CCFD5110 Incompressible Flow

Fundamental Equations (24

lectures)
  Prof D B Ingham
Examples and Fluids Classes (6)   Prof D B Ingham
Laboratories (5)   Dr J Peakall

Objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to:

Describe the difference between Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates, solve simple kinematic
problems to establish streamlines, particle paths and streamlines, understand the derivation of the
Continuity Equation and the introduction of the streamfuction from a physical aspect, be able to
explain why the acceleration term is the total derivative of the velocity with respect to time and
not just the partial derivative with respect to time, know how to establish Euler’s Equation and
when it can be integrated up to produce Bernoulli’s Equation (energy equation), understand the
physical meaning of vorticity and in its absence to solve simple incompressible flows.

The laboratory work will: (i) reinforce the lecture material; (ii) provide basic laboratory
experience and develop report writing skills; (iii) develop an appreciation of the accuracy and
limitations of some experimental techniques; (iv) develop an appreciation of the accuracy and
limitations of some experimental techniques in order to facilitate considered comparisons
between experimental data and modelling predictions. Have a critical awareness of traditional
techniques which are capable of validating computational models of flow, temperature and
concentration fields.

Syllabus Summary

Introduction to fluid mechanics and its applications: stress; Newton’s law of viscosity. Poiseulle,
Coutte and gravity flow down an incline via control volumes. Navier-Stokes equations for a
viscous incompressible Newtonian fluid. Continuity equation and boundary conditions. The
equations of motion in the absence of viscosity, Bernoull’s Equation, the vorticity and
irrotational flow, solution of Laplace’s equation.  Applications to unidirectional flows, steady
and unsteady. Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. Lubrication theory.

Principles and operation of laser Doppler, phase Doppler anemometry, Particle Imaging
Velocimetry, laser induced fluorescence and Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profiling.
Measurement of sediment transport. Practicals of experiment on particle settling and Stokes law,
flows in front of the positive and negative steps or in a cavity, dispersion behind a negative step,
measurement of particle-laden density currents.

Teaching Methods
Lectures and supervised tutorial and practical sessions. Lectures: 20 x 1 hour; Tutorials: 4 x 1
hour; Practical classes: 4 x 3 hours.

Assessment

Assessment is by a two hour examination (60%), Four mini practical reports (20%) and several
mini theoretical reports (20%).

Reading

1. D.J. Acheson, Elementary Fluid Dynamics, Oxford Applied Mathematics and Computing
Science Series, 1990.
2. J. Lighthill, An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics, Oxford University
Press, 1986.
3. G.K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1967.
4. B.S. Massey, Mechanics of Fluids, Chapman and Hall.

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CCFD5120 Finite Differences and Compressible Flow

Finite Differences and Compressible Flow   Dr X. Wen
(30 lectures and practical classes)

Objectives
On completion of this module, students should be able to: have an in-depth knowledge of the
mathematical and numerical aspects of compressible fluid dynamics and the finite different
method. Both the Euler Equations and the full compressible Navier-Stokes Equation will be
considered. Students will be able to (i) write down finite-difference equations which are
consistent with the governing equations: (ii) test the finite-difference equations for stability and
convergence: (iii) solve the sets of linear and nonlinear equations using a variety of direct and
indirect methods.

Syllabus Summary

Conservation laws. Euler Equations. Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations. Finite-difference

formulae. Parabolic equations: finite-difference methods, convergence and stability; Hyperbolic
equations and characteristics. Elliptic equations and systematic iterative methods.
Characteristics; Difference Systems (Upwind, Centred, Lax-Wendroff); Linear Stability
Analysis; Godunov’s theorem. Non-linear Advection: Burgers’ Equation; Shocks and Shock
Relations; Riemann Problem; Hyperbolic systems of Conservation Laws: Characteristics, Shock
Relations; Riemann Invariants; Riemann Problem, TVD scheme.

Teaching Methods
Lectures and practical classes. Lectures: 26 x 1 hour; Tutorials: 10 x 1 hours.

Assessment

One two hour examination (100%)

Reading

1. G.D. Smith, Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations: Finite Difference

Methods,
2. Oxford Applied Mathematics and Computing Science Series, (Third Edition), 1987.
3. R. Pegret and T.D. Taylor, Computational Methods for Fluid Flows, Springer.
4. C. Hirsch, Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Volume 1 and 2, John
Wiley & Sons, 1992.

