Repot On Picmicrocontroller PDF

December 10
REPORT ON
EMBEDED SYSTEM
USING PIC
MICROCONTROLLER 2012
IN THIS REPORT WE PROVIDE THAT WHAT SOFTWARE IS USE TO WRITE H.C.T.M.
THE PROGRAM AND ALSO PROVIDE HOW IT IS USE… AND SOME
PROGRAMS ALSO PROVIDE. THESE PROGRAMS ARE PRACTICALLY DONE COLLEGE
ON THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER. KAITHAL
E.C.E. DEPARTMENT
KUK
MADE BY: - RAJAT AGGARWAL
FOR FURTHER ANY QUARIES SEND MAIL ON
arajat203@gmail.com or cool.cooool_boy@redifmail.com or rajatreloaded@yahoo.com

Training in Embeded system with PIC Microcontroller
TRAINING REPORT
On
EMBEDED SYSTEM
WITH
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
HCTM TECHNICAL CAMPUS
Submitted by Submitted to
Rajat Aggarwal ER. Palvinder Singh
1710240 ER. Baljinder Kumar
E.C.E. “A”
DEPPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA
Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

CONTENTS
 Acknowledgement
 Company Certificate
 PIC microcontrollers
 PIC 16F73 features
 Pin diagram of PIC16F73
 Pin description of PIC16F73
 Core Architecture
 Programming of PIC
 Compiler Used-mikroC
 Features
 Projects
 Functionality
 Programming and Interfacing

 Advantages of C over Assembly language programming
 Project no. 1- LED interfacing and its blinking(port programming)
 Project no. 2- seven segment interfacing and display
 Project no. 3- Interfacing and control of stepper motor with PIC
16F73
 Project no. 4-LCD interfacing and display with PIC 16F73
 Project no. 5-Builtin ADC of PIC16F73(Temperature Monitoring)
 Project no. 6-To study switching action of PIC pins.
 Project no. 7-Interfacing of keyboard matrix
 Project no. 8-Serial communication [b/w PC & Microcontroller]
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am also grateful to Mr. Sanjeev Kumar training incharge for giving best
knowledge about my project. The way he instilled knowledge of the subject
was undoubtly praise worthy and valuable.
I am also thankful to NETMAX institute as a whole that is doing yeoman’s
service by teaching the learner abreast with the embeded system,
microcontrollers etc.. knowledge that is the need of the day.
We are also grateful to our H.O.D. sir Mr. Rajeev Chechi and our lect. ER.
Palvinder Singh and ER. Baljinder Kumar for his valuable guidance, constant
supervision and encouragement during our training.
We are also grateful to our parents and friends for their valuable
guidance and encouragement during our project.
Last but not the least; I thank all my classmates at NETMAX for extending kind
Co-operation.
Rajat Aggarwal
1710240
B.Tech (ECE)
3rd Year

COMPANY CERTIFICATE
SCAN OF CERTIFICATE
IS PLACE HERE

PIC
MICROCONTROLLER

PIC 16 Series-PIC16f73
PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip
Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to
"Peripheral Interface Controller".
It is available in different configurations viz 8bit,16 bit,32 bit with instructions

set as given below :
Under 8 bit comes-PIC10 xxxx, PIC12 xxxx, PIC16 xxxx, PIC18 xxxx.(12 bit
instruction set)
Under 16 bit comes-PIC24H,DSPIC30,DSPIC33. (14 bit instruction set)
Under 32 bit comes-PIC32xxxx. (16 bit instruction set)
PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes,
availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and
re-programming with flash memory) capability.

Special Microcontroller Features:-

• High performance RISC CPU.
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn.
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle.
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of
Data Memory (RAM).
• Interrupt capability (up to 12 sources).
• Eight level deep hardware stack.
• Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.
• Processor read access to program memory.
• Power-on Reset (POR).
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation.
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-
Peripheral Features:-
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scaler.
PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes,
availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and
re-programming with flash memory) capability.

