Oleg Bakhtiyarov.

 Deconcentration

Contents:

Chapter 1. Deconcentration as a psychotechnical device.

Chapter 2. Deconcentration in the general array of psychotechnics .

Chapter 3. Deconcentration, background perceptions, and background thinking .

Chapter 4. Deconcentrative Activity .

Chapter 5. Deconcentration and Volumetric Consciousness .

Chapter 6. Deconcentration, destruction of integrity and the principle of a

kaleidoscope.

Introduction

The Deconcentration of Attention Technique (DHQ) was developed in the 1980s as part
of training programs for operators to operate in difficult, uncertain, and extreme
conditions. By this time, autogenic training modifications, elements of suggestive
influences ( 1 ) and numerous psychotechnical techniques based on bio-reverse links
were mainly used for teaching methods of managing one's own mental state and post-
extremal rehabilitation of the operator contingent. These psychotechnics, however, did
not allow controlling the state of the operator directly in the process of performing
professional duties. Thus, new methodological approaches were in demand, introducing
psychotechnics into the process of activity and turning psychotechnical techniques into
one of the elements of the operator’s work.

The first developments of the deconcentration technique were carried out by us at the
Institute of Psychology of the APS of the Ukrainian SSR (Kiev). Techniques were
worked out on the basis of experimental groups with the assistance of the section of
bioelectronics of UkrNTO RES of them.A.S.Popova. The first approbation of the
methodology and the experimental study of the phenomena it generated were first
conducted on the basis of the Rhythm Design Bureau of the Taganrog Radio
Engineering Institute and the Institute of Neurocybernetics at Rostov University.

The developments were of an applied nature and are reflected mainly in the relevant
reports. Publications were limited to brief abstracts in collections of various
conferences. In a popular form, the elements of the methodology are outlined in the
brochure of V.Zznibedy "Attention Management Technique". The deconcentration
technique is described in sufficient detail in our monograph “Post-information
technologies: an introduction to psychonetics”.
At first, deconcentration was considered as one of many psychotechnics. However, over
time it became obvious that this technique is the ancestor of a whole line of
psychotechnologies. Its correlations with other psychotechnics were clarified and
analogues in psychotechnologies generated by other cultures were revealed. The study
of spontaneous psychic phenomena accompanying organized actions in extreme
conditions showed that deconcentration also has universal dimensions.

We consider an organized array of psychotechnics as a kind of language, which makes

it possible to formulate not so much descriptions of mental realities, as prescriptions for
their change. In this sense, psychotechnical "statements" can be expressed both in the
language of perception, and in the language of thinking, and in the language of goal-
setting, and in the language of will. Regardless of what "language" these "statements"
are formulated, their structure and principle of influence on the operator producing a
psychotechnical procedure remain invariant.

With this approach, it becomes clear that psychotechnics should be of a “through”

character, permeating all hierarchical levels of the mental system - from perception to
higher forms of thinking and intellectual intuition. The task of the developer is to clearly
express this fundamental basis of psychotechnics, because only then does it become
clear and controlled not by random tasks, but by a purposefully built plan.

DQC gives us a number of lessons, the value of which goes beyond the purely
technological framework.Any psychotechnology exists in a well-defined professional,
cultural and spiritual contexts. Only an amateur can afford not to take this into
account. As a rule, these contexts are not taken into account in works devoted to well-
established areas, but if psychotechnics are involved in extreme technologies, such
consideration becomes a requirement of professional order. In this case, the basic
psychotechnical technique becomes the center of consideration of all related issues -
psychological, technological, value, cultural, methodological, etc.

In the proposed work deconcentration is considered as a basic psychotechnique,

generating various psycho-technological lines. A number of techniques developed
before the advent of dKV technology can be interpreted precisely as deconcentrative,
some deconcentrative psychotechnologies are developed in detail and practically used
both in camera work and for psychotherapeutic purposes, many areas of further
development are only outlined and do not go beyond laboratory experiments.

Chapter 1. Deconcentration as a psychotechnical device.

1.0. Preliminary remarks.

When we talk about deconcentration, we mean either a psychotechnical device, or a

spontaneous process of equal distribution of attention, or a state of deconcentration as
a result of this process or a successful use of the device. In this chapter, we will
consider deconcentration as a technique. We introduce some definitions that will be
needed later.
It is necessary to distinguish:

 psychotechnical technique - a one-time action performed by an operator to

change the current state within one or another psychotechnique;
 psychotechnique - a sequence of psychotechnical techniques leading to the
formation of a stable, predetermined mental state;
 psychotechnology - an organized set of psychotechnics aimed at solving a
specific constructively formulated task.

As a rule, psychotechnics consist of several methods, and psychotechnologies include

several psychotechnics, although there are cases when psychotechnics consist of one
method, and psychotechnology consists of one psychotechnics.

Among the participants of the psycho-technical procedure we will highlight the following
roles:

 the operator - a person who directly performs psychotechnical techniques,

forming at the given state or solving the tasks assigned to him;
 a methodologist who plans psychotechnique or psychotechnology;
 an instructor explaining to the operator what he should do to achieve the result;
 the organizer of the procedure that directly controls the course of the
psychotechnical procedure and evaluates its effectiveness.

Psychotechnical procedures are carried out either in a refined laboratory environment,

or in real conditions of activity. Skill formed in a lab environment may not work in real
conditions. Therefore, a special procedure for transferring a skill is necessary, which is
often not a trivial problem, since the states in which the formation of a skill takes place
and the states in which this skill must be realized usually do not coincide.

The term state is quite multivalued and its specific meaning is determined by the context
and the concepts that oppose it.

We will use it as an integral unitary characteristic of an object (environment, organism or

psyche) at a given time, the subjective correlate of which is the experience of the
background, which will be discussed below.We will return to the consideration of the
category of state in ch. 3, section.3.3. and 3.4.

In the psychotechnical procedure stand out:

 initial facts - mental processes and structures that we find in the mental system
before the beginning of psychotechnical work and which serve as the starting
material for the formation of the scheme of the procedure;
 basic process - the mental process chosen by the developer from the initial facts,
which serves as the basis for further work (feeling of heaviness, appropriate
muscle relaxation in AT, intensive breathing in holotropic techniques, etc.);
  Basic process control techniques are specific techniques that allow you to direct
the base process in a given direction.

There are many different psychotechnical classifications. The choice of the classification

scheme is determined by the specific task of the methodologist, and the specifics of the
chosen basic process. How this is done with respect to deconcentration will be
discussed in clause 2.1.

1.1. Treatment of attention in psychonetics.

We will adhere to the interpretation of voluntary attention as an act of purposeful

selection of a figure from the background. This coincides with an intuitive understanding
of attention. To “stop attention” on something means to isolate this “something” from the
environment, from the background. In this interpretation, concentration of attention is a
long-term stable selection of a given, "this" figure. The act of perception and the act of
attention coincide in a certain sense: attention is a stalled perception. The figure
contrasted perceptual polymodal background. In the background there is a qualitative
certainty, but there is no structure. Revealing the structure in the background only
means the appearance of a new figure, opposed to a new unstructured background.

What does "focusing on the object" mean? This means that the object is represented in
consciousness as the only figure. What is distraction? This means that instead of a
given object, attention has allocated another object as a figure, and not necessarily from
the original field of perception. Instead of a visual figure, a sound or tactile stimulus can
be singled out from the general background as the only content of consciousness. With
the dispersion of attention, along with “this”, other figures appear in the field of
conscious perception, which agglutinate (“stick together”) and turn into a new complex
figure. Interference, shifting attention to the new stimulus, "dissolve" the figure in the
background and already the interference-stimulus acts as a figure. And. In the
framework of this approach, any phenomenon of attention receives its constructive
interpretation, and from the very approach both specific concentration and
deconcentration psychotechnics, and applications of deconcentration to the solution of
various practical problems arise.

Speaking about psycho-technologies, we emphasize that this is a technological, not a

scientific-theoretical approach. The central point, the backbone factor of technology is
not a paradigm (as in science), but a task, in our case, some kind of psychotechnical
task. To solve it, the phenomena obtained and reproduced under laboratory conditions
are selected as the initial link in the construction of psycho-technological chains,
regardless of what approach, theory and school they were predicted and experimentally
discovered, and what interpretation they later underwent. At the same time, the
phenomenon stands out from the former theoretical context and is either cleared of
fragments of theoretical structures introduced into its description, or it includes these
fragments in a new technological context.
The deconcentration technique was developed within the framework of the more
general task of building psychotechnics of focused attention management as the initial
link in psychotechnology of mental state management. For this purpose, the following
well-known regularities were singled out from the entire array of experimental data as a
building material of future techniques:

 The ratio of the degree of concentration of attention and the level of activation of
the nervous system (the degree of concentration of attention increases up to a
certain limit as the level of activation of the nervous system increases; the
Yerkes-Dodson curve is a reflection of this pattern).
 The maximum number of objects that consciousness can keep in the field of
attention is limited and ranges from 5 to 9.
 In the general case, the strength of the stimuli that attract involuntary attention is
determined by the degree to which they differ from the surrounding background
(surprise, volume, brightness, increased importance, other statistics of the
distribution of elements compared to the background, etc.).
 The relationship "figure - background" is reversible - that part of the field of
perception, which was the background can turn into a figure and vice versa.

1.2. Concentration and deconcentration.

What is deconcentration, it is easier to define and explain by contradiction. By

deconcentration of attention (dKV) we understand the opposite of concentration of
attention (CV). This requires clarification. The concentration of attention is devoted
extensive literature describing techniques, states and related phenomena. However,
deconcentration was hardly studied. Researchers were interested in the question of
how the mind is actually arranged, including the processes of attention, and not how to
build something that is not, or almost not. There is really no deconcentration in this
sense. Spontaneous phenomena close to dKV are included as an integral part or
moment in other phenomena. DKV as a certain phenomenological array has yet to be
built.

We will consider concentration from a purely technological point of view, putting aside
theoretical discussions. HF is a long retention point (locus) of attention on any
object. Such a hold means the selection of the object KV as some certainty, a figure,
from the general background. HF can be involuntary (when it comes to a stimulus
significant for a HF subject) or arbitrary. In the context of psychotechnical work, we are
mostly interested in arbitrary HF. In the limiting forms of a CW, only one object remains
in the field of perception, yet the other structural elements of the field of perception turn
into a uniform and unrecognizable background.

DHQ is a process of uniform distribution of attention across the entire field of perceived
stimuli of a particular modality. In contrast to CV, with DHQ, in the field of perception,
there is only one uniform, but consciously perceived background. As a spontaneous and
involuntary process, dKV is rarely encountered, accompanying certain phases of sleep,
prostration, and other similar conditions. Selection of the background as a structural unit
of the field of perception, as a rule, is not an arbitrary process and requires special
techniques for its implementation, the combination of which is called the
deconcentration technique.

As experience shows, despite the fact that concentration of attention requires a lot of
effort, it is still much easier to produce a full-fledged CV than dKV. Moreover, a number
of authors point to the almost insurmountable difficulties of the transition from objective
perception to non-observable (that is, the vision of the world as it is presented on the
retina), and this transition is the first phase of the planar dKV. It is argued that arbitrarily
moving from object to non-object vision is almost impossible ( 2 ), although some
authors indicate that with a certain training session (for example, fixing the gaze at one
point in space and focusing on contrasts and color planes ( 4 )) or with targeted
distortion field of view ( 3 ) using hardware techniques such a result is achievable in
laboratory conditions.

