Chapter 7 The Skeleton Bones and Joints

Chapter 7:
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Overview

Key Terms
amphiarthrosis endosteum osteon
arthritis epiphysis osteopenia
arthroscope extremity osteoporosis
arthroplasty fontanel periosteum
articulation joint resorption
bursa marrow skeleton
circumduction osteoblast synarthrosis
diaphysis osteoclast synovial
diarthrosis osteocyte

The Skeleton
• The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints,
and supporting connective tissue.

Figure 7-1 The skeleton.

Bones
Learning Outcomes
1. List the functions of bones.

2. Describe the structure of a long
bone.
3. Differentiate between compact
bone and spongy bone with
respect to structure and location.

Bones
Bone Functions
• Act as a framework for body
• Protect delicate structures
– Examples: Brain and spinal cord
• Work as levers to produce movement
• Store calcium
• Produce blood cells

Bones
Bone Structure
• Diaphysis
• Marrow
– Red
– Yellow
• Membranes
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
• Tissues
– Compact
– Spongy
Figure 7-2
The structure of a long bone.
What are the membranes on

the outside and the inside of
a long bone called?
Figure 7-3 Bone tissue.
What cells
are located
in the spaces
of compact bone?
Bones
Learning Outcomes
4. Name the three different types of

cells in bone and describe the
functions of each.
5. Explain how a long bone grows.
6. Name and describe various
markings found on bones.

Bones
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
• Long bone formation
– Epiphyseal plates
• Bone resorption
– Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
– Types of bone cells
• Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone
matrix.
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
• Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.


Bones
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
• Long bone formation
– Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.
• Cartilage begins to turn into bone.
• Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends.
• Bones continue to lengthen.
• Bones stop lengthening.
• Bone resorption and formation continues.

Bones
Bone Resorption
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.

Bones
Checkpoints
7-1 What are the scientific names for the shaft and
the ends of a long bone?
7-2 What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue
and where is each type found?

Bones
Pop Quiz
7.1 Which protein makes up a major component

of bone matrix?
A) Keratin
B) Collagen
C) Melanin
D) Calcium

Bones
Pop Quiz Answer
7.1 Which protein makes up a major component

of bone matrix?
A) Keratin
B) Collagen
C) Melanin
D) Calcium

Bones
Bone Markings
Projections Depressions or Holes

Head Foramen
Process Sinus
Condyle Fossa
Crest Meatus
Spine

Figure 7-4 Sinuses.


Bones
Checkpoints
7-3 What are the three types of cells found in bone
and what is the role of each?
7-4 What compounds are deposited in the intercellular
matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it?
7-5 What are the centers for secondary growth of a
long bone called?
7-6 What are some functions of bone markings?

Bones
Pop Quiz
7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

A) Center of bone shafts
B) Epiphyseal plates
C) Medullary cavities
D) Epiphyseal lines

Bones
Pop Quiz Answer
7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

A) Center of bone shafts
B) Epiphyseal plates
C) Medullary cavities
D) Epiphyseal lines

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Learning Outcomes
7. Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the axial skeleton.
8. Describe the normal curves of the
spine and explain their purpose.


• Two main groups of bones:
– Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
– Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities


Framework of the Skull
Bone Description
Cranial bones
Frontal • Single bone forming forehead
bone • Contains frontal sinuses
Parietal • Paired bones forming most of top and sides of
bones cranium
Temporal • Paired bones forming part of side and base of
bones skull
• Each bone has a bony prominence behind the
ears that is called a mastoid process.
• Each mastoid process contains mastoid sinus
Ethmoid • Single bone located between eye orbits forming
bone superior part of nasal septum
• Contains ethmoid sinus


Bone Description
Cranial bones (continued)
Sphenoid • Single bone forming the skull base anterior to the
bone temporal bones
• Contains sphenoid sinus
• Contains depression called sella turcica for
housing the pituitary gland
Occipital • Single bone forming the posterior skull and base
bone • Contains foramen magnum for passage of spinal
cord


Bone Description
Facial bones
Mandible Single bone forming the lower jaw
Maxillae Paired bones forming the upper jaw and anterior

hard palate
Each bone contains a maxillary sinus
Zygomatic Paired bones forming the “cheek bones”
bones
Nasal Paired bones forming the bridge of the nose
bones
Lacrimal Paired bones forming parts of anterior eye orbit
bones
Vomer Single bone forming inferior part of nasal septum

Bone Description
Facial bones (continued)
Palatine Paired bones forming posterior hard palate
bones
Inferior Paired bones located along lateral walls of nasal
nasal cavities
conchae


• Other bones
– Ear ossicles
– Hyoid bone
• Sutures
– Coronal suture
– Squamous sutures
– Lambdoid suture

Figure 7-5 The skull.
What type of joint

is between the bones
of the skull?
What two bones make
up each side of the
hard palate?
What is a foramen?
Figure 7-6
The skull, sagittal section.
What bone makes up the

superior and middle conchae?