Special Microcontroller Features:-

• High performance RISC CPU.
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn.
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle.
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of
Data Memory (RAM).
• Interrupt capability (up to 12 sources).
• Eight level deep hardware stack.
• Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.
• Processor read access to program memory.
• Power-on Reset (POR).
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation.
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-
Peripheral Features:-
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP

via external crystal/clock.
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler.
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit.
• 8-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter.
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C(Slave).
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI).
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls
(40/44-pin only).
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).
CMOS Technology:-
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology.
• Fully static design.
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V.
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 Ma.
• Industrial temperature range.
• Low power consumption:
- < 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN DESCRIPTION
 MCLR-(pin 1):-
PIC16F7X devices have a noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will
detect and ignore small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not
drive MCLR pin low. The behavior of the ESD protection on the MCLR pin has
been altered from previous devices of this family. Voltages applied to the pin
that exceed its specification can result in both MCLR Resets and excessive
current beyond the device specification during the ESD event. For this reason,
Microchip recommends that the MCLR pin no longer be tied directly to VDD.
 RESET:-
The PIC16F7X differentiates between various kinds of RESET:
 Power-on Reset (POR)

 MCLR Reset during normal operation
 MCLR Reset during SLEEP
 WDT Reset (during normal operation)
 WDT Wake-up (during SLEEP)
 Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Some registers are not affected in any RESET condition. Their status is
unknown on POR and unchanged n any other RESET. Most other registers are
reset to a RESET state” on Power-on Reset (POR), on the MCLR and WDT
Reset, on MCLR Reset during LEEP, and Brown-out Reset (BOR). They are
not affected by a WDT Wake-up, which is viewed as the resumption of normal
operation. The TO and PD bits are set or cleared differently in different RESET
situations, as indicated

 PORTA –(pin 2 to 7)and the TRISA Register:-
PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= ‘1’) will make the corresponding
PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-
Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (= ‘0’) will make the corresponding
PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin).
Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it
will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write
operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, the
value is modified and then written to the port data latch.
 GND –(pin 8):-
Provide Ground to it.
 OSC1/CLKIN-(pin 9):-
Oscillator crystal input/external clock source input
 OSC2/CLKOUT-(pin 10):-
Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal

Oscillator mode. In RC mode, the OSC2 pin outputs CLKOUT
which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1, and denotes the instruction
cycle rate.

OSCILLATOR TYPES
The PIC16F7X can be operated in four different oscillator modes:
 LP Low Power Crystal

 XT Crystal/Resonator
 HS High Speed Crystal/Resonator
 RC Resistor/Capacitor
 PORTC and the TRISC Register(pin 11 to 18):-
PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= ‘1’) will make the corresponding
PORTC pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-
Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISC bit (= ‘0’) will
make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the
output latch on the selected pin).
PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions PORTC pins have

Schmitt Trigger input buffers. When enabling peripheral functions, care should
be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin.
 Vss(pin 19):-
Ground reference for logic and I/O pins
 Vdd(pin 20):-
Positive supply for logic and I/O pins

 PORTB and the TRISB Register(pin 21 to 28):-
PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= ‘1’) will make the corresponding
PORTB pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-
Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISB bit (= ‘0’) will make the corresponding
PORTB pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin).
Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can
turn on all the pull-ups. The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the
port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on
Reset.

CORE ARCHITECTURE
Figure 2.1: Showing a typical microcontroller device and its different subunits

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the

following features:
 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture)

 A small number of fixed length instructions
 Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles), with single
delay cycles upon branches and skips
 A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is
implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode)
 All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination
of math and other functions.
 A hardware stack for storing return addresses
 A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes),
extended through banking
 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
 The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this
is used to implement indirect jumps).
Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space and
register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers,
and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the
registers

PROGRAMMING OF PIC
COMPILER USED:-
mikroC
Introduction to mikroC:-
mikroC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicros. It is

designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution for
developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising
performance or control.
mikroC IDE

PIC and C fit together well: PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world,
used in a wide variety of applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the
natural choice for developing embedded systems. mikroC provides a successful
match featuring highly advanced IDE, ANSI compliant compiler, broad set of
hardware libraries, comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready-to-run
examples.
Features:-
mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:
 Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and
Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code
Templates, and more…)
 Use the included mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the
development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions,
communications… Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported.
 Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code
Explorer.
 Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX
compatible with all programmers.
 Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated
Debugger.
 Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics,
assembly listing, calling tree, and more…
 We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and
use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit
– that’s why we included them with the compiler.

