OPERATIONS MANUAL PART-A

Page No.: iv-1

Issue No. 1
Definitions M01-Rev.0
Date: October 3, 2016

iv. DEFINITIONS

Accountable Manager: The person acceptable to the Authority who has corporate authority for ensuring
that all operations and maintenance activities can be financed and carried out to
the standard required by the Authority and any additional requirements defined
by the operator.

Adult: Adult, male and female, is defined as person of an age of 12 years old and
above.

Aerodrome: A defined area on land and water (including any buildings, installations and
equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure
and surface movement of aircraft.

Aerodrome Elevation: The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.

Aeronautical Information A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical
Publication: information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.

Aircraft Flight Manual: A manual, associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing limitations
within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and
information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the
aircraft.

Aircraft identification: A group of letters, figures or a combination thereof which is either identical to or
coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign to be used in air-ground
communications, and which is used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air
traffic services communications.

Air Operator Certificate A certificate authorizing an operator to carry out specified commercial air transport
(AOC): operations.

Airport Incident: A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or controller, the distance between
aircraft as well as their relevant positions and speed have been such that the
safety of the aircraft involved was or may have been compromised.

Air Traffic: All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.

Air Traffic Control: A service that promotes the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at
aerodromes and during the approach, departure, and en route environments.

Air Traffic Control Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic
Clearance: control unit.

Air Traffic Control Directives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a
Instruction: specific action.
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Issue No. 1
Definitions M01-Rev.0
Date: October 3, 2016

Air Traffic Control Service: A service provided for the purpose of:

(1) Preventing collisions between aircraft, and on the manoeuvring area

between aircraft and obstructions
(2) Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

Air Traffic Service: A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air
traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach
control service or aerodrome control service).

Airway: A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped
with radio navigation aids.

Airworthiness Release: A certification signed by a licensed mechanic authorized by the AOC holder
indicating that work was performed in accordance with the AOC holder’s
maintenance manual, was inspected by a licensed mechanic, and the aircraft
was found satisfactory for safe operation.

Alerting Service: A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need
of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

Alternate Aerodrome: An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either
impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended
landing. Alternate aerodromes include the following:

(1) Take off Alternate: An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land
should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to
use the aerodrome of departure.
(2) En-route Alternate: An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land
after experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en route.
(3) Destination Alternate: An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft may
proceed should it become impossible or inadvisable to land at the
aerodrome of intended landing.

Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a
destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.

Altitude: The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point,

measured from mean sea level.

Approved: The Authority has reviewed the method, procedure or policy in question and
issued a formal written approval.

Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for

purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or
maintenance.

ATS Route: A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the
provision of air traffic services. Note: The term “ATS route” is used to mean
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Issue No. 1
Definitions M01-Rev.0
Date: October 3, 2016

variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or

departure route, etc.

Authority: The competent body responsible for the safety of civil aviation in the state of the
applicant or operator.

Base Training: Flight training required by Airworthiness Authorities to obtain the aircraft type
rating.

Calendar Day: The period of elapsed time, using Co-ordinated Universal Time or local time that
begins at midnight and ends 24 hours later in the next midnight.

Children: Person who is of an age of two years and above but who are less than 12 years
of age.

Certifying Staff: Those personnel who are authorized by the Approved Maintenance Organisation
in accordance with a procedure acceptable to the Authority to certify aircraft or
aircraft components for release to service.

Civil aircraft: Any aircraft on the civil register of a state, other than those which that state treats
as being in the service of the state, either permanently or temporarily.

Commander: The pilot designated by the operator responsible for the operation and safety of
the aircraft during flight time. He may delegate the conduct of the flight to another
suitable qualified pilot. ( See Pilot-in-command)

Commercial Air An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for
Transport Operation: remuneration or hire.

Contingency Fuel: A quantity of fuel carried to compensate for items such as:
(1) Deviations of an individual airplane from expected fuel consumption data
(2) Deviations from forecast meteorological conditions
(3) Deviations from planned routings and/or cruising levels/altitude

Co-Pilot: Pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot in command or
commander, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole
purpose of receiving flight instruction for a license or rating.