We can identify at least two reasons for the asymmetry of effort required to implement
the HF and DHQ processes. The first of these is the almost complete absence of tasks
in the current life and professional activities that require such states. For modern
society, the tasks associated with concentration of attention, the allocation of individual
fragments and individual objects in the field of perception are typical, and therefore the
HF processes, in contrast to DHW, are constantly trained. The computer revolution
greatly enhances this effect.

The second reason is more fundamental and, to some extent, is the basis of the
first. The fact is that the development and transformation of any organismic (ie, holistic,
individualized and self-sufficient) system is subject to well-defined laws that determine
the natural trajectory of its evolution. The development of the system takes place in the
direction of increasing differentiation and specialization of its subsystems and their
elements. This unidirectional evolution of a system of any nature is considered as a
fundamental law in the information-entropy system concept of V.A. Shevchenko ( 5 ),
and within the framework of psychonetics is called the main organismic process ( 6 ).

The dynamics of the field of perception, considered as a system, obeys the same laws
and the progressive selection from the background and fixation of individual fragments
of the field of perception (ie, CV) corresponds to the logic of the spontaneous
development of the field of perception as a system. DHQ means movement against
forces that determine the spontaneous movement of systems, that is, a kind of
counterprocess.

Nevertheless, there are certain moments of deconcentrative counterprocess in our

psyche. These are the aforementioned spontaneous states of falling asleep and
prostration, and features of attention processes on the periphery of the field of
perception. Close to this, albeit short-lived, are subjective experiences of cognitive
dissonance. Persistent deconcentration states in certain conditions occur when exposed
to chronic extreme factors, as well as in certain pathological conditions. In addition,
some parts of the DQC can be triggered by setting before the mechanisms of
perception and attention constructively formulated, but impossible tasks, for example,
tasks to focus attention simultaneously on more than 5 - 9 objects. This phenomenon
illustrates one of the provisions of Shevchenko's theory - a decrease in the level of
organization, dedifferentiation in the perception of new alien information, informational
compression, that is, a local counterprocess. On the use of these spontaneous
deconcentration reactions and built the basic technology dKV.

1.3. The technique of deconcentration.

Since deconcentration is not a primary phenomenon and is constructed as a technique

opposite to the HF techniques, the study of deconcentration techniques begins with the
study of concentration techniques correlated with the tasks of dKV.

HF techniques can pursue different goals and they are modified depending on
them. The purpose of the exercises for HF correlated to dKV is twofold: on the one
hand, a chain of techniques should be built, in relation to which it is easy to build
techniques of the opposite, that is, deconcentration, values, and on the other, efficiency
criteria and HF forces, against which similar criteria will be built for dKV.

If attention is viewed as a process of isolating and holding a given figure in the field of
view, then the natural criteria for the concentration of attention (CV) force are the
duration of the hold and the complexity of the selected figure, which, in turn, is
determined by overcoming perceptual forces in the field of perception that prevent it
from being saved. Using these criteria, it is easy to build a series of exercises that allow
you to develop the ability of the KV and quantify its strength. At the same time, the
exercises should contain an effectiveness criterion, convincing both for the operator and
the instructor and procedure organizer who evaluates his work.

In the first series of exercises, either alternative versions of images appearing on visual
figures like the Necker cube (Fig. 1.3.1.) Are used as a visual object for long-term
attention, or the task is given to purposefully select specific figures from the visual
environment composed of homogeneous elements. A variant can be the preservation of
the dominance of the left or right eye when combining (due to mixing or dilution of the
eyeballs) of images of the same shape, but differing in color (Fig. 1.3.2.).

Performing these exercises allows the operator to assess the reality of the EF using the
retention time as a criterion compared to the control one. The individual rhythm of the
frequency of circulation of alternative images varies over a wide range - from several
dozen to 1-2 times per minute. However, outside the individual frequency, efforts to
retain a given image in different people are commensurate. Suppression of appeals is,
in fact, the suppression of attention fluctuations. However, what is significant for the
operator is not yet obvious to the organizer of the psychotechnical procedure.

The objective criterion of the effectiveness of the exercise for a long KV is introduced in
the second series of exercises. The student is offered on the monitor screen a dynamic
pattern composed of randomly moving 10-12 identical geometric shapes, for example,
points. The task for the subjects is a long-term retention of attention on one (in more
complex versions - on 2-3) ones. After a certain time, increasing from series to series,
the student is asked to indicate among the many figures given. It is obvious that such
identification is possible only under the condition of a long continuous retention of
attention on it.

These two series of exercises are based on the same phenomenon - the rhythmic
fluctuations of attention, which cannot be eliminated in natural conditions. The task of
the exercises is not to suppress these fluctuations, but to raise the base level, from
which the oscillation range is calculated. Exercises are identical in their results, as they
depend on increasing this basic level. The duration of the retention of a figure from
circulation and the duration of maintaining attention on a moving figure depend only on
the duration of maintaining an increased basic level of attention.

As we noted above, the second criterion for the strength of the CoC is the effort to form
a holistic figure. In the field of perception, perceptual forces act to ensure the
spontaneous formation of holistic figures based on known laws formulated within the
framework of gestalt psychology (proximity, homogeneity, pregnancy, etc.). The integral
figure can be formed even if the perceptive forces are relatively inexpressive — in this
case, purposeful efforts are required to retain it. Finally, a figure can be created by
volitional efforts contrary to the action of perceptual forces. It is clear that the efforts of
the operator in these three cases are different, and consequently, the work performed
by the mental system is different. Since the energy resources that provide the attention
work are limited, the duration of the retention of the formed figure for a given operator
will be the opposite of the efforts necessary for its preservation. This makes it possible
to build a number of figures, ranked by the degree of effort required to build and hold
them (Fig. 1.3.3. And 1.3.3.).

An objective assessment of the selection of given figures is made in a modified second

series of exercises.The operator is asked to save the HF on two or three moving figures
(usually points) from 10 to 15 identical.The ability of the operator to cope with this task
depends on the chosen strategy. The rapid switching of attention from one of the given
points to others leads to a rapid depletion. But other strategies are possible.Effective
implementation of the exercise in a concentric mode is possible if the operator is able to
transform these points into a complete figure and will save it with different mutual
displacements of points.Consideration of two points as ends of a segment, changing its
orientation and size, and three points as vertices of a triangle that is deformed during
movements, allows to reduce a complex perceptual task and reduce it to a simpler and
more accessible one. After such a transformation, HF is produced not at individual
points, but at a holistic figure, changing its position in space. However, this strategy of
building complete figures from points turns out to be ineffective when the number of
points exceeds three. In this case, the task can be solved only by moving to a different
strategy - the DHQ strategy.
Performing the described exercises gives the operator an experience of intense HF, and
the organizer of the procedure - individual quantitative characteristics of the strength
and stability of the HF for each operator.

Deconcentration of attention (dKV) is inverse to concentration and can be interpreted as

the process of destruction of figures in the field of perception and the transformation of
the entire field of perception into a homogeneous (in the sense of non-separability of
individual elements from it, which could be perceptually interpreted as figures)
background.

The process of formation and selection of figures from the background is spontaneous
and certain efforts are needed to suppress it. DKV work is directed against spontaneous
processes and requires special, more sophisticated methods than methods of CV. The
criteria for dKV power, however, are similar to those in evaluating HF - the length of
time to suppress the process of spontaneous formation of figures and the overcoming of
the work of perceptual forces that form gestalt.

Deconcentration is a uniform distribution of attention throughout the perceptual

field. Usually, learning dKV begins with working with a visual field. The methods
provoking dKV use spontaneous experiences of dKV as an initial link arising in two
situations - when trying to use peripheral parts of the visual field for perception, which
are characterized by background-type perceptions and when trying to focus on 5 to 9
objects leading to the occurrence of short dKV intervals. This determines the form of
exercises aimed at acquiring sustainable skills dKV.

For educational purposes, fields are used with varying degrees of visual organization,
contributing to the emergence of perceptual forces leading to the formation of
gestalts.Fields are ranked according to the severity of these forces. Exercises begin
with a uniform distribution of attention on the periphery of the visual field, which creates
inertia of the DQC processes, which should capture the entire visual field, including and
its central part. Since novice operators usually do not have dKV experience, an
instruction such as "Distribute attention to the periphery of the field of view" may remain
unfulfilled. States close to dKV are usually provoked by an attempt to focus attention
simultaneously on four points of the periphery of the field of view — from above, below,
to the right and to the left. When this happens, the zone of attention spontaneously
extends to the entire periphery and only additional volitional effort is required to extend it
to the central regions.

The subjective criteria for the success of DHQ are inverse to those of CV. This is
usually the duration of the retention of the field of view from the formation in it of gestalt
figures. The duration of dKV preservation is inverse to the degree of organization of the
visual field. When dKV is correctly performed, when the visual field is transformed into a
uniform background for a long time, operators often experience a specific experience
resembling meditative states of consciousness. When this state arises, DQ is
maintained without volitional efforts for a significant period of time - up to several tens of
minutes.
An objective assessment of the degree of dKV is more difficult to make than HF, since
in a professional and everyday environment tasks requiring such states are rare. The
criterion here is to increase the efficiency of performing tasks that require high
attentional distribution characteristics. An example is the problem arising in the course
of studying the technique of fast (panoramic) reading, which uses a technique that is
close to deconcentrative.

As a leading exercise that allows you to simultaneously develop dQV skills, subjectively
track the phenomena accompanying dKV deepening and get an estimate of dKV
degree, we used a modified two-color numerical table calculation procedure using the
Schulte-Gorbov method, developed at the time for aerospace medicine.

The trainee is presented with a numerical table of 49 cells, filled in random order with
red numbers from 1 to 25 and black numbers from 1 to 24. They are offered to make a
parallel miscalculation of two sequences simultaneously - red in ascending order from 1
to 25 and black in descending order from 24 to 1, alternately showing the locations of
the numbers of the red and black sequences. Under normal conditions, the speed of
rendering for this student is a constant value, which is difficult to train.

When using this exercise to form a dKV, the operator first uniformly distributes attention
throughout the table, starting from its periphery, gradually covering it entirely and
suppressing the spontaneous appearance of individual numbers from the general
background. From the point of view of the dKB operator, two phases pass: during the
first, color differences disappear, and during the second number they no longer differ as
separate, turning into a uniform background composed of their fragments. After the
table begins to be consistently perceived as a clean background, the task to calculate
numbers is performed differently than in the normal state, when the subject searches for
numbers by moving the focus and the locus of attention tied to it across the entire table
field and looking for the desired number.

In case dKV is reached, the look is stabilized. Moving the gaze in the initial stage is
usually (with the exception of special techniques) forbidden, since it destroys the DHQ.
With a stabilized view, the table is perceived at the same time in all its elements, and
when performing a task, it is not a search with enumeration of numbers, but a direct
selection of a number from the general background.