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CCFD5130 Reaction Fronts and FORTRAN

Profs M. Pourkashanian, A.
11 lectures and practical classes   C McIntosh
FORTRAN (11 lectures and 9
practical classes)   Dr S. Dobbie

Objectives
Students will be given an understanding of the nature of flames and the physical mechanisms
governing reactive flows. The emphasis is on modelling and is aimed at making the student
proficient in recognising and using the basic fluid dynamics conservation laws of continuity,
momentum, energy and species. Students will be able to write software very efficiently using
FORTRAN

Syllabus Summary

Diffusion flames - Burke Schmann Theory. Remixed Combustion - Rankine Hugoniot Theory.
Detonations - Chapman Jouguet Mach Number Calculations. Deflagrations. Turbulent premixed
flames. Simple models of ignition.

FORTRAN 77 and 90 programming, structure charts, syntax, sub programs, decisions and loops,
arrays, input and output formats.

Teaching Methods

Lectures and supervised tutorial and practical sessions. Lectures: 20 x 1 hour; Tutorials: 9 x 1
hour; Practical classes: 3 x 2 hours.
Assessment

Assessment is one two hour examination (50%), one two hour examination (40%) and practical
coursework on FORTRAN (10%).

Reading

1. J.F. Griffiths and J.A. Barnard, Flame and Combustion, Blackie.

2. R.A. Strehlow, Combustion Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill.
3. T.M.R. Elliss, FORTRAN 77 Programming, Second edition, Addison Wesley.
4. D.M. Etter, FORTRAN 77 with Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers,
Benjamin Cummings.
5. J. Reid and M. Metcalf, FORTRAN 90 Explained, OUP, 1990

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CCFD5140 Finite Elements and Boundary Elements

Finite Elements (20 lectures), Drs X. Wen, N.
Boundary Elements (8 lectures) 
  Mera

Objectives

Introduce the Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods. To develop the essential
mathematical formulation of the BEM with emphasis on explaining the numerical method for
elliptic (steady-state) and parabolic (unsteady-state) equations. To develop the Finite Element
Method and show details of its implementation for basic CFD problems and to convey an
overview of how the FEM is used in state-of-the-art CFD software. On completion of the
module, students will be able to solve a wide range of linear partial differential equations using
both the FEM and BEM.

Syllabus Summary

Overview of the boundary element method. Elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic differential
equations. Integral equations. Fundamental solutions. Boundary integral equations. Boundary
element discretisation. Computer implementation.

Overview of the finite element method. Variation methods (Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin). Finite
element analysis for elliptic equation. Base functions and the techniques of interpolation. Local
stiffness matrix and global stiffness matrix. Time-dependent problems. Computational
implementation. The finite element method for Stokes problems and Navier-Stokes equation.

Teaching Methods

Lectures and supervised tutorial and practical sessions. Lectures: 24 x 1 hour; Tutorials: 6 x 1
hour; Practical classes: 6 x  hours.
Assessment

The module is assessed by course work. The first four assignments are given 34% weightings.
The last three contribute a total of 66%.

Reading

1. C. Johnson, Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations by the Finite Element

Method, OUP, 1987.
2. M. Gunzburger, Finite Element Methods for Viscous Incompressible Flows, Academic
Press, 1989.
3. J.N. Reddy and D.K. Gartling, The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer and Fluid
Dynamics, CRC Press, 1994.
4. C.A. Brebbia, J.C.F. Telles and L.C. Wrobel, Boundary Element Techniques: Theory and
Applications in Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
5. P.K. Banerjee, The Boundary Element Method in Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw-
Hill, London, 1994.
6. Ingham, D. B. and Kelmanson, M. A. (1984). Boundary integral equation analysis of
singular, potential and biharmonic problems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

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CCFD5150 Visualisation, Advanced Fluids, Two Phase Flow

Visualisation (lectures and
example classes - 10 hours total)   Dr K. J. Hughes
Advanced Fluids (6 lectures and
example classes)   Prof D. B. Ingham
Two Phase Flow (8 lectures and
example classes)   Dr A. Burns

Objectives

On completion of this module, students should be able to:

 Be aware of the value of visualization to gain insight into scientific, medical and
engineering data.
 Understand the fundamental techniques for visualizing this type of data.
 Be skilled in the use of a state-of-the-art visualization system.
 Have a critical awareness of traditional techniques which are capable of validating
computational models of flow, temperature and concentration fields.

The students will be able to understand the limiting solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations
when the Reynolds number is either very large or very small.
The prediction of pressure gradients, liquid hold-up and flow patterns occurring during the
simultaneous flow of gas and liquid is very important in the design of a variety of engineering
systems. This module provides a thorough coverage of various techniques for analyzing two-
phase flows and demonstrates how they can be applied to a variety of practical problems.