Course: A program of instruction to obtain an airman license, rating, qualification,

authorization, or currency.

Crewmember: A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time.

Crew Resource A program designed to improve the safety of flight operations by optimizing the
Management (CRM): safe, efficient, and effective use of human resources, hardware, and information
through improved crew communication and co-ordination.

Cruising Level: A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.

Damp runway: A runway is considered damp when the surface is not dry, but when the moisture
on it does not give it a shiny appearance.
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Definitions M01-Rev.0
Date: October 3, 2016

Dangerous Good: Articles or substances that are capable of posing significant risk to health, safety
or property when transported by air and which are classified according to ICAO
Technical Instructions.

Deadhead/Positioning The period of time spent in any transportation required by the air carrier of the
crewmember to or from a duty site.

Dry Lease: Is when the airplane is operated under the AOC of the lessee.

Duty Period The period of elapsed time between reporting for an assignment involving flight
time, reserve duty and simulator flying, and release from that assignment
by the scheduled international, scheduled domestic, non-scheduled international
or non-scheduled domestic air carrier. The time is calculated using either
Coordinated Universal Time or Local Time to reflect the elapsed time.

Elevation: The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth
measured from mean sea level.

Exemption: A formal authorization issued by the Authority providing relief from part or all of
the provisions of a CAR. The authorization may or may not be conditional.

Extended over-water An operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 NM from the
operation: nearest shoreline.

Fail-Operational Flight A flight control system is fail-operational if, in the event of a failure below alert
Control System: height, the approach, flare and landing, can be completed automatically. In the
event of a failure, the automatic landing system will operate as a fail-passive
system.

Filed Flight Plan: The flight plan as files with an ATS unit by the pilot or his designated
representative, without any subsequent changes Note: When the word
“message” is used as a suffix to this term, it denotes the content and format of
the filed flight plan data as transmitted.

Flight Control System: A system which includes an automatic landing system

Flight crewmember: A licensed crewmember charged with duties essential to the operation of an
aircraft during flight time.

Flight Deck Duty Time The total time spent by a flight crewmember at a flight crewmember position in
aircraft during flight time.

Flight Level: A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific

pressure datum, 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such
surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Note 1: A pressure type altimeter
calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere:

(a) When set to QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude

(b) When set to QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE
reference datum
(c) When set to a pressure of 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa) may be used to indicate
flight levels.
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Issue No. 1
Definitions M01-Rev.0
Date: October 3, 2016

Note 2: The terms “height” and “altitude”, used in Note 1 above, indicate altimeter
rather than geometric heights and altitudes.

Flight Plan:
(1) ATS Flight Plan: Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an intended
flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
(2) Operational Flight Plan: The operator’s plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of
aircraft performance, other operating limitations, and relevant expected
conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes or heliports
concerned.

Flow Control: Measures designed to adjust the flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a
given route, or bound for a given aerodrome, so as to ensure the most effective
utilization of the airspace.

Friction Coefficient: Relationship between the friction force acting on the wheel and the normal force
on the wheel. The normal force depends on the weight of the aircraft and the lift
of the wings.

Glide Path: A descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach.

Ground Visibility: The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by an accredited observer

Heading: The direction, in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually
expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid).

Height: The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object, measured from a specified
datum.

Helipad/Heliport: A defined area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of
helicopter.

Infant: A person who is less than two years of age.

Initial Operating Experience (IOE): Operational support given to pilots newly rated. The objective of IOE is to
improve the efficiency of pilots in revenue operation, route and airport
qualification using only the Airbus or the airline approved documents: FCOM,
MEL and OEBs

Inspection: The examination of an aircraft or aeronautical product to establish conformity

with a standard approved by the Authority.

Instrument Approach A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with

Procedure: specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix or, where
applicable, from the beginning of defined arrival route, to a point from which a
landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a
position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.