This moment is extremely important for the subsequent work and development of new
psychotechnics based on DHW. Here the operator first encounters the paradoxical
phenomenon of perception without awareness (as a special case of knowledge-without-
awareness) and spontaneous translation of perception into a conscious form. In fact,
the operator knows where the desired number is, but does not see it, and, at the same
time, knowledge of its location, provokes its perception, i.e. selection of a number as a
separate figure from the general homogeneous background. The procedure of
dissolving a figure in the background and its subsequent (in identical or transformed
form) isolation from the background is the initial link in the formation of background
thinking (see Chapter 3).
In addition to the important and unusual experience, the operator is faced with the
pragmatic aspects of using dKV. The job of finding numbers (and broader, and
generally finding the right information in the presence of interference) becomes much
more efficient. At the same time, at the initial stages of training, the speed of rendering
is reduced, but then increases sharply. In our experiments, an increase in the speed of
rendering was observed on average by 38% (average data on an array of one hundred
subjects) with the excess speed increase by 2.4 times (Fig. 1.3.5.).

It should be noted that the results are very variable, depending on the professional
composition of the contingent of subjects, their motivation and the chosen
methodological variant.

A more complex, but more illustrative version of the same exercise is carried out on a
four-color 100-cell table (10x10), specially designed for this purpose. Here is the
simultaneous miscalculation of four sequences (increasing, decreasing, converging and
diverging). Without a special workout, this task is extremely rarely possible to complete,
while with dKV, it is performed by most of the subjects (65-70%) with high speed.

If for the organizer of the procedure, the dynamics of the speed of rendering tables is
important, then for the operator the main result of the exercises on dKV is a special
subjective experience of deconcentration while maintaining a high level of
wakefulness. This is the starting point from which the construction of all further work
with dKV begins.

After KV and DHQ are worked out in separate exercises, the trainees begin to combine
them to build more complex attention structures. From HF, a further line of exercises
leads to the formation, retention and transformation of visual eidetic images. Based on
work with dKV, skills of perception of significant background fluctuations, usually not
realized by an unprepared operator, are formed. Mutual transitions KV-dKV are the
basis for the development of reflection, and the formation of complex combinations of
KV and dKV within a given field of perception become the basis for managing the
"condensations" of semantic energy.

1.4. Types of deconcentration.

DKV can be produced not only by the visual field, but also by the fields of perception of
other modalities - auditory, tactile, etc. It is also necessary to distinguish between two
types of dKV:

 deconcentration, accompanied by detachment from the outside world and a

decrease in psycho-physiological tone;
 deconcentration with increased inclusion in the environment and a sharp
increase in tone.
The difference in the methods by which they are formed gave rise to conditional working
names — planar deconcentration in the first case and volumetric deconcentration in the
second.

These differences are well illustrated by the example of dKV on the visual field. The
basic exercises described in 1.2. Give only an initial introduction to the dKV technique in
the laboratory. Transferring dKV to real objects in the surrounding space is possible in
two ways.

In the first case, the operator observes a fragment of the real environment as if he were
projecting all visual perceptions onto a flat transparent screen in front of him and was
concentrated only on the surface of this screen. The key instruction in the formation of a
planar dKV is to instruct the operator to focus not on any object in the field of view, but
on the area of the field of view regardless of which object or fragment of the outside
world falls into this area. The role of a "flat screen" is performed by the entire field of
view or its fragments, which are devoid of visual elements that fill them. In this case, all
elements are captured that fall into the field of view or its fragment, regardless of their
belonging to various objects and the distance at which they are located in relation to the
operator.

The outside world appears to the operator as a chaotic set of colored spots of various
shapes and intensities. In a sense, the external world ceases to be perceived as a set of
effective incentives, because its objective organization is destroyed. But if all stimuli
become equivalent, then the whole field of view becomes a single undifferentiated
stimulus. The amplitude of the spontaneous movements of the eyeballs decreases
sharply. Attention and gaze are not tied to individual elements, but to fragments of the
field of view, and one can observe the characteristic phenomenon of planar DHW,
which is an external sign of the correctness of reception by the operator: when turning
the head, the eyes do not “cling” to individual objects and retain their fixed position .

Otherwise, volumetric dKV is performed. The operator after the primary dKV should
enter as the parameters to be dKV, the distance between themselves and each of the
objects in the field of view and their position in the surrounding space with respect to
them. This technique forces the operator to move from focusing on a fragment of the
visual field to focusing on the totality of the observed objects. As a rule, there is an
abrupt increase in tone and there is an experience of intensive inclusion in the
environment. In this state, it is possible to move in space without destroying dKV.

These two types of dKV are obviously different in their results and in their pragmatic
use. Planar dKV can be considered as the initial link in the formation of meditative-type
states of consciousness. It is also possible to use it as a replacement for autogenous
immersion in rehabilitation practice. Volumetric dKV implies operative use in real-life
conditions, when the operator is faced with the need to process data arrays exceeding
in scope, as well as, if necessary, orientation in an environment containing hidden
significant parameters. In addition, this technique can serve as an effective means of
mobilization in conditions of monotony and fatigue.
Similarly, the planar and volumetric dKV of various modalities are distinguished.

Planar dKV on the field of auditory perceptions (audio deconcentration) is as follows.

The operator is offered to highlight the loudest and quietest sound from the general
sound background and focus attention on them, and then record all sounds that
simultaneously fall within the time interval allocated as a lasting present (as a rule, this
is a duration of 0.5 - 1 ,5 sec). Just as it happens with visual plane dKV, the field of
auditory perceptions is destroyed as a coherent whole and individual sequences of
sounds lose their meaning. A specific state arising in this case can also be regarded as
the initial link of the meditative state.

Volumetric audio de-concentration begins with focusing on two (left and right) or four
(front, rear, left and right) sound sources with fixing the distance to them and the
operator's position in relation to them. Then attention extends to the entire field of
auditory perceptions while preserving the entire sound volume. The effect and use of it
are similar to those of visual dKV.

Flat tactile dKB uses the entire skin surface as a “screen”. Receptions here are similar
to planar audio-dKV. In the field of attention are the opposite areas of the skin surface,
for example, the crown of the head and feet. Then attention consistently spreads over
the entire skin surface. Volumetric dKV of this type, somatic dKV, strictly speaking,
cannot be called tactile, because it includes the field of visceral sensitivity. In this case,
the field of attention covers the entire volume of the body, which leads to new and fairly
promising experiences (see Chapter 3.).

Finally, we can distinguish combinations of dKBs of different modalities —

polymodal dKV and full dKV, i.e., dKV in the fields of perception of all modalities. A
complete dKV can be either planar or volumetric, or it can be a combination of
them. However, their simultaneous combination, total attention, takes us beyond the
ordinary states of consciousness. More total attention is considered in Ch. 7 and 8.

1.5. DKV amplification methods.

The testing of dKV equipment requires a long effort. However, it should not be imagined
that the development of dKV skills occurs like an increase in muscle mass during an
increase in physical activity. Here we are talking more about the refinement of the
nuances of states that enhance the effect of individual and dKV techniques. So, no less
significant than the increase in the complexity of the Gestalt figures to be destroyed is
the overcoming of various hindrances, the overcoming that needs not so much to train
as to pick up a special internal position that allows you to include the interference in the
composition of the incentives covered by dKV. In the initial stages of preparation, visual
DQV is easily destroyed by the appearance of moving objects in the field of view. The
experience of destruction of DHQ in this case has a double value - on the one hand, it
allows one to observe the dynamics of attention (and, therefore, activates the
mechanisms of observation, irreducible to attention), and on the other - to clarify the
nuances of the dKV-state, allowing to include in the dKV procedure and dynamic
patterns. One of the strongest methods destroying dKV, is the direct look of the
instructor in the eyes of the operator. When the instructor’s pupils are in the central field
of view of the operator, the dKV, as a rule, is completely destroyed and only the
abstraction from the personal perception of other people helps to find the correct dKV
position. completely abstracting only the abstraction from the personal perception of
other people helps to find the correct dKV-position. completely abstracting only the
abstraction from the personal perception of other people helps to find the correct dKV-
position.

Among the techniques that help strengthen HF and DHW, various bodily gestures play
an important role - postures, eye movements, etc. Each body gesture has a certain
deep meaning, allowing it to be used as an amplifier or neutralization of a particular
state. Among these gestures, the most powerful are eye movements, which, as shown
by the classic works on neuro-linguistic programming, possess a deep semantic
potential to a great extent. Particularly strong in terms of imposing a specific deep
semantic installation are the arbitrary movements of the eyeballs that are not related to
their normal functioning. Arbitrary reduction (convergence) and dilution (divergence) of
the eyeballs cause an easily distinguishable (and therefore used in various
psychotechnics) shift in the general mental state. So, in yoga is wise,Associated with
the convergence of the eyeballs (Shambhavi Mudra, Ago-Chari Mudra, etc.) are
powerful modifiers of the mental state (provided proper prior preparation).

With the help of convergence, attention span can be enhanced by simple reception. Let
the operator produce a CV on a uniformly colored circle. If next to this circle in a
horizontal line to place an identical figure and squint, ensuring the convergence of the
eyeballs, their images are split in two and the extreme images will merge into one
figure. This figure will attract attention to itself to a greater extent than the figures
observed in the usual, corresponding to normal visual conditions, the position of the
eyes. This is largely due to the subjective perception of such a combined figure as being
more close to the observer than the same figure in ordinary perception. In addition,
other figures in the field of view lose their status as an unqualified perceptual reality,
since their images, unlike the combined figure,projected onto the retina of only one eye.
Other figures seem less real and, by contrast, the combined figure appears to be more
unique in this sense in sight.

We observe the opposite phenomenon when combining identical images with

divergence of the eyeballs. In this case, the combined figure is subjectively
located further than the background and thus acquires the characteristics of the
background itself, which is easy to notice in the case when the figure has a rather
complicated structure. It is easier to distribute attention to such a combined
figure than to the original one, the gesture of divergence reinforces the DHQ.

1.6. Phenomenology of certain types of deconcentration and their further use

Each of the types of deconcentration generates its own phenomenology, is associated
with specific nuances of the formed states and is a potential ancestor of its
psychotechnical line.

After fully performing deconcentration reception of any kind, the subjects notice the
appearance of a specific state that is difficult to describe in familiar terms, but which is
characterized by the suppression of a spontaneous flow of thoughts and images and a
pronounced difference from ordinary states of consciousness. This state can be
considered as the initial link in the formation of altered states of consciousness (ASC).
In contrast to the ISS, this state is unstable and stops after the termination of the
reception. The deconcentration, as a technique in a volitional and forceful manner,
imposes on the consciousness a certain configuration ( 7 ). However, long-term use of
deconcentration or its combination with other methods can provoke stable ASCs, and
each type of deconcentration has its own ASC type ( 8 ).

Visual deconcentration provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the phenomenon

of the division of the visual field into an organized and differentiated set of figures and
background. At the same time, the background acts as a distinct component of the field
of perception, which is not so obvious when using other types of deconcentration.

The transformation of the entire field of view into the background as a result of the act of
deconcentration and the disappearance of organized figures in it contributes to the
formation of the premeditative state. The destruction of gestalts in the field of perception
leads to the release of semantic energy contained in organized forms. Semantic energy
saturates the background and just as any figure has its own distinct or vague semantics,
certain semantics begin to be associated with one or another background state. In this
case, the background states differ by the operator without reliance on distinguishable
discrete components, since the selection of such components would mean their
separation from the background as a figure and would destroy the specifics of working
with dKV. It means,that differences between different background states cannot be
expressed by means of linearly discrete languages and require special sign
environments to capture the differences.