Syllabus Summary

Introduction. Reference model for visualization; concept of filtering, mapping and rendering.
Fundamental techniques for visualizing scalar data 1D, 2D and 3D, and for vector data in 3D
with special attention to visualization of fluid flow. Visualization systems and their application.
Practical use of gunplot and IRIS explorer.

Low Reynolds (Stokes) flows. High Reynolds number steady flow. Boundary layer theory. 

General introduction: Single-phase flow: Laminar and turbulent flows, entry length and pressure
drop, Liquid hold up: Void fraction and mixture density: Frictional losses and pressure drop
calculations: Flow pattern in straight and curved pipes: Heat transfer calculations: Computational
calculations: Capabilities, validation and limitation: Practical applications including pipelines
and heat exchangers.

Teaching Methods

Lectures and supervised practical sessions. 24 hours Lectures/practical classes.

Assessment

Several mini theoretical and practical projects. Visualisation (50%), Two Phase Flow (30%),
Advanced fluids (20%).

Reading

1. D. J. Acheson, Elementary Fluid Dynamics, Oxford Applied Mathematics and

Computing Science Series, 1990.
2. G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1967.
3. D. Butterworth & G. F. Hewtt (Editors), Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford
University Press, 1977.
4. A. E. Bergles, J. G. Collier, J. M. Delhaye, G. F. Hewitt & F. Mayinger, Two Phase Flow
and Heat Transfer, Hemisphere, 1981.
5. J. F. Davidson & D. L. Keairns (Editors), Fluidization, Cambridge University Press,
1980.
6. J. Lighthill, An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics, Oxford University
Press, 1986.
7. B. S. Massey, Mechanics of Fluid, Chapman and Hall.
8. E. J. Wasp, J. P. Kenny & R. L. Gandhi, Solid-Liquid Flow. Slurry Pipeline
Transportation, Trans. Tech. Publications, 1979
CCFD5160 Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Control Volume (10 lectures)   Dr X. Wen

Turbulent Flow (20 lectures and practical
classes)
  Dr X. Wen

Objectives

To provide a sound knowledge of the control volume method for the numerical simulation of
incompressible fluid flow, have a basic understanding of fluid instability, turbulence and  
turbulence modelling techniques and their application to turbulence simulations. The student will
also be able to write simple codes for laminar and turbulent flows.

Syllabus Summary

Control volume method: Conservation formulation of the governing equations. Concept of the
control volume. Convection and diffusion. Artificial viscosity. The exponential, hybrid, second-
order upwind and QUICK schemes. Pressure-correction algorithm. Staggered and non-staggered
grid systems. Semi-implicit method for the pressure linked equation (SIMPLE).

Turbulence modelling: Transition to turbulence, averaging methods, Reynolds-Average Navier-

Stokes equation and the closure problem, Lagrange and Euler correlations, Homogeneous and
isotropic turbulence, eddy viscosity model, O-equation model, 1-equation model, 2-equation (k-
e) model, Reynolds stress model, Algebraic stress model, RNG model, Large Eddy Simulation.

Teaching Methods

Lectures: 24 hour; Tutorial: 4 x 1 hours; Practical classes: 4 x 1 hours.

Assessment

Assessment is by a two hour examination (50%) and practical and theoretical projects (50%).

Reading

1. R. Peyret and T.D. Taylor, Computational Methods for Fluid Flow, Spring-Verlag.
2. S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere.
3. Wei Shyy, Computational Modelling for Fluid Flow and Interface Transport, Elsevier
Science Publishers, 1994.
4. R. Peyret, Handbook of Computational Fluid Mechanics, Academic Press, London, 2000.
J. O. Hinze, Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, 1975.
 5. B.E. Launder and D.B. Spalding, Lectures in Mathematical Model of Turbulence,
Academic Press.
6. W. Rodi, Turbulence Models for Environmental Problems. In Prediction Methods for
Turbulence Flows (W. Kollmann ed.), Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics,
McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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CCFD5170 Commercial CFD Software

An introduction to several commercial CFD software codes will be given.

The governing differential equations, solution procedures, interpretation of the results,

visualization of the results and the built in graphics will be described. The course will also cover,
problem set-up procedures, interface with CAD packages, integrated graphic packages and
sophisticated options which are available in commercial codes.

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CCFD5180 CFD Research Project (MSc)

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CCFD5190 CFD Research Project (Diploma)

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CCFD5310 Metorology

Objectives

On completion of this module, students will have a good understanding of the basic physical
processes which determine the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, in the boundary layer
and in atmospheric circulation on local and regional scales. The course will emphasise the
importance of meteorology in the local environment. Students will also become familiar with
some of the standard techniques used in meteorology.

