistances

in the Presence of Shear Force N
EN 1993-1-1 (Clause 6.2.10)
When the design value of the shear force VEd exceed 50% of My
the design plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd, the yield strength fy
in the shear area should be reduced by (1 – ). Vy
Mz
Alternatively the plate thickness of the relevant
part of the cross section may be reduced.
Vz
f yr  (1   ) f y

2
 2VEd 
where      1
V 
 pl , Rd 
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl , Rd 
M0

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment and Axial Force Resistances

in the Presence of Shear Force
fy

When shear force is high, Option 1 (1-) fy

Reduce yield strength of hw
shear area tw (1-) fy

fy
hw
tw
fy

Welded I, H & box sections,

load parallel to web Option 2 fy
hw
Reduce thickness of
shear area (1-) tw fy

fy

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Design Flow Chart for Beam–Columns Resistance Check

Determine design forces
VEd, NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed

NO

Shear check
VEd/Vpl,Rd ≤ 1 Select section
Restrained Beams
Slide 7
YES
Classify
Low Shear High Shear Beam-Columns section
Slide 15
Class 1 & 2 Class 3 Class 4
Use yield strength Reduce yield strength or
fy thickness of shear area Cross-Section Capacity Check
  NO
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed N Ed M y , Ed  N Ed eN y M z , Ed  N Ed eN z
    1   1   1
 M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd  N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd

How does the Axial Force affect the

Bending Moment Resistance?

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Load

First, consider a rectangular section under a tension load Nt,Ed. Nt

 t , Ed  f y

Nt,Ed

Refer to Appendix I – Plastic Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Force.ppt in the IVLE 8
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Load

Next, consider the gradual increase of the bending moment Nt
My,Ed in the presence of the constant axial load Nt,Ed. My

 t , Ed 
 fy
Elastic moment capacity
is reached

Nt,Ed
Plastic moment capacity
My,Ed is reached

 c , Ed 
 f yy

Refer to Appendix I – Plastic Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Force.ppt in the IVLE 9
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Load

The plastic moment capacity is reached when the entire Nt
cross section has yielded (in either tension or compression) My

 t , Ed  f y







centroid 
Nt,Ed 


My,Ed 




 c , Ed  f y
The force
The resultant resultant force
of the redofregion
the green
haveregion have
net zero axial
zero
resistance moment
because theyresistance
cancel outabout
each the centroid.
other but they
It only contributes
create a moment resistance to about
the axial resistance.
centroid of section.

Refer to Appendix I – Plastic Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Force.ppt in the IVLE 10
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Load

Comparison of Moment Capacity in the Absence and Presence of Axial Load
My
 t , Ed  f y

centroid

My,Ed

 c , Ed  f y
Nt
My  t , Ed  f y
How do we
compute the
reduced moment
Nt,Ed centroid capacity in the
presence of axial
My,Ed force?

 c , Ed  f y
Refer to Appendix I – Plastic Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Force.ppt in the IVLE 11
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Cross-Section Capacity Check for Class 1&2 Cross-Sections

EN 1993-1-1 (Clause 6.2.9.1) N
Check at critical locations, i.e. moments & axial force are the largest
 
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  Valid for My
     1 Class 1 & Class 2
 M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd  sections ONLY
Mz
Type of Section  
I and H 2 5n ≥ 1
circular hollow 2 2
rectangular hollow 1.66/(1 – 1.13n2) ≤ 6
others 1.0 1.0
N Ed Af y
where n  and N pl , Rd 
N pl , Rd M0

How can we determine the moment resistance,

MN,y,Rd & MN,z,Rd in the presence of axial load? 12
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Doubly symmetrical I– and H– sections

Reduced moment resistance about y–y axis
 0.5hwt w f y What does this mean?
 M pl , y , Rd for n  0.25 & N Ed 
M0
M N , y , Rd 
( A  2bt f )
M pl , y , Rd  1  n   M pl , y , Rd otherwise where a   0.5
  1  0.5a  A
N Ed
Reduced moment resistance about z–z axis n
N pl , Rd
 hwt w f y
M pl , z , Rd for N Ed 
 M0
M N , z , Rd 
  n  a 2  hwt w f y ( A  2bt f )
 M pl , z , Rd 1     for N Ed  where a   0.5

   1  a   M0 A

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Rectangular hollow & welded box sections of uniform thickness

Reduced moment resistance about y–y axis
 A  2bt
 1 n  a
 w   0.5 for hollow sections
M N , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd    M pl , y , Rd where  A
 1  0.5aw  A  2bt f
 aw   0.5 for welded box sections
 A
N Ed
n
Reduced moment resistance about z–z axis N pl , Rd

 A  2ht
 1 n  a
 f   0.5 for hollow sections
M N , z , Rd  M pl , z , Rd    M pl , z , Rd where  A
 1  0.5a  A  2ht w
 f  a f   0.5 for welded box sections
 A