Despite the fact that the operator cannot describe the differences of one background
state from another, with enough experience he can always tell if he works with this
background or with some other. The background is continuous and complete.
Therefore, differences can be expressed only in relation to similar continual and integral
perception phenomena, for example, chromaticity or color shades. Since each color or
shade is assigned a specific value, this value can be correlated with the background
values. The subtle distinction between the semantics of colors and shades is
manifested in the fluctuations of color preferences reflecting the inner state or
disposition of the psyche, on which projective color tests are based (for example, the
Luscher test). In these tests, a comparatively greater or lesser acceptance or rejection
in the pairwise assessment of colors becomes a significant criterion.Just as the
subtleties of color preferences characterize the internal disposes of the subject, the
identified fluctuations in the visual background characterize the state of the environment
in relation to which different assessment criteria can be defined - danger, dynamics,
procedural focus, etc.

Just as weak and latent signals reflecting the internal mental state affect color
preferences, weak and latent signs affect the perception and evaluation of the
background.

The visual background is interesting in that it contains the potencies of selection, “falling
out” from it of various organizations-figures. In the above-described dKV exercises on
two- and multi-color digital tables, all numbers are potentially contained in the
background and can be easily distinguished by applying a differentiating
procedure. This procedure of isolating individual elements-figures from a solid continual
background obviously correlates with one of the mythological constructions of modern
physics — the idea of a physical vacuum, spontaneously or when physical fields are
applied to it that generates elementary particles.

These are the lessons of visual drk. Other types of DKV give other lessons.

Audio deconcentration makes it possible to work not so much with a static sound image,
as with the processes unfolding in time. The sound field does not create a pronounced
two-dimensional plane or three-dimensional volume, but because of this it allows much
sharper than in visual perception to shift the emphasis on the procedural characteristics
of the field of perception. Abstract paintings are deployed in two-dimensional space and
static, and attempts to create independent, without soundtracks abstract color
symphonies did not lead to valuable results. The music is processual and self-sufficient,
but it is difficult to imagine a static combination of sounds with deep semantic content.

The main reception of audio DKV is the placement of sounds from different sources in
one time slice. Here the background is combined with pure duration, which gives rise to
paradoxical experiences of qualitatively colored periods of time.

Each selected time interval becomes integrity over time, and at the same time the
integrity of the entire time interval is destroyed. A clear contrast between integrity and
multiplicity can itself be a self-contained lesson. In addition, the audio dKV clearly
demonstrates the principle of the kaleidoscope, which is discussed in detail in Ch. 7

Somatic dKV contributes to the allocation of energy characteristics of the background.

The background of the somatic dKV becomes the integral state of health of the
operator, subjectively interpreted as psycho-physiological tone. Thus, a key element in
the management of energy characteristics arises and psychic energy is transformed
from metaphor into a tangible and manageable reality.

The somatic background acts as an undifferentiated whole, and different “states” of the
background are distinguished, allowing to identify the background characteristics of the
body. The experience of experiencing a somatic background can be transferred outside
and with the success of such a transfer to the environment and individual objects, it
becomes possible to directly perceive their integral characteristics. The somatic
background is extremely sensitive to the slightest changes in its constituent elements,
including the stimuli that are below the perception threshold. In all likelihood, this
phenomenon is based on the biolocation phenomenon.

Integral DHQ is a direct path to the formation of meditative ASCs. At the same time,
consciousness turns out to be a fully loaded perception of the external and internal
somatic environment, as a result of which, paradoxically, there is a focus on the mental
background and a subtle distinction between semantic separateness without reliance on
their sensual equivalents.

Chapter 2. Deconcentration in the general array of psychotechnics.

2.1. Psychotechnical classification.

We can streamline the entire array of psychotechnical techniques by introducing

a classification according to at least three criteria.

The first of these is the functional purpose of psychotechnics. We can distinguish

preventive, operational and rehabilitation psychotechnics.

Preventive psychotechniques are used to proactively prepare for the action of

factors to be mitigated or neutralized. The following techniques are most often
used for preventive purposes.

Autogenic training (AT), developed by I. Schulz, and its subsequent

modifications. AT is used to anticipate the formation of the image of the
upcoming action to be performed, or the state to be formed in the future.In AT-
immersion, suggestive or auto-suggestive attitudes can also be created to
overcome unwanted functional states.

Suggestive programming of future situations and behaviors in them.

Biobinding (biofeedback), based on the principle of removal of those or

physiological parameters (skin potential, EEG rhythms, heart rate, etc.) of their
computer processing, presentation in the form of a dynamic visual or sound
image. Conscious control of the dynamics of this image means the conscious
control of the relevant parameter, and hence the targeted formation of a given
state. In addition to therapeutic use (compensation for paralysis, paresis,
treatment of phobias, etc.), the technique of biofeedbacks was also used for the
preventive training of operators. It was assumed that the technique facilitates the
mastering of self-regulation skills.

The set of psychotechnics for operational needs until the advent of dKV and
techniques based on it was limited and mainly boiled down to the use of various
psychopharmacological means (eg amphetamines for working in a continuous
mode, with fatigue and monotony), functional music, supply of suggestive
information in a hidden form ("twenty-fifth frame", suggestive orders on the
periphery of vision or in the subliminal sound range), stimulation of biologically
active points, etc.

Rehabilitation psychotechniques are designed to relieve the effects of overload,

stress, traumatic experiences. Mostly they are modifications of AT (not so much
in auto-as in heterosougmental mode), holotropic and free breathing, various
types of meditation or pseudo-meditation.

The second criterion is the effective start of the reception, which starts the
process. These principles are divided into autogenous, heterosuggestive,
informational, technogenic, and physico-chemical.

Autogenic psychotherapy relies on the conscious efforts of the operator. The

main active principle here is the will. Strong effort can be applied to sensations
(increased sensory noise in techniques for increasing sensitivity to subthreshold
stimuli and in certain types of alert hypnosis), and to images (the main body of
AT techniques), and to controlling external images that reflect various
physiological parameters (biotech techniques). connections), and to the
movements and postures of the body (holotropic and free breathing, yoga
asanas, and directly to the present state (direct volitional control).

Heterohugging techniques suggest the existence of a human suggestor. His will,

speech, behavior, gestures, postures, and other components of the impact in its
totality form the active principle of heterosuggestive influence. But the main ones
here are the mechanisms of empathy and transfer. These techniques include
classical hypnosis using the metaphor of sleep, alert hypnosis based on
opposing metaphors of heightened vigilance and involvement in the environment,
Ericksonian hypnosis based on the use of personally significant patient
metaphors, etc. to form the control channel (rapport).

Information psychotechnics can be divided into a separate group on the basis of

the transition of control to information stored on various information carriers. The
information impact differs from the suggestive one in that it is not mediated by
man (yantras, archetypical images, abstract static or dynamic paintings, texts
constructed according to the NLP rules, etc.) ( 9 ).

Technogenic psychotechnics use as their main active principle various technical

systems and corresponding methods for encoding information. These are mainly
different types of biofeedbacks, systems that form organized color and sound
stimuli, etc.

Physical and chemical methods of state management, strictly speaking, cannot

be attributed to psychotechniques proper, but they are often an element of more
extensive psychotechnics and psychotechnologies. Self-sufficient physico-
chemical means of state control are, for example, amphetamine-type drugs that
provide high performance for a long time, or modulated electromagnetic radiation
that can have a stimulating or depressing effect on the psyche. Examples of
chemical agents that are included in more extensive techniques are
psychotomimetics that form altered states of consciousness (mescaline,
psilocybin, LSD, dissociative drugs, etc.).

The third criterion is a condition that should result from the use of this
psychotechnique. The dynamics of the mental state as a result of
psychotechnical influence can be divided into two groups - changes within the
normal state of consciousness (NSS) and changes leading to the formation of
altered states of consciousness (ASC).

It must be said that changes within the NSS cause almost all psychotechnics,
making a shift towards mobilization, relaxation, exacerbation of sensitivity, etc.

We can identify relaxation, mobilization, sensitizing (to any kind of effects),

cathartic, etc., according to the direction of shifts in the framework of the
NSS. types of psycho. The result of the shifts may be a state of heightened clarity
of consciousness, release of tension, changes in the functional state in the
desired direction, etc.

ASCs form a huge area, the classification in which is very difficult. As a rule,
classifications are of a genetic nature and are determined through a technique
that provoked this type of ASC.

In the psychotechnical space deconcentration takes its place. Deconcentration

can be functionally used for both preventive, operational, and rehabilitation
needs. As a preventive preparation, planar dKV is included in technologies for
developing the skills of perception of subliminal stimuli, volumetric dKV can be
used to prepare for work in conditions that require increased vigilance and
involvement in the environment, which makes it related to alert hypnosis.

But dKV is most effective for operational tasks, since, unlike AT or meditative
techniques, it does not imply a way out of its activities for its implementation,
which is characteristic of AT and meditation. DQC allows you to relieve stress,
unwanted emotional states (fear, irritation, etc.), dramatically expand the
possibilities of perception and processing of information. This determines the
special effect of the operational use of DHW. Apart from the fact that dKV can be
applied directly "on the battlefield," this form of psychotechnics also permits
training in deconcentration techniques directly in a production environment or in
the process of tactical and technical training.

The rehabilitation capabilities of dKV are determined by the proximity of its planar
variant to AT. Planar dKV overcomes the limitations that exist for AT. DHQ is
indifferent to fluctuations in blood pressure and other somatic disorders related
to contraindication for AT. However, it should be noted that in the absence of
contraindications, the rehabilitation effect of various modifications of AT is more
pronounced than dKV.

Deconcentration is fundamentally autogenic in nature, since it occurs contrary to

the basic organismic process and requires a constant effort of
will. Deconcentration cannot be caused by one-sided techno- and pharmacogenic
effects, although a suggestive variant of the formation of this state is possible for
particularly suggestible people.

The states formed on the basis of dKV-techniques vary in a wide range from
states of relaxation and mobilization to ASCs of various types. We can also
highlight the area in which the DQT techniques become inadequate. This is a
region of concentration states, states of constricted consciousness, and
suggestive controlled states.

Thus, among other psycho-technicians, DKV occupies a rather extensive area

both on the basis of its use and on the basis of its effects. This place DKV is
determined by the initial phase of the development of technology. Obviously, as
they mature, the DQC area will undergo further fragmentation and the family ties
between various forms will become as dubious as the relationship between
classical hypnosis and AT, although at the beginning of the 1920s their affinity
was obvious.

However, at first it makes sense to consider how states are formed that are close
to dKv under natural conditions.

2.2. Deconcentration in natural conditions.

DQC is formed as a targeted technique, however, there are its analogues in

natural conditions. Its manifestations are quite diverse. Briefly we will consider
two examples - dKV in pathology and dKV as a reaction to chronic extreme
conditions.