Syllabus Summary

Properties of air, vertical structure of the atmosphere; radiation and the greenhouse effect; winds
and their relationship to pressure and temperature. Boundary layer processes; plume dispersion;
cloud processes; atmospheric circulations and weather phenomena.

Teaching Methods

Lectures and personal tuition. Lectures: 11 x 1 hour;  Workshops: 6 x 3 hours.

Assessment

1 x 2 hour written examination (100%)

Reading

1. Ahrens, C. Donald, `Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the

environment', St Paul, West, 1991.
2. Atkinson, B.W., `Meso-scale atmospheric circulations', New York, Academic Press,
1981
3. Bader, M.J., Forbes, G.S., Grant, J.R., Lilley, R.B.E. and Waters, A.J., `Images in
weather forecasting: A practical guide for interpreting satellite and radar imagery',
Cambridge University Press, 499pp., 1995.
4. Barry, R.G. and Chorley, R.J., `Atmosphere, weather and climate', Routledge, 1987
5. McIlveen, J.F.R., `Fundamentals of weather and climate', London, Chapman and Hall,
1992
6. Oke, T.R., `Boundary layer climates', Methuen, 1987.
7. Rogers, R.R. and Yau, M.K., `A short course in cloud physics', Pergamon Press, 1989
8. Roland Stull, `Meteorology today for scientists and engineers - a technical companion
book' West Publishing Company, St. Paul, 1995
9. Wallace, J.M. and Hobbs, P.V., `Atmospheric science an introductory survey', New
York, Academic Press, 1977

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CCFD5320 Sedimentary Processes

Objectives

On completion of this module, students should be able to provide a detailed understanding of the
physical processes of sedimentation and the nature of sedimentary facies in both clastic and
carbonate sedimentary environments.

Syllabus Summary

Physical processes of sedimentation: Basics of flow and sediment transport; bedforms generated
in unidirectional, oscillatory and multidirectional flows; soft sediment deformation and erosional
sedimentary structures. Depositional environments and facies analysis. Principles of facies
analysis; alluvial, deltaic and deep-sea clastic sedimentary environments and products; carbonate
reefs and mounds; shallow platform carbonates; peritidal carbonates. Carbonate grains.

Teaching Methods

Lectures: 11x1 hour, 2x1.5 hour; Tutorials: 4 x 1 hour; Practical classes: 8 x 2 hour.

Assessment
One two hour theory/practical examination (80% ), a group project on data from a North Sea oil
field (20%)

Reading: Given when the lectures start.

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CCFD5330 Scientific and Parallel Computing

Objectives

On completion of this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand how software should be written to solve scientific problems with a

guaranteed accuracy using adaptive numerical methods.
2. Be aware of the general principles and theory used in writing reliable adaptive software
3. Have experience of using adaptive software to compute reliable solutions to problems
fundamental to real-life applications
4. Understand parallel computer architectures
5. Write parallel programs using the message passing system MPI.

Syllabus Summary

Motivation for reliable and efficient general purpose software and an introduction to the
mathematics required.

Adaptive numerical solutions of boundary value problems, including automatic selection of

quadrature points to meet a given error bound. Introduction to initial value problems. Simple
schemes for solving differential equations are considered along with error estimators. These
estimators are then used to include adaptivity in order to make computations more efficient.

Overview of parallel computing processors, communications topologies and languages. Use of

workstation networks as parallel computers. Design of parallel programs: dat decomposition,
load balancing, communications and sybchronization. Distributed memory and shared memory
programming models, MPI.

Teaching Methods

Lectures: 30 x 1 hour; Tutorials: 4 x 1 hour; Practical Classes 4 x 1 hour .

Assessment

Assessment is by a two hour examination (70%, closed book) and coursework (30%).

Reading
 1. I. Foster, Designing and Building Parallel Programs, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
2. V. Kumar, A. Grama, A. Gupta and G. Karypis, Introduction to Parallel Computing,
1994.
3. G. Fox, M. Johnson, G. Lyzenga, S. Otto, J. Salmon and D. Walker, Solving Problems on
Concurrent Processors, Prentice Hall, 1988.
4. J. Reid and M. Metcalf, Fortran 90 Explained, OUP, 1990.
5. C. Koelbel, D. Loveman, R. Schreiber, G. Steele and M. Zosel, The High Performance
Fortran Handbook, M.I.T. Press, 1994.

