Sayema Sadima Nadira 10C

Grade 10 Math Project – Modeling with functions (Criteria C and D)

1) The concentration of a drug in the blood at a given time after injection 

The exponential function used to predict the concentration of drug in the blood flow at a given time after
injection is
C ​(​t​) = ​C​0​ ​e​ - rt

C(t) ​→ the concentration of that drug at time (t, in hours).

C​0​ ​→ the initial drug concentration immediately after it was ingested.
r ​> 0 ​is a constant to indicate that the removal of the drug by the body is through metabolism and/or
excretion.
The rate constant​ r​ has units of 1/time (1/hr)​, as it is important to not that the model assumes that the
blood concentration of the drug (C​0​) peaks right after when the drug is ingested.
e ​is a mathematical constant ( ≈ 2.7183)

EXAMPLE
If this function were to be used for paracetamol (panadol medicine) it will look like this:
- Only 2-5% of the dose is excreted. ​Reaches half life in 1-3 hours.
- Safe concentration of paracetamol is ​<10mg/L (C​0​)

Suppose that the patient ingested paracetamol with the concentration of 5mg/L, after 3 hours, the drug
reached half life meaning that the concentration became 2.5mg/L.
C​0​ = 5, t = 3, C(t) = 2.5

From there it can be seen that the information gave us

C(3) = 2.5

C(3) = 2.5 = 5​ e​ - 3r​ → ​using logarithm, ​ln ( 2.5

5 ) = -3r
r = 0.2310490602
Therefore, based on the example, the rate constant will be around 0.23.

The function will be

y= 5​e​ - 0.23x
 ANALYSIS
If the patient were to get another dosage of paracetamol, when will the patient be able to digest another
dosage of paracetamol? Again, using the exponential function (​C (​ ​t​) = ​C​0​ ​e​ - rt​)
r = 0.231, C​0​ = 10
With that information, we can form the equation:
C​(τ) = 10 ​e−0.231τ
​
where τ is the time we are solving for the maximum time we can wait to administer another dose. We
know that the drug is ineffective below a concentration of 1.993 mg/L . So, by substituting ​C​(τ) with 1.993.

1.993 = 10 ​e​−0.231τ
Solving for τ will result to:
1.993
10 = e​-0.231τ
1.993
ln ( 10 ) = -0.231τ
τ ≈7
Therefore, the patient will need another dose in 7 hours after the first initial dosage.

EVALUATION
The exponential function that was given for the situation is very useful, because it can predict how
long a drug can last in an average human’s system. This is a particular study called clinical
pharmacokinetics, as it is the discipline that describes the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination of drugs in patients that requires drug therapy. It is the most important field in
pharmacokinetics as it determines the constant concentration for a given dosage rate.

Seeing the analysis also means that people can measure the safest intervals of every time they
ingest the medicine. This of course, ensures the safety of the people taking that medicine, reducing the
chances of overdose.

2) The decay of a radioactive substance 

The exponential function used to predict the decay of a radioactive substance is

1 1
C 1
2 = ​Ce​kt 2 or 2 = ​ekt
​ 2

The equation that is used to model radioactive decay is y=Ce^kt. To find the half-life, it is literally half the
size that was initially given at the beginning of the time (t 12 ).
y = C (measured in grams) is the initial mass at t = 0
Then at some time later ​when t = t 12 , ​y will be half the initial amount or C2
At the beginning, as a radioactive substance start to decay, it will have rapid speed but it slows down over
time as more and more of the available nuclei have decayed. The graph has the shape of an exponential
function with ​k<0.
e i​ s a mathematical constant ( ≈ 2.7183)

The formula to get the half life (​t 12 )​ of a substance is by taking the natural logarithm,
ln 12 = ln ​e​kt 12 →​
​ ​-ln 2 = kt 12 → t 12 = - lnk 2 or​ t 12 = - 0.693
k

EXAMPLE
If this function were to be used for the substance, Carbon 14, it will have these particular characteristics:
- Carbon 14 has the half life of 5,730 years
Supposedly, there were 10 grams of carbon 14, with
the half life of 5,730 years. What will be decaying rate
of that substance?