Projects:-
mikroC organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file

(extension .ppc) and one or more source files (extension .c). You can
compile source files only if they are part of a project.
The project file carries the following information:
 project name and optional description,

 target device,
 device flags (config word),
 device clock,

New Project:-
The easiest way to create project is by means of New Project Wizard, drop-
down menu Project › New Project. Just fill the dialog with desired values
(project name and description, location, device, clock, config word) and mikroC
will create the appropriate project file . Also, an empty source file named after
the project will be created by default. mikroC does not require you to have
source file named same as the project, it’s just a matter of convenience.
Edit Project:-
Later, you can change project settings from the drop-down menu Project › Edit
Project. You can rename the project, modify its description, change chip, clock,
config word, etc.
Also mikroC has some pre defined functions:

Commonly used is
1). Delay_ms(time)-it provides a delay of spcified time in ms.
Its internal code is similar to code given below:
Void delay_ms()
{int I;
While (i !=0)
i--;
Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions
from the corresponding port.

PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

Advantages of C over Assembly language programming:-
 Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required.

 Details like register allocation and addressing of memory and data is
managed by the compiler.
 Programs get a formal structure and can be divided into separate functions.
 Programming and program test time is drastically reduced, this increases
efficiency.
 Keywords and operational functions can be used that come closer to how
humans think.
 The supplied and supported C libraries contain many standard routines such
as numeric conversions.
 Reusable code: Existing program parts can be more easily included into new
programs, because of the comfortable modular program construction
techniques.
 The C language based on the ANSI standard is very portable. Existing
programs can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.

PROJECT NO-1:-
LED INTERFACING AND ITS BLINKING
(PORT PROGRAMMING)

the interfacing of LED is shown in the figure above.it is given Vcc through
resistors of 330E.
also a darlington pair IC is also used i.e. ULN 2803 which shift the dc level of
volage coming from port of pic microcontroller.
Now to glow the desired LED, proper hexadecimal code for its binary is
programmed in pic.eg.to glow alternative LED’s the binary code will
be10101010 and its corresponding hexadecimal code will be 0xAA.
So,0xAA is fed to controller with coding.
Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions
from the corresponding port i.ee PORT will behave as input(if =1) and as
output(if=0).
CODING FOR BLINKING:-
void main()
{
PORTC = 0; // Initialize PORTC
TRISC = 0; // Configure PORTC as output
while(1)
{
PORTC = OxAA; // gives code 10101010 to PORTC
Delay_ms(1000); // one second delay
}}
Thus LED Blinking practical is done sucessfully

PROJECT NO-2:-
SEVEN SEGMENT INTERFACING

AND
DISPLAY
A Seven segment display consists of seven LED’s arranged in pattern of digit
like 8
We use a bcd to seven segment decoder which saves pin of microcontroller

from seven (one for each Led) to four. So we have to give bcd code for desired
digit to be displayed on it.
Now also we can display more than one seven segment display simultaneously
but it will take a number of pins of controller. So we use two pins from
controller to control the display of seven segment one by one from same port
such that it appears to be displaying simultaneously. This is done by providing a
very small delay such that our eyes can’t even detect the change over from one
display to another.

CODING FOR DISPLAY:-
//seven segment display -common anode for 2 digit
void bcd(unsigned int x);
void delay(unsigned int k) ;
void main()
unsigned int i=0;
TRISB=0X00;
while(1)
i++;
bcd(i);
//delay_ms(20);
}}
void bcd(unsigned int x)
unsigned char z,y,a;
if(x<100)
for(a=0;a<100;a++)

y=(x/10)*6+x;
y=y>>4;
y=y|0xe0;
PORTB=y;
delay(250);
z=(x/10)*6+x;
z=z&0x0f;
z=z|0xd0;
PORTB=z;
delay(250);
}}}
void delay(unsigned int k)
while(k!=0)
k--;
}}

PROJECT NO-3:-
INTERFACING AND CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

WITH PIC 16F73
Stepper motor are those which rotates in steps.like all motors it is also based on
electromagnetic induction i.e. electric field produces a magnetic field whose
variation causes a torque which rotates the motor.
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a

full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled
precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control). Stepper
motors are similar to switched reluctance motors, which are very large stepping
motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.
Fundamentals of Operation
Stepper motors operate much differently from normal DC motors, which rotate
when voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand,
effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets (a.k.a. phases) arranged
around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by
an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft
turn, first one electromagnet is

given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the
electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the first
electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the
next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates
slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each
of those slight rotations is called a "step." In that way, the motor can be turned a
precise angle.
Now to run the motor we have to feed the binary code to turn on the current of
that winding…
For pair 1st-00000011(binary)-0x03
For pair 2nd-00000110(binary)-0x06
For pair 3rd -000001100(binary)-0x0c
For pair 4th -00011000(binary)-0x09
CODE IS:-
#define l1 PORTB.F0
#define l2 PORTB.F1
#define l3 PORTB.F2