DQV in schizophrenia:

Attention disorders in schizophrenia are often accompanied by phenomena close

to dKV. Patients describe their condition in these words:

"It seems that my attention captures everything, although I am not interested in

anything especially ... Talking with you, I can hear the creaking of the nearest
door and the noise coming from the corridor."

"There are too many thoughts that come to my mind at the same time. I cannot
sort them out." ( 10 )
Here we see how the sphere of attention reflects one of the main characteristics
of the states of consciousness in schizophrenia - dehierarchization of meanings.

DHV as an adequate response to chronically acting extreme factors:

When working with contingents of volunteers who took part in local armed

conflicts that accompanied the collapse of the USSR, the author drew attention to
well-defined changes in the state of consciousness of fighters who did not have
prior special military training. These changes, which are typical for the voluntary
environment, but not for personnel officers, arose directly in the course of
hostilities, remained in between clashes and quickly disappeared after the end of
the military phase of the conflict or when a volunteer left the existing formations.

Their condition is characterized by the following features. Attention loses a

focused character, becomes diffuse, not emitting individual details, but revealing
significant characteristics of the surrounding background. Decisions are made
with the support of precisely this irrational perception and directly reflect the
extreme environment, bypassing rational analysis. Persons with such types of
response present certain difficulties for direct command, since the rigid control
of their behavior becomes impossible. In this case, their actions are more
effective if they make decisions on their own, although this often violates the
standard instructions for regular and emergency situations.

This contingent presents certain difficulties for the beginning psychologist, since
the usual test tools (psychometric tests, questionnaires) turn out to be of little
significance for a real assessment of the state and possibilities. Such parameters
of attention as concentration and selectivity are sharply reduced in relation to the
norm. But the validity of projective tests increases, the results of which are not
distorted by rational motives. Changes in the scope of attention are
adaptive. Stress intensity in these cases is reduced due to the displacement of
the actually observed threats and their actual or potential impact from the
consciousness.

Of course, we are dealing with deconcentration states that affect not only the
sphere of attention, but the underlying mechanisms of environmental
assessment, self-assessment and the formation of an adaptation strategy to
extreme conditions. The adaptation strategy is closely related to the phenomenon
of collective consciousness, often observed in chronic extreme conditions, which
is characterized by identification with other members of the team and the team as
a whole. Events that happened to any of the comrades are perceived as personal
events that happened to this person. It is also one of the factors for reducing
stress intensity and increasing the effectiveness of real activity. At the same time,
the subjective significance of the conditions of activity, both dangerous and
favorable for the performance of a combat mission, becomes the same. Reducing
the level of tension, however, does not lead to a return to its original state, but
translates into a special state in which lack of concentration of attention does not
entail the usual negative consequences. The environment and its own actions in
it begin to be perceived as a single whole, while the incoming information is not
divided into separate elements, which makes it difficult to rationally explain the
situation and its own decisions. Reducing the sense of danger allows you to
perform actions that are beyond acceptable risk, but, due to the "integration" of
the fighter into the environment, adequate to the combat situation.

The closeness of the described phenomenology to the states of dKV formed in

the laboratory using appropriate psychotechnics is quite obvious to the
developer.

2.3. Deconcentration and relaxation.

The autogenic immersion technique developed by I. Schulz uses muscular

relaxation and dilation of blood vessels as a basic technique (also due to
relaxation of the vascular muscles), the subjective correlate of which is a feeling
of heaviness and warmth. There are, however, other types of AT, using
metaphors of alert hypnosis and aimed at rapid mobilization. For them, the basic
technique is the increase in muscle tone, provoked by the formation of images of
lightness and coolness in the body.

DKV does not imply muscle relaxation to begin the process of changing the
state. However, relaxation can be considered as one of the methods provoking
DHQ. At the very least, the experience of disappearance or dissolution of the
body can be considered as a reduced form of somatic dKV, since all
differentiated somatic sensations are equalized in the experience of
"disappearance", experiencing a rather specific and not at all reduced to the
illusion of the disappearance of the body or its fragments. A detailed analysis of
self-reports usually reveals the presence of a background experience lacking
clear boundaries, dimensions, etc. At the same time, in AT-immersion, the
possibility of perception and purposeful formation of various visual and auditory
images that differentiate in time (hence the detailed scenarios for the passage of
various situations in AT-2, using the natural process of differentiation of images
from the initial uncertainty of “body dissolution” to complex scenes).

The second point of contact between AT and DKV is the facilitated transition from
visual and somatic DKV to muscle re-axation and a prosonic condition. Those
who previously practiced AT, of course, are more prone to such a transition than
those who do not have such experience. According to our observations, people
with experience with AT generally confuse the technique and effects of DKT with
AT.

The DQC, regarded as the initial phase of entry into relaxation, has certain
therapeutic benefits for patients with poorly developed imagination or frightened
new unusual sensations.A preventive DHQ helps overcome this barrier of fear or
undeveloped imagination. Fear is suppressed by overloading the sphere of
attention, leaving no reserves for the conscious release of emotional states. The
ability to distribute attention across the field of perceptions makes the formation
of special visual or somatic images unnecessary.

And, conversely, for those who have difficulties with dKV, but easier to enter the
state of AT-immersion, AT can help speed up learning of the DKT technique. In
this case, the trainees enter the AT-immersion, form an imaginary field of view
and distribute attention to this imaginary picture. A skill formed in such an
artificial situation is transferred to the conditions of normal wakefulness. These
phenomena of mutual enhancement of the effects of the use of AT and dKV reveal
their deep affinity.

We can postulate the presence of a certain basic reception, the differentiation of

which is dKV and AT. It comes down to the equalization of stimuli - purposefully
produced in dKV or arising as an indirect result in AT. The basis of these
techniques is the fundamental metaphor of Russian physiology - the study of the
phases of parabiosis. Equalizing and paradoxical phases are the foundation of
the description and dynamics of AT and the dynamics of dKV. DKV is more
abstract than AT. Right from the start, dKV is not about fixing certain somatic or
visual images, but about working with attention. AT seems to be more specialized
technique. It contains much less potential for generating so many different
psychotechnical lines than DCW. You can even say that it is one of many
techniques that can be approached by starting movements from dKV.

2.3. "Flat" and "volumetric" states and their compliance with the procedures of
traditional and alert hypnosis.

With a planar dKV, in the field of perception, all integral objects are destroyed,
their semantic, semantic aspect disappears. The semantic side of energies leaves
the sphere of differentiated perception and can be directed into consciousness in
its pure form with its specific “deepening” (in this case we can talk about the
formation of a meditative state of consciousness), or evenly distributed
throughout the field of perception. At the same time, the “flattened” field of
perception dominates and a special experience of “flat consciousness” arises,
which is difficult to describe, but is easily recognized as a state of
desemantization of the field of perception, a specific semantic detachment from
the external world, turned into a uniform background. The inner world is
actualized and its meanings acquire a new depth.This experience of deep
introversion is especially interesting for pronounced extroverts, who often cannot
imagine what introversion is.

Bulk dKV differs from planar and according to the initiation procedure and the
nature of the initiated state. The inner world is desemantized, and the outer, on
the contrary, becomes saturated with meanings that are enhanced by an
increased intensity of perceptions. Background, gaining visible meaning,
becomes not a means of removal from the environment, but a means of drawing
into it. Bulk dKV thus extraverted psyche of the operator.

These effects make it possible to construct procedures for expanding personal

experience for specialized individuals: an extravert, planar dKV makes it possible
to understand the inner world of an introvert, and an introverted volume dKV
helps to understand how an extrovert is oriented in the world and in himself.

The correspondences of the planar and volumetric dKB to the procedures of

classical and alert hypnosis are interesting.

In traditional hypnosis, using metaphors of sleep, the key point in establishing

rapport is the leveling phase, when the organized structures of the psyche are
destroyed, which are under the control of the external world or the patient's will. It
is this moment that precedes the immersion in sleep that is most favorable for
creating new structures of the psyche that are under the control of the
suggestor. Thus, dKV is an implicit, but necessary component of traditional
hypnosis. In this case we are talking about planar dKV

The situation is different with Ericksonian hypnosis and suggestive NLP-based

techniques when the suggestor is “adjusted” to the individual behavioral
language of the hypnotized and uses it to formulate suggestive messages. Here,
the presence of the dKV stage is not visible.

The procedure of alert hypnosis is directly opposite to the traditional formation of

a suggestive state.Patients are given commands on the background of intensive
physical work to strengthen their inclusion in the environment, to form a state of
increased activity and vigilance. In our opinion, the key moment of establishing
suggestive control here is the formation of volumetric DHQ, in which the
introduction of new elements, in particular, suggestive commands, becomes part
of the overall perceptual picture and is not highlighted as a separate fixed
fragment.

2.4. Deconcentration in the field of view with eyes closed.

Visual deconcentration can be carried out not only with open eyes, but also with
closed eyes. In this case, the field of visual perception is a dynamic set of color
spots. DKV is inevitably planar in nature, but its flatness is determined by

not by a special purposeful technique, but by the nature of the DHW facility
itself. The field of view with the eyes closed in the waking state is devoid of
volumetric characteristics. But only in the waking state. The transition to the
subsonic state is accompanied by the appearance of additional spatial
dimensions. Strictly speaking, the moment of the appearance of dream images is
the appearance of the third dimension in the field of view. The third dimension is
added by the inclusion of spontaneous imagination in the visual field of space; it
is along this axis of depth that projections of inner space arise - images of
dreams. Observing these images in DQA allows for a conscious transition into a
dream and the preservation of waking awareness in a dream.

Usually an attempt to “examine” the arising images leads to the destruction of

the transition process itself, since attention “collapses” either on the emerged
image or on the very fact of its appearance. Fixing the appearance of dream
images restores the position of the "I" in the psychic space. If the dKV state is
formed before the start of immersion in sleep and it is total, i.e. includes all cash,
and all that has taken place since the beginning of the DHQ, and all the newly
emerging mental content, then such a "collapse" can be avoided. In this case, the
transition to a dream occurs without special fixation in the consciousness of the
fact of the transition. Observation of the transition and the knowledge that such a
transition occurs, however, is preserved, since this knowledge itself is an
element of the field of perception along which dKV was made. Thus, a
paradoxical state is formed, undoubtedly attributable to the class of altered ones,
when the dream dynamics are combined with knowledge of the real presence in
time and space, and the plasticity of the sensory dream tissue - with the active
position, which allows you to save or change the main characteristics of the
dream image.

DKV on the field of view with closed eyes requires much more effort and
generates a stronger and more stable state than the usual DKV. With open eyes,
the position of the “I” in the mental space is stable, since the basic perceptual
characteristics of the natural visual environment with which the “I” corresponds
are generally stable. Under these conditions, dKV becomes (with appropriate
energy and volitional costs) stable. Closed eyes, on the contrary, give the visual
environment a somewhat chaotic, somewhat projective nature. Stabilizing dKV is
possible only by stabilizing the "I" in relation to the changing psychic space. And
stabilization of the “I” position, in turn, is possible only with the help of DCT. The
paradox is solved only by introducing a new dimension of mental space, which
allows, as it were, to come to a point over the difference between the states of
wakefulness, sleep and lucid sleep.