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Cross-Section Capacity Check for Class 3 Cross-Sections

 t , Ed  f y  t , Ed  f y
EN 1993-1-1 (Clause 6.2.1(7))
Check at critical locations:
Nt,Ed
N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
  1 My,Ed
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd
 c , Ed  f y
where
Elastic moment capacity Plastic moment capacity
Af y Wel , y f y Wel , z f y is reached is reached
N Rd  , M y , Rd  , M z , Rd 
M0 M0 M0

Refer to Appendix II – Elastic Moment Capacity in the Presence of Axial Force.ppt in the IVLE

This check can also be used as a conservative approximation for Class 1 & 2 cross-sections
where NRd, My,Rd and Mz,Rd are defined as follows:
Af y W pl , y f y W pl , z f y
N Rd  , M y , Rd  , M z , Rd 
M0 M0 M0
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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Capacity Check for Class 4 Cross-Sections

(for info)
EN 1993-1-1 (Clause 6.2.9.3)
Check at critical locations:
N Ed M y , Ed  N Ed e N y M z , Ed  N Ed e N z
  1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd
Aeff f y Weff , y f y Weff , z f y
where N Rd  , M y , Rd  , M z , Rd 
M0 M0 M0
eN = shift in the relevant centroidal axis when the effective
cross section is subjected to compression only.
top flange is slender ineffective segment
when under compression

centroidal axis
of gross section centroidal axis of
eN y effective section

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Perform section capacity check on a steel column using 203x203x60 UC N

that is subjected to a compressive load of N = 380kN,
My1
linearly varying major & minor axis moments with the end moments being
My1 = 82.0kNm, My2 = –41.0kNm & Mz1 = 35.4kNm, Mz2 = 17.7kNm.
The steel grade is S275 and the effective length is Lcr,y = Lcr,z = L = 3m.
Mz1

My2

Mz2 N

My,1= 82.0kNm
My,2= –41.0kNm
Identify the critical point(s) to
Mz,1= 35.4kNm Mz,2= 17.7kNm perform cross-section capacity check
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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Determine design forces
VEd, NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed

NO

Shear check
VEd/Vpl,Rd ≤ 1 Select section
Restrained Beams
Slide 7
YES

Low Shear High Shear Beam-Columns

Slide 15

Use yield strength Reduce yield strength or

fy thickness of shear area

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

N
My
Vy

Mz
Vz
L

My,1 Mz,1
Design Forces Vz Vy
NEd = 380 kN
My,Ed = 82.0 kNm My
Mz,Ed = 35.4 kNm Vy
Vz,Ed = (82.0 – (–41.0))/3.0 = 61.5kN Vz
Vy,Ed = (35.4 – 17.7)/3.0 = 5.9kN Mz N
Vz Vy
My,2 Mz,2
Design Strength My,1= 82.0kNm
tw = 9.4mm, tf = 14.2mm. My,2= –41.0kNm
Maximum thickness = 14.2mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2) Mz,1= 35.4kNm Mz,2= 17.7kNm
For S275 steel, fy = 275N/mm2 19
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Shear Check Restrained Beams Slide 8

Vz,pl,Rd = 0.577fy [A – 2btf + (tw+2r)tf ] r tf N

= 0.577*275*[7640 – 2*205.8*14.2 + (9.4+2*10.2)*14.2]*10-3
= 352kN
tw My
Vy
Vz,Ed = 61.5kN < Vz,pl,Rd = 352kN b
Av  A  2bt f  (t w  2r )t f
Shear Check OK! Mz
Vz,Ed = 61.5kN < 0.5Vz,pl,Rd = 176kN Av ( f y / 3 ) Vz
V pl , Rd 
Low Shear  No change in fy M0 L

Vy,pl,Rd = 0.577fy (2btf ) r tf

= 0.577*275*[2*205.8*14.2]*10-3 tw
= 927kN My
Vy,Ed = 5.9kN < Vy,pl,Rd = 927kN
b Vy
Av  2bt f
Shear Check OK! Vz
Mz N
Vy,Ed = 5.9kN < 0.5Vy,pl,Rd = 464kN
Low Shear  No change in fy

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Determine design forces
VEd, NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed

NO

Shear check
VEd/Vpl,Rd ≤ 1 Select section
Restrained Beams
Slide 7
YES
Classify
Low Shear High Shear Beam-Columns section
Slide 15
Class 1 & 2 Class 3 Class 4
Use yield strength Reduce yield strength or
fy thickness of shear area Cross-Section Capacity Check
  NO
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed N Ed M y , Ed  N Ed eN y M z , Ed  N Ed eN z
    1   1   1
 M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd  N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Section Classification
Classification of flange
cf / tf = 6.20 ≤ 9 = 9*0.92 = 8.28  Flange is Class 1.  = (235/fy)0.5 = 0.92
Part subject to bending and compression
Part subject to Stress distribution
Class
compression (compression +ve) Tip in Stress distribution Tip in Stress distribution
compression (compression +ve) tension (compression +ve)