#define l4 PORTB.F3
void forward();
void backward();
void main()
PORTC=0XFF;
TRISB=0X00;
while(1)
forward();
delay_ms(2000);
backward();
delay_ms(2000);
void forward() //half stepping
unsigned char a;
for(a=0;a<10;a++)

l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1; delay_ms(100);
}}
void backward()
unsigned char b;
for(b=0;b<10;b++)
l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
}}
The above code will rotate the motor first in forward direction and then in
reverse direction.
Thus,stepper motor has been studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-4:-
LCD INTERFACING AND DISPLAY
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display.to run it via PIC 16F73,we need
command signals and vcc to drive it.now the signal that is required to display
character is produced by an IC which is already embedded on it.its name is
HD44780.
PIN NO. NAME FUNCTION

1 Vss Ground
2 Vdd +ve supply
3 Vee contrast
4 RS Register select
5 R/W Read/Write
6 E Enable
7 D0 Data Bit 0
8 D1 Data Bit 1
9 D2 Data Bit 2
10 D3 Data Bit 3
11 D4 Data Bit 4
12 D5 Data Bit 5
13 D6 Data Bit 6
14 D7 Data Bit 7

Connections are shown as below
CODING:-
void main()
TRISB = 0; // PORTB is output
Lcd_Init(&PORTB); // Initialize LCD connected to PORTB
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off
Lcd_Out(1, 5,"HELLO"); // Print text to LCD, 1nd row, 5tH column
The above code will display HELLO on LCD.
The functions like Lcd_Init(),Lcd_cmd,Lcd_out are predefined functions in

mikroC which initialize,gives command and displays respectively.

Now also it is possible to scroll the characters on LCD. Its code is as follows:
Coding for scrolling:-
char *text = "AMAN" ;
char *text1 = "10748" ;
void main()
TRISB = 0; // PORTB is output
Lcd_Init(&PORTB); // Initialize LCD connected to PORTB
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off
Lcd_Out(1, 5,text); // Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column
Lcd_Out(2, 5,text1);
while(1)
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_LEFT);
delay_ms(1000);
It will shift the character to the left with a delay of 1 sec between it.
Thus LCD display and scroll is studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-5
BUILT IN ADC OF PIC16F73
(TEMPERATURE MONITORING)
PIC16F73 consists of 5 internal ADC .
AD are available in different configurations according to their bit channels.viz 8

bit(costs Rs.120),10bit(costs Rs.600),12 bit(costs Rs.1200-2000) ,14 bit(costs
Rs.2000-4000),16bit(costs Rs.4000-25000),24bit(costs >25000).
These are externally connected to microcontroller like AT89s51 which don’t

have inbuilt ADC.
Now as PIC 16xxx has got the feature of inbuilt ADC.so,there is no need to
connect externally.PIC16XXX is featured with 8 bit ADC.
So can convert an analog value to 8 bit binary or from 0 to 255 in decimal

range.
The 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter module has five inputs for the
PIC16F73/76 and eight for the PIC16F74/77.
The A/D allows conversion of an analog input signal to a corresponding 8-bit
digital number. The output of the sample and hold is the input into the
converter, which generates the result via successive approximation. The
analog reference voltage is software selectable to either the device’s positive
supply voltage (VDD), or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/VREF pin.
The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the
device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D conversion clock must
be derived from the A/D’s internal RC oscillator.
The A/D module has three registers. These registers

are:
• A/D Result Register (ADRES)
• A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
• A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)
The ADCON0 register, shown in Register 11-1, controls the operation of the
A/D module. The ADCON1 register, shown in Register 11-2, configures the
functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs
(RA3 can also be a voltage reference), or as digital I/O.
ADC HARDWARE CONNECTION
From 4th pin we are gaetting Analog input.