An important feature of visual DKV with closed eyes is the ability to work with
sequential images. The duration of the retention of successive images and the
nature of their dynamics are indirect characteristics of the current state of
consciousness ( 11 ). The reverse is also true: the purposeful control of the
dynamics and characteristics of successive images can serve as a tool for the
formation of given states of consciousness. There are many methods of
developing the ability to such management ( 12 ). DKV undoubtedly facilitates
this task.

Since dKV in the field of view with closed eyes gives special lessons that cannot
be learned from the usual visual DKV, it should be attributed to a separate such
DKV, which is also different from the visual one as tactile or audible.
2.5. Deconcentration and meditation.

The term "meditation" is attached to a very wide range of mental states and the
techniques that generate them, often radically different from each
other. Therefore, any work in which the term "meditation" is used must contain a
clarification that determines in what sense this concept is used. In the future, by
meditative states we will understand states that are autogenic in origin,
introverted in direction, spontaneous in course, characterized by the fact that it is
not the sensual components of the psyche that control the movements of
meanings, but the meanings spontaneously form sensual fabric.

In relation to other techniques and their results, we will use the term "pseudo-
meditation", fixing the fact that techniques seeking to establish their relationship
with the prestigious word "meditation" reflect and imitate meditation, although
they do not coincide with what is hidden behind this term. Neither in technology
nor in the resulting state.

The meditative state, of course, belongs to the category of altered states of

consciousness. It is more entropic and less organized than any normal states of
consciousness. In the meditative state, there are no visual, sound, or other forms
as an object of attention, but the senses as such, those without formal envelopes,
are intensely experienced.

In normal states of consciousness, meanings are closely related to the

expressing forms and the manipulation of meanings occurs through the
manipulation of forms. The fact of retaining meaning or transition from meaning
to meaning is recorded by the transition from form to form (verbal, visual, tactile,
and any other). In order to move from the meaning behind the broken line to the
meaning expressed by a circle, it is necessary to move from the original shape
(broken line) to the resultant (circle). In the meditative state, meaning is retained
and transferred to another meaning outside the formal correspondences; on the
contrary, a spontaneous semantic flow can form certain symbols as concentrated
and perfect expressions of meaning. But this is the result of a meditative state,
and not its characteristic.

Meditation is the result of a counter-process and therefore a technique that

allows to form a meditative state must be counter-procedural, must be reversed
with respect to the basic organismic process. The formation of dKV is a process
inverse to the flow of ordinary processes and therefore it is natural that its result
is states that are easily identified with meditative ones. However, we can talk
about meditation as a result of dKV only when planar dKV is used. Bulk dKV
leads to states that are in some sense polar with respect to meditation.

With a planar dKV, an attempt to simultaneously capture the attention of all the
many objects in the field of perception leads to the fact that none of them is
perceived as a separate entity. As a result, the field of perception turns into a
uniform background, attention is diverted from formal-sensual elements,
introverted, meanings are released from control by sensory components. Usually,
the preservation of dKV requires constant efforts, however, with a sufficiently
long retention of the planar dKV, persistent states with the listed characteristics
sometimes occur. This is meditation.

Meditation formed by planar dKV is not accompanied by the appearance of

spontaneous images, since attention is completely focused on the field of
perception. Attention here is "paralyzed" by perception and meditative processes
proceed without the participation of attention, and therefore without highlighting
structurally shaped images. The end result of this process is a special condition,
in relation to which we can say that it is both DHQ and HF at the same time. On
the one hand, this is DQC, since only the background remains in the field of
perception, but on the other hand, it is a deep HF, since the background has
remained the only object of attention. It remains only to immerse into the
background and dissolve in it the characteristics of the spatial extent and
temporal duration, and we obtain a state of pure consciousness.

At this point, we encounter an important distinction between meditation

techniques according to the criterion of their origin: meditation as an element of
sacral practices is certainly different from meditation as a
technology. Technological meditation,

of course, immeasurably poorer than sacredly oriented meditation. Technological

meditation does not interpret meditative phenomena, it is devoid of orientation,
object, context, and many semantic dimensions of sacred
meditation. Technological meditation is related to sacral meditation as syntax
with semantics. Its only advantage (however, an advantage only for a secularized
consciousness) is the transparency of the technique and the controllability of the
resulting state. The whole, which is built from individual elements, can not be
more complicated and have a greater semantic richness than the original
elements. Sacred meditation begins with “work” on the fundamental (in Jungian
psychology, the term “archetypical” would be used) meanings, which are
consistently unfolded in images that gradually lose their semantic and energetic
richness and allow pragmatic use. Therefore, the initial objects of sacred
meditation retain the intensity and strength of the original archetypes, providing
energy for a long meditative process.Technological meditation is devoid of sacral
measurement and energy for its implementation, it is forced to borrow not from
the archetypes, but from the results of the application of purely technological
techniques.

2.6. Description of deconcentration in the works of K. Castaneda.

I include Carlos Castaneda among the three leading psychotechnologists of the

twentieth century ( 13 ).Any professional developer of new psychotechnique cannot fail
to be amazed by the exact description of the phenomenology of the use of
psychotechnical techniques in the philosophical works of K. Castaneda. It is amazing
that the techniques and phenomenology described in such detail flow from general
philosophical theses and images illustrating them, and are not borrowed from any
empirical sources.Among other psychotechnics, Castaneda gives a description of the
technique and the accompanying phenomenology close to dKV, up to the peculiarities
of the subjective phenomena accompanying the procedure for identifying weak and
hidden signs.

This is how K. Castaneda describes the use of the technique of concentration of

attention on the periphery of the visual field - a technique intermediate to the actual
DHQ and HF, and the results of its application.K.Castaneda receives an "examination"
task from his teacher, the shaman don Juan, to find a unique place on the floor of his
hut, the best for his student is a favorable "spot":

"I need to find it among all the other places. According to the general scheme, I have to"
feel "all the possible places, until without any doubt I can determine which of them is
correct."

The hero is trying to "feel" different places. It fails. Don Juan explains how to do this:

“He laughed and said that he was not surprised, because I acted incorrectly — I didn’t
use my eyes. It was like that, but I was quite sure that I needed to“ feel ”the difference,
he said. I mentioned this, but he objected that it was possible to feel with the eyes -
when you didn’t peer into the object directly. "

This passage deals with the perception of an undifferentiated visual background. The

hero follows the advice:

"When I focused my gaze on a point directly in front of my eyes, the entire peripheral
zone of my field of view was uniformly colored with a sparkling greenish-yellow color ...
Suddenly, I realized a change in shade at a point approximately in the middle of the
floor. To my right, still on the periphery of the field A greenish-yellow tint turned bright
purple. "

Thus, the hero discovers a "hostile point". A successful "spot" is similar.

"I realized that another color change had occurred, again on the periphery of my view.
The uniform greenish-yellow color that I saw everywhere turned in one place on my
right into a bright gray-green." ( 14 )

The real detection of hidden features and objects occurs in a similar way.

Elements of dKV are also described by K. Castaneda. To "stop the internal dialogue,"
don Juan suggested to the hero:
"... for a long time to walk with defocused eyes, using only lateral vision. He argued that
if you keep defocused eyes on a point just above the horizon, you get an almost full
180-degree view. He insisted that this exercise is the only way to stop the internal
dialogue . "

"A warrior first, pressing his fingers, draws his attention to his hands, and then, looking
without fixing his eyes on any point directly in front of him on the line that starts at the
ends of his feet and ends above the horizon, he literally floods his tonal with
information ... that unfocused eyes notice a huge amount of strokes of the world without
getting a clear idea about them. He added that eyes in this state are able to notice such
details that would be too fleeting for normal vision. " ( 15 )

“Stopping the internal dialogue” is a special state of the meditative type provoked by
dhc. The congestion of perceptual channels leads to the cessation of both preceptive,
and mental, and imaginative activity of consciousness. The consequence of DHQ-
meditation is the emergence of high-entropic states of consciousness, from which you
can move along the trajectories of the formation of other than usual, organizations of
consciousness, "unusual realities" in the terminology of K. Castaneda.

"Stopping the internal dialogue" is the "folding" of complex organizations of

consciousness into simple forms up to their "dissolution" in the background. This
creates prerequisites for the construction of techniques for identifying weak and hidden
signs (see p.3.3.).

K. Castaneda's use of dKV equipment in mental and archetypical constructions

inevitably actualizes the entire set of dKV-related topics - using perceptual background
to obtain hidden information, will, counterprocess, vision of the world "as it really is",
asimulation of descriptions with prescriptions, overcoming stereotypes thinking and
behavior, doublethink (in Castaneda, doublethink corresponds to “controlled
nonsense”), dimensional consciousness, etc.

Operational use of deconcentration.

Autogenic training and its heterosugging variants are very effective for the
purposes of post-stress and post-extreme rehabilitation, and biofeedbacks are at
the stage of preventive preparation for working in special conditions. The zone of
the highest efficiency of DKV is its operational use.

One should distinguish between the operational use of DHQ to obtain meaningful
results of activity and compensation for adverse conditions. At the same time,
DKV can be used both as an independent device and as a fragment of more
complex psychotechnics.

DHQ is effective when working with large amounts of information and, if

necessary, to identify weak and hidden signs. Here we are dealing with a
significant result of using dKV techniques that contribute to the emergence of
specific skills that are difficult to achieve with the help of other techniques. These
special skills are formed in the course of painstaking work and are described in
detail in paragraph 3.3.Deconcentration techniques were used by us in the
preparation of various professional groups for which the performance of direct
duties and job security were directly related to the detection of hidden threats in
the environment (bodyguards, bodyguards, intended for activities under extreme
conditions, etc.).

DQC can be used as a means of compensation and overcoming conditions that

impede activity. We are talking about overcoming fatigue, monotony, and other
related conditions directly during the work of the operator (in this case, the dKV
fragment entered into the sequence of work simply interrupts the further
development of the undesirable state), and the suppression of opposite states -
hyperactivity, tension and fear ( the uniform distribution of attention destroys all
organized structures in the mind, including the patterns of these states).

Of course, effective operational use of dKV is possible only with the condition of
prior careful mastery of the techniques of dKV. The criterion confirming the
mastering of the technique is a significant increase in the speed of rendering the
numbers on the two-color numerical tables in the implementation of dKV.

Among the operator professions that are most susceptible to the use of DHQ,
should include the operators of power plants, where the problems of suppressing
undesirable states and ensuring an adequate response to abnormal situations
have always been very acute. As experience has shown, for this contingent, DHQ
seems to be the most desirable technique, since it involves use directly in the
process of work, including when various kinds of excesses occur.

It should also be noted those activities that take place in unusual environments
or unusual conditions (cosmonauts, pilots, submariners), fraught with
provocation of altered states of consciousness. Such states are relatively easily
interrupted in the initial stages using dKV. It is clear that deep and stable ASCs
are unlikely to be pliable for simple methods of dKV, although it is with dKV that
some methods of ensuring self-control in ASC begin.

Perhaps one of the most striking and demonstrative examples of the operational
use of DCW is various methods of teaching fast reading. All effective programs
for teaching fast reading - from a simple increase in speed several times to
panoramic reading - as the main method of dramatically expanding the
processing of large amounts of information use the transition from sequential
element-wise perception to parallel. As a matter of fact, the above-mentioned dKV
technique is used here - the gaze is fixed on one of the elements of the field of
view (a green dot in the center of the page, a real or imaginary vertical strip in the
center of the page along which it is recommended to move the gaze, etc.), and
attention is distributed across the field of visual perception. Replacing the
sequential processing of information on the parallel is provided by suppressing
the internal speaking of the text. After the suppression of internal speech, the
meaning of words is attached not to their sound, but to their appearance and
DHW over the entire array of words being viewed.