Figure 7-7 Infant skull,

showing fontanels.
Which is the largest fontanel?


Framework of the Trunk
• Vertebral column
– Cervical vertebrae
– Thoracic vertebrae
– Lumbar vertebrae
– Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
– Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

Figure 7-8 Vertebral column,

left lateral view.
From an anterior view,

which group(s) of vertebrae
form a convex curve?
Which group(s) form a
concave curve?
Figure 7-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae.
Which vertebrae
are the largest
and heaviest?
Why?
Figure 7-10
The first two cervical vertebrae.
What is missing in these

two vertebrae that is present
in all other vertebrae?

Framework of the Trunk
• Thorax
– Sternum
– Ribs
• True ribs
• False ribs
– Manubrium
– Clavicular notch
– Sternal angle
– Xiphoid process

Figure 7-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view.
To what bones
do the costal
cartilages attach?


Checkpoints
7-7 What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
7-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral column?


Pop Quiz
7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of
the skull?
A) Parietal bone
B) Temporal bone
C) Occipital bone
D) Sphenoid bone


Pop Quiz Answer
7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of
the skull?
A) Parietal bone
B) Temporal bone
C) Occipital bone
D) Sphenoid bone

Bones of the Appendicular

Skeleton
Learning Outcome
9. Name, locate, and describe

the bones in the appendicular
skeleton.


Skeleton

Figure 7-12 The shoulder girdle.
What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?
Figure 7-13 Bones of the upper extremity.
What is the medial bone of the forearm?


Figure 7-14 Movements of the forearm.

Figure 7-15 Left elbow, lateral view.
What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the elbow?
Figure 7-16 Bones of the right hand, anterior view.
How many phalanges

are there on each hand?
Figure 7-17 The pelvic bones.
What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?

Figure 7-18 Comparison of male and female pelvis,

anterior view.

Figure 7-19 Bones of the lower extremity.
What is the lateral bone of the leg? Which bone of the leg is weight bearing?
Figure 7-20 Bones of the right foot.
Which tarsal bone

is the heel bone?
Which tarsal bone forms
a joint with the tibia?


Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Checkpoint
7-9 What division of the skeleton consists of the bones
of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?


Skeleton
Pop Quiz
7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the

shoulder girdle?
A) Sternum
B) Humerus
C) Scapula
D) Ulna


Skeleton
Pop Quiz Answer
7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the

shoulder girdle?
A) Sternum
B) Humerus
C) Scapula
D) Ulna

Disorders of Bone
Learning Outcomes
10. Describe five types of bone

disorders.
11. Name and describe eight types
of fractures.

Disorders of Bone
• Metabolic diseases
• Tumors
• Infections
• Structural problems

Disorders of Bone
Metabolic Disorders
• Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or
excess loss of bone tissue
– Osteoporosis
– Osteitis deformans
– Osteomalacia

Figure 7-21 Osteoporosis.

Disorders of Bone
Tumors
• Two types found in bone tissue
– Benign
– Malignant
• Osteosarcomas
• Chondrosarcomas

Disorders of Bone
Infection
• Two types found in bone tissue
– Osteomyelitis
• Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic
bacteria
– Tuberculosis
• Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

Disorders of Bone
Structural Disorders
• Spinal curve abnormalities
– Kyphosis (hunchback)
– Lordosis (swayback)
– Scoliosis
• Cleft palate
• Flatfoot

Figure 7-22 Abnormalities of the spinal curves.
Which abnormal curve is an

exaggerated concave curve?
Which is an exaggerated
convex curve?

Disorders of Bone
Fractures
• Closed
• Open
• Greenstick
• Impacted
• Comminuted
• Spiral
• Transverse
• Oblique

Figure 7-23 Types of fractures.

Joints
Learning Outcomes
12. Describe three types of joints

and give examples of each.
13. Demonstrate six types of
movement that occur at synovial
joints.
14. Describe four types of arthritis.
15. Describe methods used to correct
diseased joints.

Joints
Material Between
Type Movement the Bones Examples
Fibrous Immovable No joint cavity; Sutures
(synarthrosis) fibrous connective between skull
tissue between bones
bones
Cartilaginous Slightly movable No joint cavity; Pubic
(amphiarthrosis) cartilage between symphysis;
bones between
vertebral
bodies
Synovial Freely movable Joint cavity Gliding,
(diarthrosis) containing synovial hinge, pivot,
fluid condyloid,
saddle, ball-
and-socket
joints

Joints
More About Synovial Joints
• Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints.
• Synovial joint structure
– Ligaments
– Joint capsule
– Hyaline (articular) cartilage
– Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
– Fat
– Bursae

Figure 7-24 Structure of a synovial joint.
What is the purpose of the greater trochanter of the femur?