Instrument Meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud,
Conditions: and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions.
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Journey Log: A form signed by the Commander of each flight that records the aeroplane’s
registration, crew member names and duty assignments, the type of flight, and
the date, place, and time of arrival and departure.

Maintenance: Tasks required to ensure the continued airworthiness of an aircraft or

aeronautical product including any one or combination of overhaul, repair,
inspection, replacement, modification, and defect rectification.

Maintenance Release: A document containing a certification that inspection and maintenance work has
been performed satisfactorily in accordance with the methods prescribed by the
Authority.

Missed Approach The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued

Procedure:

Night: The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning
civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise. Civil twilight ends
in the evening when centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees below the horizon and
begins in the morning when the centre of the sun’s disc is 6 degrees below the
horizon.

NOTAM: A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or

change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely
knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

Obstacle Clearance The lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively the lowest height above the
Altitude/Height (OCA/H): elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation
as applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance with the appropriate
obstacle clearance criteria.

Operational Control: The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination
of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and
efficiency of the fight.

Operator: A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an

aircraft operation.

Pilot Flying (PF): The pilot, who for the time being, is in charge of the controls of an aircraft.

Pilot-in-Command (PIC): Pilot responsible of the operations and safety.

Pilot Not Flying (PNF): The pilot who is assisting the pilot flying in accordance with the multi-crew co-
operation concept, when the required flight crew is more than one

Pre-flight Inspection: The inspection carried out before flight to ensure that the aircraft is fit for the
intended flight.

Pressure-altitude: An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude, which corresponds to

that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.

Quality Assurance: All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate
confidence that operational and maintenance practices satisfy given
requirements.
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Quality System: The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures and resources for
implementing quality management.

Rating: An authorization entered on or associated with a license or certificate and

forming part thereof, stating special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining
to such license or certificate.

Repair: The restoration of an aircraft/aeronautical product to a serviceable condition in

conformity with an approved standard.

Repetitive Flight Plan A flight plan related to a series of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual
(RPL): flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for retention and repetitive
use by ATS.

Reporting Point: A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft
can be reported

Reserve Duty The period of elapsed time between reporting to an air carrier facility and
either undertaking a flight or being released from the air carrier facility.

Rest Period The period free of all restraint or duty for a scheduled international, scheduled
domestic or non-scheduled domestic or scheduled domestic air carrier and free
of all responsibility for work or duty should the occasion arise.

Runway: A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and
take-off of aircraft.

Runway Visual Range: The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can
see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or
identifying its centerline.

Slush: Water-saturated snow which with a heel-and-toe slap-down motion against the
ground will be displaced with a splatter; specific gravity: 0.5 up to 0.8

Stabilized Approach: An approach without speed and/or configuration changes during final descent

Taxiing: Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power,
excluding take-off and landing

Taxiway: A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and
intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another.

Technical Log: A document carried on an aircraft that contains information to meet ICAO
requirements; a technical log contains at least two independent directions: a
journey record section and an aircraft maintenance record section.

Threshold: The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing

Track: The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of
which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from the North (true,
magnetic or grid).
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Transition Altitude: The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by
reference to altitudes

Transition Level: The lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude

UN Number: The four-digit number assigned by the United Nations Committee of experts on
the transport of dangerous goods to identify a substance or a particular group of
substances.

Visibility: The ability, as determined by the atmospheric conditions and expressed in units
of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent
lighted objects by night.

Visual Approach: An approach when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not
completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to the terrain

Visual Meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and
Conditions: ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima. Waypoint: A specified
geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of
an aircraft employing area navigation.

Wet Lease: Is when the airplane is operated under AOC of the lessor (ACMI:
Aircraft/Crew/Maintenance/Insurance).

Wet Runway: A runway is considered wet when the runway surface is covered with water, or
equivalent, less than or equal to 3mm or when there is sufficient moisture on the
runway surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant areas of
standing water.