With this technique is similar and so-called. kinostimulyation, used by one of the

early psychotechnologies - suggestokeskybernetic method of intensive teaching
of foreign languages and various skills of intellectual work of A. Petrusinsky. One
of its variants: the students were presented on the screen with rotating pages of
an English- (German-. French-, etc.) -Russian dictionary with a gradual page
offset. The rhythm of rotation excluded the reading of the expression and its
translation. However, after a relatively short time, almost all of the information
contained in the perceived frame began to be realized and imprinted in the
memory. The reason for the efficiency is clear - kinostimulation provoked the
state of dKV, which allows to perceive all the visual information captured in a set
of frames, and the repeated (about a hundred times) repetition of the procedure
contributed to the consolidation of perceived traces in long-term memory. Distant
descendants of this technique can be found on video cassettes and CDs of the
Intellect company, which uses a close technique of short-term exposition of lines
of text angled to each other and to be memorized.

2.8. Deconcentration and compensation for color blindness.

In the mid-eighties, the doctor Galina Naumova, who worked in our experimental
groups and worked closely with us in the development of new psycho-
technicians, noticed that when conducting dKV, color discrimination
improves. She conducted an experiment with one of the applicants who entered
the faculty with high demands on the state of health. For admission required the
conclusion of the medical board, including an oculist. The applicant suffered
from color blindness and he had no chance to go through the
commission. However, being trained in the DQT technique, he was able to identify
all the figures in the color difference test using the Rabkin tables and get a
favorable conclusion. Such a direction of work has never been a major one for us,
but at least two more such cases as a result we have been able to observe.We
leave aside the ethical problem associated with teaching people the technique of
dissimulation, but we can also raise the question of introducing special
compensatory courses for people who are motivated for well-defined
professional activities but suffer from certain physiological deficiencies.

The DKV technique used in these cases is a further development of the exercises
on the formation of DKV when working with a 4-color numerical table and its 4-
shading variation (four shades - from red to violet, or from green to turquoise). As
it was shown by G. M. Naumova, under certain conditions, a patient who suffered
from color blindness, singled out in a state of visual dKB a set of numbers of a
given color or shade, being unable to do so in a normal state. In further work,
Rabkin tables were used, in which in a state of deep dKV the patient had to detect
hidden figures. The percentage of correct definitions was rather high - from 40 to
85%, depending on the condition of the patient.

It must be said that the ability to compensate for color blindness is realized only
within the framework of the formed visual DQA and the defect itself is not
eliminated. The effect of Naumova can be interpreted as "equalization in rights"
of strong and weak signs. Weak signs emerge from the masking effect of strong
stimuli and the chances of their detection increase. In all likelihood, this is a
systemic effect, since organic lesions, which determine the clinic for color
blindness, exclude the possibility of their compensation at the receptor level.

It should be noted that the subjective experiences of the patients were not
associated with new color perceptions, but with the allocation of Rabkin figure-
gestalt figures from the total chaotic array of the stimulus material, which
coincided with the figures composed of spots of the corresponding shade. The
identification of the figure takes place without subjective reliance on any color or
tint features. The figure is formed as spontaneously as the figures when
considering a chaotic cluster of spots of the same color.

There are, however, the possibility of forming color images that were absent in
the previous experience of the patient. These possibilities are realized in the
framework of the techniques of constructing new mental realities.

2.9. DHQ and the construction of new mental realities .

The division of the human psyche into conscious and unconscious parts
symbolizes the opposition of a reservoir of potential variants of psychic realities
and a realized variant — one of many possible. The structure of mental realities is
determined by the cultural norm that prevails in a given society and is limited to
the basic structures of the psyche, which find their correspondence in the human
neurophysiological structures.

Inherent in some individuals, the imperious need to go beyond the mental device,
given by nature and education, leads to the search for technologies aimed at
overcoming limitations and the formation of new mental realities - new types of
perception, new mechanisms for processing information and achieving goals.

One of the techniques that initiates the formation of new mental realities is
deconcentration. Deep dKV turns the object of its application into a uniform
chaos, rich in potential. In a sense, dKV transforms the conscious field of the
psyche into an analogue of the feature-rich unconscious.

As a rule, the initial formulation of the task of forming new mental realities is
reduced either to expanding existing capabilities, or building new mental
contents "from the opposite," that is, removing or replacing any essential feature
with the opposite, or identifying and removing restrictions that determine the
specificity of the converted contents. In any case, it is a question of replacing the
manifest and conscious mental structure of a new one, which has no analogues
in previous experience.

The direct transformation of one complexly organized object (including the

organized individual psyche) into another, equally complexly organized, while
preserving its identity and subjective continuity is impossible, because in the
intermediate period of the formation of a new object, the integrity of the former is
destroyed, because исходного объекта элементами нового.The DQC, as a
technique for such a transformation, actually leads the mental system along the
line of reducing the level of differentiation to the point at which the actual and
planned mental structure appears to be equally possible options for the further
development of the mental system. In fact, the initial reception of DQC - the
distribution of attention on the peripheral fields of perception associated with the
inner world, provoking new mental experiences and unusual phenomenology,
turns organized mental contents into a uniform and undifferentiated background,
fraught with new possibilities.

DKV-destruction of mental organizations, its dedifferentiation, goes through a

series of stages, when the differences between colors, forms, and modalities
disappear. At the same time, deep DHQs can destroy not only the organization of
the psyche, but also the dimensionality of mental space, which becomes not so
much multidimensional as ambiguous. The dedifferentiation of the psyche
reaches the point from which it is possible to begin differentiation in the direction
of new realities and allows us to give the psyche new qualities that were not
actually present in it before. An example is the work with "impossible" figures.

Under normal conditions, perception of the integrity of “impossible” Penrose

triangle-like figures or figures that Escher’s paintings abound with is excluded.
You can perceive only their consistent parts. However, if we begin to build such
figures from the "matter of uniform chaos", then there is not only the possibility
of their formation, but there is also a special organization of the psyche, in
relation to which the "impossible" figure becomes quite "possible." At the same
time, the dimension of the imaginary space in which the "impossible" figure is
realized differs from the dimension of the usual three-dimensional space. The
states of consciousness corresponding to this organization are clearly related to
the class of altered ones. "Impossible"the figure in this case played the role of
the point of crystallization of the new state and new mental realities, including a
different dimension of the imaginative space.

By setting such "crystallization points" one can build various mental structures
that are absent in normal conditions. This is how new spatial dimensions are
defined, and new colors that are absent in the normal perception of the
surrounding and internal environments. This is possible only in the case when
DQA, which initiated the process of building new mental realities, covers not only
the actually developed perceptual fields, but also possible, but not actualized
fields of perception. This can be explained by the example of the formation of
new colors.

Having mastered the technique of representing the space of more than three
dimensions, you can transfer this technique to the perception of color space. The
dimensionality of color space is still a matter of debate, but it is clear that the
color continuum has a certain number of dimensions. After dKV removes the
differences inside this continuum, placing it in a space of greater dimensionality
and unfolding the color continuum in it provokes completely new color
experiences, like a two-dimensional body (for example, a square) placed in three,
four or five dimensions changes its shape for the observer. Thus, a flat figure can
be rotated and removed from the observer, viewed in various projections, in
which its angles and aspect ratio can change.The same action can be made in
relation to the color space, it is only necessary to choose the point of
crystallization corresponding to the task, for example, the procedure for
constructing a new color that is psychologically opposite to the original one.

Thus, the red color can be considered as the ancestor of the entire chromatic
series, generating new colors due to the procedures of physical and
psychological opposition - green as the physically opposite and blue as the
opposite psychologically. Applying the procedure of physical opposition to blue
and psychological to green, we obtain, respectively, orange and yellow, etc.

But the same procedures can be applied to the achromatic colors - black and
white, regarding them as the pioneers of new chromatic series. To do this, it is
necessary to isolate the abstract procedures of opposition and transfer them to
the achromatic colors in dKV conditions. If successful, there is an experience of
new, unprecedented colors. Since this experience does not find support in a
regular experience, it is unstable and hardly reproduced as a memory.

In this case, as in the case of the perception of new spatial dimensions, we are
dealing with a purely subjective phenomenon, since it is impossible to introduce
an external criterion for the success of the assignment. Obviously, such a
criterion will appear only when a group of people who own this technique and
who are building new lines of intra-group communication based on new
perceptions emerge. The problem so far was not in the techniques of forming
new mental realities, but in creating a community of people whose integral
element in the life of which would be the use of these realities.

In general, the process of generating new mental realities is reduced to four

procedures:

 dedifferentiation of the psyche due to the deep DHQ to the point of

confluence of the current and projected structure of the psyche;
 fixation with the help of a stable CV of the "point of crystallization", which
sets a new direction for mental differentiation;
  the process of spontaneous differentiation controlled by the "point of
crystallization";
 stabilization and support of a new differentiated mental structure due to the
introduction of the products of its work in the intragroup communicative
process.

It is clear that the generation of new mental realities is not associated with the
formation of a new neurophysiological substrate. Rather, we are dealing with the
intrasystemic regrouping of discrete components of the psyche and the
manifestation of latent structures under the influence of purposefully induced
shifts of the state of consciousness as an integral characteristic of the psyche.

2.10. Deconcentration and reflection.

Having mastered the techniques of KV and DKV, you can make transitions from KV to
DKV and vice versa. Moreover, it is possible not only the alternation of KV and DHQ in
time, but also their coexistence in the space of perception, when in some parts of the
field of perception attention is evenly distributed, and in others it is concentrated on
discrete figures. At the same time, an operator producing a psychotechnical procedure
is faced with the need to track the dynamics of "condensations" and "discharges" of
attention over time and a complex picture of "condensations" of attention in the space of
perception.

But what, in that case, is “observed” attention? After all, under normal conditions,
attention is observation. Watching attention can only be based on a mechanism that is
different from the attention itself. We will call this mechanism reflection, giving this term,
as broad and indefinite as the concept of meditation, a narrow and specific (within our
text) meaning. Reflection is observation, not deforming the object of observation.
Reflection is what observes the "behavior" of attention.

Attention deforms your object. It isolates it from the environment, changes the ratio of its
parts, "fits" the object under the preferred forms. Reflection, starting in its origin from
observing attention, is devoid of all these deforming properties. On the contrary, relying
on it, you can see, note and fix how attention distorts its object, how perceptual forces
work in the field of perception, how gestalt forms and collapses, how other similar
processes take place that escape its attention, as they are its integral part.

The process of forming a reflexive instance is technically simple, but very energy-
intensive. The first step is to separate the focus of gaze and locus of attention. Usually,
the locus of attention and the focus of the eye coincide, but if you fix the eye on an
object in the field of view, you can arbitrarily concentrate on the periphery of the field of
view and begin to move attention along the field of view regardless of eye movement.