Using the exponential function,

5 = 10e​5730k
1
2
= e​k(5730)
ln 12 = 5730k
ln( 1 )
k = 5730
2

k ≈ − 1.2097

If k is - 1.2097, the function of this graph will be

y= 10e​-1.2097x

ANALYSIS
If the safety level for carbon 14 is 3%, how much time is needed until the
substance is safe around humans?
3
100 x 5 = 0.15
According to the graph, you need to wait 4.08 hours until 3% of the
carbon 14 is left so that it could reach its safety level.

EVALUATION
This exponential function is useful as it is a way to identify the age of a certain archaeological object.
These objects include fossils and many other historical decaying objects in which these functions are
useful when trying to identify age. The age can be seen with the levels of radioactive substances that are
decaying, because as a living organism decompose, the more radioactive substances are emitted.
This can measure the value of the archeological object, also again, ensuring safety for the
environment as – just like it was shown in my analysis– some radioactive substances have a safety level.
Knowing the safety level, allows people to investigate that certain object safety without radioactive
poisoning.

3) The TIDAL WAVES 

The function to calculate the tidal waves is

y = a cos (k (x -p) ) + q

Trigonometry can be used to graph the changes in high and low tides for a specific location. Waves are
affected by the gravitational pull of both the moon and sun. Both high and low tides can be shown into a
periodic pattern which can be graphed using the following function.

a is the amplitude of tides → max 2− min

q is the average value → max 2+ min
k is the cycle of the tides which is 360
12
° = 30​,

then p will equal to the hours after midnight

EXAMPLE
The high tides in Bali usually occurs at 12 p.m. The water depth in Bali is 2.28m in high tide and 0.32m
during low tides. ​By inputting the information to the equation, it will look like this:
2.28 − 0.32
a= 2 = 0.98
2.28 + 0.32
q= 2 =1.3
After knowing the a and q, the equation will look like:
y = 0.98 cos (30 (x -12) ) + 1.3 → y = 0.98 cos (30x -360) +1.3

The function will be the equation that is resulted after calculation:

y = 0.98 cos (30x -360) +1.3

ANALYSIS
How many high tides can occur in one day?
By putting the highest tide of the example, which is 2.28. The graph should use ​y = 2.28 ​to create a line in
which how many high tides can be calculated in a day.

With the line drawn, there are only 2 high tides happening in a day (excluding the high tide that starts at
midnight), and exactly two low tides in a day. And this is because ​the Earth rotates through two ​tidal
“bulges” every lunar ​day​, coastal areas experience two high and two low ​tides​ every 24 hours and 50
minutes. High ​tides​ occur 12 hours and 25 minutes apart.

EVALUATION
This is a benefit to the community that lives in coasts because it is important when the high tides
occur to ensure the safety of the people that are in the coastal lines. Low tides are also essential for
people who want to sail, swim and many other activities that can be done in water. Jobs that can benefit
from this equation can be like people who study sea activity to determine such conclusions that include
the tidal activity of the sea.
Tides​ cause changes in the depth of the sea, and also produce oscillating currents known as ​tidal
streams, making prediction of ​tides important​ for coastal navigation. The strip of seashore that is
submerged at high ​tide​ and exposed at low ​tide​, the intertidal zone, is an ​important​ ecological product of
ocean ​tides​.
 Works Cited
"BioMath: Drug Concentrations." ​The Biology Project​,
www.biology.arizona.edu/biomath/tutorials/Applications/Drug.html​.

CK-12 Foundation,​
www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Calculus-Concepts/section/7.5/​.

"Exponential Decay - Math Central." ​Math Central​,

mathcentral.uregina.ca/beyond/articles/ExpDecay/decay1.html.

Mathematics Resources - Www.mathcentre.ac.uk or Http://sigma.coventry.ac.uk,​

www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/half-lives.pdf​.]

"Paracetamol 10 Mg/ml Solution for Infusion." ​Home - Electronic Medicines Compendium (emc),​
www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2972/smpc​.

"Paracetamol." ​Aucun Service à Cette Adresse​, sepia2.unil.ch/pharmacology/index.php?id=87.

"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Denpasar." ​Tide Times and Tide Charts Worldwide,​
www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Denpasar/tides/latest​.

"Modelling Tide with Trigonometric Functions." ​YouTube​, 16 Dec. 2015,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0x0_XY5Tk​.