ADCON0 REGISTER (ADDRESS 1Fh)
R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0
ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE -------- ADON

bit 7 bit 0
bit 7-6 ADCS1:ADCS0: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits

00 = FOSC/2
01 = FOSC/8
10 = FOSC/32
11 = FRC (clock derived from the internal A/D module RC oscillator)
bit 5-3 CHS2:CHS0: Analog Channel Select bits
000 = channel 0, (RA0/AN0)
101 = channel 5, (RE0/AN5)(1)
110 = channel 6, (RE1/AN6)(1)
111 = channel 7, (RE2/AN7)(1)
bit 2 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit
If ADON = 1:
1 = A/D conversion in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D conversion)
0 = A/D conversion not in progress (This bit is automatically cleared by
hardware when
the A/D conversion is complete)
bit 1 Unimplemented: Read as '0'
bit 0 ADON: A/D On bit
1 = A/D converter module is operating
0 = A/D converter module is shutoff and consumes no operating current

ADCON1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 9Fh)
U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0

— — — — —
PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0
bit 7-3 Unimplemented: Read as '0'

bit 2-0 PCFG2:PCFG0: A/D Port Configuration Control bits.
PCFG2:PCFG0 RA0 RA1 RA2 RA5 RA3 RE0(1) RE1(1) RE2(1)

VREF
000 A A A A A A A A VDD
001 A A A A VREF A A A RA3
010 A A A A A D D D VDD
011 A A A A VREF D D D
RA3
100 A A D D A D D D VDD
101 A A D D VREF D D D
RA3
11x D D D D D D D D VDD
A = Analog input
D = Digital I/O
So,ADC will be provided analog input from different channels and

correspondingly these registers are
set.

Now,coding to display voltage through temperature sensor
void ascii(unsigned int digit);
unsigned char table[]={'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'};
void main()
unsigned int e,f;
Lcd_Init(&PORTB);
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_Clear);
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1, 1, "sensor temp=");
ADCON0 = 0x45; // Configure analog inputs and Vref
ADCON1 = 0x01;
TRISA = 0xFF; // PORTA is input
TRISB=0;
while(1)
e = Adc_Read(1); // first sensor
ascii(e);

delay_ms(1000) ;
f= Adc_Read(2); // second sensor
ascii(f) ;
void ascii(unsigned int digit)
unsigned char temp;
if(digit<100) //DECIMAL OR BINARY TO ASCII
temp=digit/10;
Lcd_Chr(1, 1, table[temp] );
temp=digit-temp*10;
Lcd_Chr(1, 2,table[temp] );
}}

PROJECT NO-6:-
TO STUDY SWITCHING ACTION OF PIC PINS.

As in AT89s51,the way of addressing pins is by p0.0,p0.1…..so on.
Similarly in PIC it is possible to address pins using
Syntax:
PORT( NAME).F(0 to 7)
Now pin can be put ON or OFF according to via resistor.
Internally,when pin is high its flip flop is sat.when external switch is closed ,it
forces no current or voltage to enter to pin and also lowers the pin from 1 to 0.
Thus when switch is pressed ,the pin becomes zero.so ,implementing this in
practical.
The swiches whose one end are connected to pins of nontroller are shown on
next page

The coding will be as follos:
#define s0 PORTC.F0
#define s1 PORTC.F1
#define s2 PORTC.F2
#define s3 PORTC.F3
#define s4 PORTC.F4
void main()
TRISB=0x00; \\ PORT B AS OUTPUT
TRISC=0xff; \\PORT C as input
PORTC=0xff; \\ ALL F/F’S TO SET
do
if(s0==0) \\1st switch is pressed
PORTB=0x80; \\1st LED glows
delay_ms(600);
if(s1==0) \\2nd switch is pressed
PORTB=0x40; \\2nd LED glows
delay_ms(600);

if(s2==0) \\3rd switch is pressed
PORTB=0x20; \\3rd LED glows
delay_ms(600);
if(s3==0) \\4th switch is pressed
PORTB=0x10; \\4th LED glows
delay_ms(600);
else
PORTB=0xff;
}}
while(1);
Thus switching action is studied.

PROJECT NO-7:-
INTERFACING OF KEYBOARD MATRIX

As in last practical, we use one switch per pin of controller. So, to use 8 pins for
8 switches.
While if it is desired to have more options for a pin, a matrix is formed in which
row and column are made such that each pin can control more than one switch
or vice versa.
h/w connection are

The coding for keyboard (4*4) matrix is as follows:
#define R1 PORTB.F0
#define R2 PORTB.F1
#define R3 PORTB.F2
#define R4 PORTB.F3
#define C1 PORTB.F4
#define C2 PORTB.F5
#define C3 PORTB.F6
#define C4 PORTB.F7
void main()
TRISB=0XFF;
TRISC=0X00;
PORTC=0X00;
PORTB=0XFF;
while(1)
if(R1==0 && C1==0)
PORTC=1;
if(R1==0 && C2==0)
PORTC=2;