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CCFD5240 Atmospheric Sampling and Dispersion

Objectives

On the completion of this module students should be able to:

Appreciate the fundamentals of particle sampling and what is meent by particle efficiency,
mathematically and computationally model a variety of different problems involving particle
sampling, appreciate the limitations in mathematically and computationally modelling problems
involving particle sampling.

To give an introduction to the theory of atmospheric dispersion and to describe the basic
principles of atmospheric dispersion modelling.

Syllabus Summary

Introduction the concept of aerosols, particle dynamics, particle ‘size, particle drag force,
equations of motion of particles both with and without gravity being important.  Particel
collection efficiency is discussed with reference to Stokes number, fluid Reynolds number,
particle Reynolds number. The analytical and CFD techniques are illustrated by investigating
several examples.

Basic equations for transport of a scalar; source terms; turbulence; eddy diffusivity. Pure
diffusion from an instantaneous plane source in 3-dimensions; instantaneous line and point
sources; pure advection of tracers; combined diffusion/advection and Taylor's mechanism.
Introduction to the atmospheric boundary layer. Continuous point sources, modelling diffusivity;
Pasquill stability classes. Effect of the ground; high chimneys. Deposition. Types of dispersion
model; box models; numerical models. Introduction to atmospheric chemistry. Numerical
schemes for pollutant transport equations.

Teaching Methods

Lectures: 6 x 1 hour for Atmosheric Sampling, 10 x 1 hour for Atmosheric Dispersion; Tutorials:
2 x 1 hour for Atmosheric Sampling, 6 x 1 hour for Atmosheric Dispersion ; Practical Classes:
12 x 1 hour for Atmosheric Sampling. 

Assessment

3 or 4 mini written reports (100%) for Atmosheric Sampling, the Atmosheric Dispersion part
will be entirely assessed through  writtern project work.

Reading

1. Vincent, J.H., Aerosol Sampling: Science and Practice, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
1989.
2. E. Boeker and R. van Grondelle, Environmental Physics, Wiley.
3. N. de Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw-Hill.
4. Stull, R. B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer, 1988

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CCFD5350 Advanced Advanced Flame Studies and Heat Transfer

Objectives

Laminar flames are very important in many engineering problems and are also the basis of many
turbulent flame models. The objective here is to provide a greater understanding of laminar
flames, particularly their principles and the governing mechanisms. To understand the main
flame instabilities and to develop the students own computer code for solving the flame
equations as an eigenvalue problem.

Heat transfer may be categorised according to the nature of the flow. The intention here is to deal
with the variety of circumstances in which modes of energy transfer occur and how they might
be modelled. This includes an appreciation of convection, conduction and radiation as well as
their occurrence in engineering applications.

Syllabus Summary

The module gives greater in-depth knowledge in the following areas: Chemical kinetics and
transport properties. Laminar flame equations, the use of large activation energy asymptotics.
Flame stretch and extinction. Burning velocity and flame structure. Pressure wave interactions
and the concept of vastly differing times scales between combustion and compressible waves.
Flame acceleration. Mini Project on CFD calculations of Laminar Burning Velocity. The module
is based on the books RA Strehlow; Combustion Fundamentals and KK Kou; Principles of
Combustion.

Principles of heat transfer. Classification of convection, laminar and turbulent boundary layer
type flows. Boundary layer analogies. Physical significance of dimensionless parameters.
External flows including flow over objects. Internal flows including friction factor and pressure
drop. Methodology for convection calculations. Analytical and empirical correlation methods.
Fundamental concepts of radiation including properties. Matrix method of radioactive problem
solving, including radiation exchange between surfaces. Case studies: heat exchangers design
including furnace design, solar energy collectors

Teaching Methods

Guided reading with tutorials for both advanced flame studies, and hour for advanced heat
transfer; Tutorials  10 x 1 hour for advanced flame studies, 10 x 1 hour for advanced heat
transfer.

Assessment

Assessment of Advanced Flame Studies is  an essay (15%) and a mini project (35%).

Assessment of Advanced Heat Transfer  is  several written mini projects (50%).

Reading

1. J.F. Griffiths and J.A. Barnard, Flame and Combustion, Blackie.

2. R.A. Strehlow, Combustion Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill.
3. K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, Wiley.
4. E.A. Foumeny and P.J. Heggs, Heat Exchange Engineering, Volumes 1,2,3 and 4, Ellis
Horwood, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995.
5. M.N. Ozisik, Heat Transfer: A Basic Approach, McGraw-Hill, 1950.
6. D.Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 1950.
7. A.P. Fraas, Heat Exchanger Design, Wiley, 1989