What type of tissue covers and protects the ends of the bones?
Figure 7-25 The knee joint, sagittal section.

Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Type of Joint Type of Movement Examples

Gliding joint Flat bone surfaces slide Joints in the wrist and
over one another with little ankles
change in joint angle
Hinge joint Allows movement in one Elbow joint; joints
direction, changing the between phalanges of
angle of the bones at the fingers and toes
joint, as in flexion and
extension
Pivot joint Allows rotation around the Joint between the first
length of the bone and second cervical
vertebrae; joint at
proximal ends of radius
and ulna

Joints
Types of Synovial Joints (continued)
Type of Joint Type of Movement Examples

Condyloid Allows movement in two Joint between the
joint directions; flexion and metacarpal
extension, abduction and
adduction
Saddle joint Like a condyloid joint but with Joint between the
deeper articulating surfaces and wrist and the
movement in three directions; metacarpal bone of
rotation, flexion and extension, the thumb
abduction and adduction
Ball-and- Allows the greatest range of Shoulder joint and
socket joint motion; permits movement in hip joint
three directions around a central
point, as in circumduction

Joints
Movements at Synovial Joints
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation

Joints
Movements Characteristic of Forearm and Ankle
• Supination
• Pronation
• Inversion
• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion

Figure 7-26 Movements at synovial joints.

Disorders of Joints
• Mechanical disorders
– Dislocation
– Sprain
• Herniated disk
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD])
– Rheumatoid arthritis
– Septic (infectious) arthritis
– Gout
• Backache

Figure 7-27 Herniated disk.

Figure 7-28 Joint changes in osteoarthritis (DJD).

Disorders of Joints
Joint Repair
• Arthrocentesis
• Arthroplasty

Figure 7-29 Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

Joints
Checkpoints
7-10 What are the three types of joints classified
according to the type of material between the
adjoining bones?
7-11 What is the most freely movable type of joint?
7-12 What is the most common type of joint disorder?

Joints
Pop Quiz
7.5 Freely movable joints are also called

A) Fibrous joints
B) Cartilaginous joints
C) Diarthroses
D) Amphiarthroses

Joints
Pop Quiz Answer
7.5 Freely movable joints are also called

A) Fibrous joints
B) Cartilaginous joints
C) Diarthroses
D) Amphiarthroses

Effects of Aging
on the Skeletal System
Learning Outcome
16. Describe how the skeletal system

changes with age.

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System

Bone
• Loss of calcium salts and collagen
• Bone weakening
• Reduction in collagen
Joints
• Thinning of cartilage
• Decreased flexibility

Case Study
Learning Outcome
17. Using the case study, discuss the

body’s fracture healing process.

Case Study
Body’s Fracture Healing Process
• Blood clot forms around fracture
• Blood vessels grow into clot, pulling connective tissue
with them
• Fibroblasts and chondroblasts convert clot into a soft
callus
• Macrophages remove remains of blood clot and
osteoclasts resorb dead bone tissue
• Osteoblasts convert soft callus into a hard callus of
spongy bone
• Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel hard callus into
compact bone

Word Anatomy
Learning Outcome
18. Show how word parts are
used to build words related to the
integumentary system.

Word Anatomy
Word Part Meaning Example
oste/o bone, bone The periosteum is the fibrous membrane
tissue around a bone.
-clast break An osteoclast breaks down bone in the
process of resorption.
cost/o rib Intercostal spaces are located between the
ribs.
supra- above, The supraspinous fossa is a depression
superior superior to the spine of the scapula.
infra- below, The infraspinous fossa is a depression
inferior inferior to the spine of the scapula.
ab- away from Abduction is movement away from the
midline of the body.
ad- toward, Adduction is movement toward the midline
added to of the body.


Chapter 7 The Skeleton Bones and Joints

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 7 The Skeleton Bones and Joints

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 7:

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-1 The skeleton.

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

1. List the functions of bones.

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

What are the membranes on

Figure 7-3 Bone tissue.

4. Name the three different types of

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7.1 Which protein makes up a major component

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7.1 Which protein makes up a major component

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Projections Depressions or Holes

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-4 Sinuses.

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Maxillae Paired bones forming the upper jaw and anterior

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-5 The skull.

What type of joint

What bone makes up the

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-7 Infant skull,

Which is the largest fontanel?

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-8 Vertebral column,

From an anterior view,

Figure 7-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae.

What is missing in these

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Figure 7-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view.

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bones of the Axial Skeleton