9 9
1 c / t  9 c/t  c/t 
  

Classification of web
Assume the web is in pure compression (worst case scenario resulting in smaller limits for cw/tw).
cw / tw = 17.1 ≤ 33 = 33*0.92 = 30.4  Web is Class 1.
Part subject to Part subject to Part subject to Stress distribution
Class
bending compression bending and compression (compression +ve)
396  Try to classify the section
when   0.5 : c / t 
c / t  72 c / t  33 13  1 by treating the web as
1 36 “Part subjected to
when   0.5 : c / t 
 bending & compression”
 
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed 
Section is Class 1  Use      1 for Section Capacity Check
M M
 N , y , Rd   N , z , Rd  22
CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Moment Resistance in the Presence of Axial Load

First check if axial force will affect the moment resistance
Af y (76.4 * 102 )(275) * 10 3 Reduced moment resistance about y–y axis
N pl , Rd    2100kN  0.5hwt w f y
M0 1.0  M pl , y , Rd for n  0.25 & N Ed 
M0
M N , y , Rd 
N Ed 380 M pl , y , Rd  1  n   M pl , y , Rd otherwise
n   0.181   1  0.5a 
N pl , Rd 2100 Reduced moment resistance about z–z axis
 hwt w f y
hwt w f y (209.6 - 2 * 14.2) * 9.4 * 275 * 10-3 M pl , z , Rd for N Ed 
  468kN M N , z , Rd


M0
M0 1.0  
2
hwt w f y
 M pl , z , Rd 1   n  a   for N Ed 

   1  a   M0

0.5hwt w f y
 234kN
M0

0.5hwt w f y  1 n 
Since N Ed  380kN  , M N , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd  
M0  1  0.5a 

hwt w f y
Since N Ed  380kN  , M N , z , Rd  M pl , z , Rd
M0
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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Now we determine the moment resistance
( A  2bt f ) (7640  2 * 205.8 * 14.2) Reduced moment resistance about y–y axis
a   0.235  0.5  1 n 
A 7640 M N , y , Rd  M pl , y , Rd    M pl , y , Rd
 1  0.5a 
W pl,y f y (656 * 103 ) * 275 * 10 6 ( A  2bt f )
M pl,y,Rd    180 kNm where a   0.5
γM 0 1.0 A

 1 n   1  0.181 
M N,y,Rd  M pl,y,Rd    180     167 kNm
1  0.5a  1  0.5 * 0.235 
W pl,z f y (305 * 103 ) * 275 * 10 6 Reduced moment resistance about z–z axis
M N,z,Rd  M pl,z,Rd    84 kNm M N , z , Rd  M pl , z , Rd
γM 0 1.0

Interaction Check for Bi-Axial Bending

  5n  5 * 0.181  0.905 Type of Section  

 Use  = 1 I and H 2 5n ≥ 1
α β circular hollow 2 2
 M y,Ed   M z,Ed   82.0   35.4 
2 1

 
         0.663  1 rectangular hollow 1.66/(1 – 1.13n2) ≤ 6
 M N,y,Rd   M N,z,Rd   167   84  others 1.0 1.0

The cross-section resistance is adequate. 24

CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

Use of Design Tables

N Ed 380 Design Forces

n   0.181
N pl , Rd 2100 NEd = 380 kN
My,Ed = 82.0 kNm
Consider n = 0.2 (more conservative)
Mz,Ed = 35.4 kNm
  5n  5 * 0.181  0.905
Type of Section  
 Use  = 1 I and H 2 5n ≥ 1
α β circular hollow 2 2
 M y,Ed   M z,Ed   82.0
2
  35.4 
1

          0.671  1 rectangular hollow 1.66/(1 – 1.13n2) ≤ 6

 M N,y,Rd   M N,z,Rd   164   84  others 1.0 1.0

The cross-section resistance is adequate. 25

CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Example BC-1: Cross-section capacity check

If the conservative check is used, N

N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed 380 82.0 35.4 My
      1.06  1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd 2100 180 84 Vy

Mz
For the same section, it fails using the Vz
conservative cross-section capacity check: L
N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
  1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd

but pass the more exact cross-section capacity check: My

 
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  Vy
    1
 M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd  Vz
Mz N

Will the answer be different if N is a tension force of 380kN?

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Review Questions
• When do you use beam–column check?
• How do you treat the sign for the forces in cross-section capacity check?
• For Class 1 or 2 sections, you have the option of using the more exact cross-
section capacity check involving reduced moment resistance, or the more
conservative check involving a direct superposition of the effects of axial loads
and bending moments. How do you know which check to use?
 
 M y , Ed   M z , Ed  N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
•     1 vs   1
 M N , y , Rd   M N , z , Rd  N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd

Challenge Question
• Determine the reduced moment resistance of a circular hollow section (CHS).

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