if(R1==0 && C3==0)
PORTC=3;
if(R1==0 && C4==0)
PORTC=4;
if(R2==0 && C1==0)
PORTC=5;
if(R2==0 && C2==0)
PORTC=6;
if(R2==0 && C3==0)
PORTC=7;
if(R2==0 && C4==0)
PORTC=8;

if(R3==0 && C1==0)
PORTC=9;
if(R3==0 && C2==0)
PORTC=10;
if(R3==0 && C3==0)
PORTC=11;
if(R3==0 && C4==0)
PORTC=12;
if(R4==0 && C1==0)
PORTC=13;
if(R4==0 && C2==0)
PORTC=14;

if(R4==0 && C3==0)
PORTC=15;
if(R4==0 && C4==0)
PORTC=16;
Thus,the keyboard matrx practical is performed.

PROJECT NO-8
SERIAL COMMUNICATION(B/W PC AND MICROCONTROLLER)
To send data via single line through a bit stream is known as serial
communication.
Reception is of type SIPO-Serial Input Parallel Output.
Transmission is of type PISO-Parallel Input Serial Output.
Clock used in serial communication is called BAUD RATE.
PIC has two buffers and it allows full duplex communication.to change settings
we have to re configure TXSTA register

The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)

module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial
Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured
as a full duplex asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral
devices, such as CRT terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured
as a half duplex synchronous system that can communicate with peripheral
devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated
circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.
The USART can be configured in the following modes:

• Asynchronous (full duplex)
• Synchronous - Master (half duplex)
• Synchronous - Slave (half duplex)
Bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) and bits TRISC<7:6> have to be set in order to
configure pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal Synchronous
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
TXSTA: TRANSMIT STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 98h
R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R-1 R/W-0
CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC — BRGH TRMT TX9D
bit 7 CSRC: Clock Source Select bit

Asynchronous mode:
Don’t care
Synchronous mode:
1 = Master mode (Clock generated internally from BRG)
0 = Slave mode (Clock from external source)
bit 6 TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit

1 = Selects 9-bit transmission

0 = Selects 8-bit transmission
bit 5 TXEN: Transmit Enable bit
1 = Transmit enabled
0 = Transmit disabled
Note: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in SYNC mode.
bit 4 SYNC: USART Mode Select bit

1 = Synchronous mode
0 = Asynchronous mode
bit 3 Unimplemented: Read as '0'
bit 2 BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit

Asynchronous mode:
1 = High speed
0 = Low speed
Synchronous mode:
Unused in this mode
bit 1 TRMT: Transmit Shift Register Status bit

1 = TSR empty
0 = TSR full
bit 0 TX9D: 9th bit of transmit data. Can be parity bit
now in mikroC UART terminal also work as shown as

Now coding
1).to transmit data..
void main()
usart_init(2400);
while(1)
usart_write('A');
usart_write('M');
usart_write('A');

usart_write('N');
delay_ms(600);
2).to transmit as well as read
unsigned int i;
void main()
{
usart_init(2400);
while(1)
{
if(usart_data_ready() )
{
i= usart_read();
usart_write('i');
}
usart_write('A');
usart_write('M');
usart_write('A');
usart_write('N');
delay_ms(600);
}
Thus serial communication has been studied successfully.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia
 MicroC Manuals
 www.talkingelectronics.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 The Art of Electronics (Book)

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December 10

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 Programming and Interfacing

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip

Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General

Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to

"Peripheral Interface Controller".

It is available in different configurations viz 8bit,16 bit,32 bit with instructions

Under 16 bit comes-PIC24H,DSPIC30,DSPIC33. (14 bit instruction set)

Under 32 bit comes-PIC32xxxx. (16 bit instruction set)

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

Special Microcontroller Features:-

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scaler.

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Special Microcontroller Features:-

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.

Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP

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- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

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The PIC16F7X differentiates between various kinds of RESET:

 Power-on Reset (POR)

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 PORTA –(pin 2 to 7)and the TRISA Register:-

PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

 GND –(pin 8):-

Provide Ground to it.

Oscillator crystal input/external clock source input

Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal

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The PIC16F7X can be operated in four different oscillator modes:

 LP Low Power Crystal

 PORTC and the TRISC Register(pin 11 to 18):-

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions PORTC pins have

Ground reference for logic and I/O pins

Positive supply for logic and I/O pins

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 PORTB and the TRISB Register(pin 21 to 28):-

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

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Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the

 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture)

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mikroC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicros. It is

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mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:

Made By:- Rajat Aggarwal

mikroC organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file

The project file carries the following information:

 project name and optional description,