The next step is to observe the dynamics of attention in the conditions of destruction of
DHW. With a well-established DQC, the uniform distribution of attention can be
destroyed by the appearance in the field of view of a moving object or the sight of the
instructor directly in the eyes of the student. An introduction to learning of such effects
that destroy DHW is accompanied by instructions to observe the movement and
"concentration" of attention.

After developing skills for voluntary control of attention, its focus and degree of
concentration, the learner is invited to observe the movement of attention in dKV,
transitions from HF to dKV and back on command, and then form in the field of view
zones with varying degrees of concentration of attention. After some time, the skill is
developed and you can observe how the perception of an object changes as attention
draws to it.

From this moment begins the formation of a reflexive space. But this is already a new
technique that takes the operator beyond the boundaries of the DHQ.

2.11. Archetypal DKV.

The condition of dKV is often described as both enticing and alarming. It seems that the
problem here is that the state of the DHW, not being a legitimate culturally framed
experience, threatens to enter the field of intense archetypal experiences. However,
certain manifestations of the archetype behind DHQ in cultural practice exist. Thus, in a
number of physical concepts and metaphysical doctrines, we encounter constructions
that are extremely close in basic imagery to dKV.

Many researchers have drawn attention to the correspondence of mental phenomena

and physical concepts. Thus, the developers of Gestalt theory constantly refer to the
correspondence of the phenomena observed in the visual field with physical facts and
laws extracted from field physics. ( 16) The obvious isomorphism of physical and
optical-phenomenal fields made a great impression on them and, since they worked at a
time when psychology as a science was experiencing an extroverted phase and
assimilated physical methodology, this led to mental phenomena beginning to be
viewed as projections of physical ones. However, the opposite is equally deducible from
the fact of isomorphism: physical phenomena are merely projections of the psychic. To
a certain extent, this move was made in CG Jung’s analytical psychology.

At a later time, attention was drawn to the striking correspondences between modern
physics and Taoist and Buddhist philosophical-psychological concepts. ( 17 )

Under many key concepts of physics lurk classical myths and their corresponding
archetypes. The same archetype, projecting onto the field of physical knowledge, will
give us such an exotic object as "black holes" and the process of their formation with
dramatic phases turning into a singular point in which "something" and "nothing"
coincide in their characteristics, and , projecting on the psychotechnical field, will
generate an analogue of deep concentration of attention and the transition from itta - ek
a grat a to n iruddha. The relations "charge and field", "" I "and consciousness", etc. are
also transparent.
The arguments of V.Nalimov about the physical and semantic vacuum ( 18 ), quite
accurately describe the relationship between the theory of vacuum and perceptual
background:

"... in modern physics, the material world is seen as a manifestation of the potentiality
embedded in the physical vacuum. Similarly, in our model, the semantic world is
considered as a manifestation of the potentiality embedded in the semantic vacuum."
"Semantic vacuum is not a static system. There are processes in it that are also not
noticed by us directly." "When describing both Worlds, one has to refer to the concept of
vacuum. Both physical vacuum and semantic vacuum are not empty spaces, but rather
the cradle of Worlds, manifesting in one case as elementary particles, in the other as
semantic texts."

The correspondence of the physical vacuum to the perceptual background is quite

obvious. Just as particles are spontaneously born in a vacuum, figures form
spontaneously from the background. Perceptual background is the threshold of
semantic vacuum. The perceptual background is a local semantic vacuum, containing in
a collapsed form a limited set of figures ready for manifestation.

The language of archetypes is the most adequate not only for describing transcendental
objects in another language, but also for understanding the deep meaning of boundary
concepts that separate a rationally developed territory from an area of meanings that
have not yet received a complete logical design and therefore are not part of a system
of rational operations.

Thus, the Chaos archetype, unfolding both in the metaphysical category of materia
prima, and in the concept of vacuum, and in the image of semantic vacuum, and in the
deconcentration technique, clarifies both their conjugacy and the deep meaning behind
the dKV technique. It is this ownership of dKV to the Chaos archetype that gives the
entire area of dKV a taste of some mystery inherent in the manifestations of
archetypes. DQC in some sense returns consciousness to the original Chaos, with its
many potencies.

2.12. Deconcentration in sacred psychotechnics.

The subject of using separate elements of sacred psychotechnics for pragmatic

purposes is very scrupulous. The postmodern world equalizes high, low, real and
illusory phenomena, experiences, knowledge. The reverse side of postmodern
discourse is the mass distribution within the framework of the "new age"
ideology of so-called developing psychotechnics, pulling out individual
techniques from the sacral context. This compilation in a postmodern context
gives rise to a number of illusions:

 the illusion of the adequacy of a prototype extracted from a completely

different cultural world and introduced in the "new-age" context of
psychotechnics;
  the illusion that the formed mental state corresponds to a sample given in
the sacral system;
 the illusion of the identity of the state achieved with the help of the
psychotechnical device to the spiritual result.

However, the sad experience of "developing psychotechnics" brought a positive

result. He clearly showed that psychotechnical techniques and the states they
form in relation to spiritual tasks are no more than a language describing spiritual
realities, but not the realities themselves. The act of knowledge, dismembering
the religious effect on psychotechnique, its sacral significance and cultural
interpretation destroys the religious phenomenon as such.

At the same time, the problem of transferring psychotechnical techniques into a

pragmatic context from the sacred world exists. The volume of
psychotechnicians servicing sacred tasks is huge and no psychotechnology
developer can ignore this fact. Any reception developed by a modern researcher,
including DHQ, can be found analogous in Indian, Chinese or Tibetan sacral
practices. But the transfer of reception, psychotechnics or complex
psychotechnology from one context to another requires a special methodology.

Strictly speaking, psychotechnics can only be extracted from someone else’s

sacred context. It is difficult to imagine the intelligent technology of psychic
making, adapted for the camera needs of the Orthodox community. A foreign
spiritual experience, passed through the filters of its own culture, loses its sacred
content, leaving only the psychotechnical "syntax" of the sacred. Spiritual
experience is gained only by the corresponding life, and formal technical
instructions are extracted from the texts describing it, allowing for transfer to
another context. Therefore, only transcultural borrowing of techniques that
provide someone else's sacral practice is possible. By the way, it is easy to see
how ridiculous the use of the technologized term "sacred practice" as applied to
its own religion becomes.

When a methodologist discovers in texts of another culture that he complies with

techniques developed by him or psychotechnics, it should be understood with an
analogue (that is, similarity in form and performed local function) or a homologue
(that is, similarity in origin) of the developed technique he encountered. To do
this, it is necessary to compare the psychotechnology containing the developed
technique with the psychotechnology of a different cultural origin, to separate the
syntactic and semantic component of the developed technique and to perform
the same procedure with regard to its foreign culture parallel.

By syntax we will understand the specific actions that the operator must perform.
These actions are set by prescription, expressed in the form of instructions (for
example, "evenly distribute attention throughout the presented image, starting
from fixing the peripheral areas", or "carefully examine the presented image,
close your eyes and consistently, element by element, reproduce the image in
your imagination") .

Under the semantics - the interpretation of the state, obtained as a result of the
application of the technique, and the interpretation of the technique in terms of
the interpretation of the state. So, in the examples above, where it comes to
deconcentration and visualization, the semantics change depending on the
meaning of the rendered or introjected image. We will get completely different
results depending on whether the content of the presented image is an element of
psychotechnology as a whole, whether it is significant within the psychotechnical
trajectory, whether this content affects the state provoked by the technique or
not. In the first case, we are dealing with an ideological reception, in its limit -
with its sacred meaning. In the second case it is a purely pragmatic,technological
use of reception.

The analogues have the same function. The function of psychotechnical

techniques is the transformation of one mental state into another. If the
techniques are applied to the same state and give the same result, we are talking
about their similarity. As a rule, the coincidence of the syntax of the methods
indicates their analogy, although the opposite is not necessary.

Homologous techniques can be simultaneously similar, but this is not a

prerequisite. Homologous techniques arise from the same semantic contents,
and therefore their semantics coincides or is close. They occupy the same
position in relation to the entire methodological chain as a whole within the limits
of the compared psychotechnics, they are preceded and followed by homologous
techniques. Finally, historically they evolve from similar tasks and similar
contexts.

If we are talking about a homologue, then the transfer of the reception is carried
out (with the observance of the principle of stylistic compatibility) painlessly.
However, in real practice, analogs are usually borrowed. The inclusion of such a
technique, which looks like the technique used, but carries a completely different
meaning in the projected psychotechnical chain, can lead, at best, to breaking the
sequence of generated states and poorly understood by an unqualified
developer, and at worst - to an excess.

Having identified the homology of the two techniques, you can build a basic
description of the technique, variations of which are both texts. But for this you
need to give an abstracted description of all psychotechnics. In this case, it
becomes clear that the changes that should be made in the borrowed technique
for its precise integration into the new methodological and technological
contexts.

Let us give examples of texts that describe states close to the states of dKV,
achieved using the techniques described above. We use Thomas Cleary’s work
"The Japanese Art of War. Comprehension of Strategy" ( 19 ), quoting Zen
mentors Yagyu Munenori and Takuan Soho.

Yagyu Munenori:

"This is similar to how everything is clearly reflected in a mirror due to the

shapeless purity of its reflecting ability. The heart of the participants in the Path
is like a mirror, it is empty and pure; you are not unaware, but you accomplish
everything."

“Now you don’t even know yourself, your body, legs and hands act, but
consciousness is not-conscious; you don’t miss anything and you get ten times
out of ten. But even now, if you allow the thought about it into your
consciousness, you will lose. Only when you do not fix the consciousness, you
will win every time. However, not fixing the consciousness does not mean not at
all unaware; it is a matter of ordinary consciousness. "

“To distinguish things at a glance and not to fix consciousness on them is to be

immovable. After all, if consciousness is attached to things, discriminating
thoughts appear that move in different ways. If you put an end to discriminating
thoughts, even if the consciousness clinging to things, you yourself remain
motionless. "

"If you look at a single leaf of a tree, you can’t see the other leaves. If you just
look at a tree and do not fix your vision on one leaf, you can see all the leaves
that are on the tree. If the mind is concentrated on one leaf, the rest are not you
see; if you don’t concentrate on one thing, you see hundreds and thousands of
leaves. "

It is clear that by “consciousness” in this translation is meant attention, and

“non-consciousness” is the absence of attention focused on the object. “Non-
consciousness” is close in its meaning to dKV, more precisely to the
consequences of using dKV, although in actual Zen practice, it was not the
technique described above that was used but rather a concentrated intention to
produce a state of “non-consciousness”.

Takuan Soho describes the results, as we would say, of the DHQ-approach to the
formation of a continuous continuum of action, conditionally decomposed into
stimuli and responses:

"Sometimes they speak of the immediacy of a spark and a stone. At the same
time, they mean the following. If you just hit a stone on a stone, a spark
appears ... between the impact and the appearance of the spark there is no gap,
no delimitation. ... one movement after another. Rather, it means that attention
does not linger on things. ... One has only to stop the consciousness, and the
enemy will immediately take advantage of this. "
"If you place consciousness in any one place, it will be held down as a result and
will lose mobility. If you just think about something, consciousness will be held
down by your thoughts. So stand back from your thoughts and reasoning, forget
about your body and do not fix consciousness on nothing. In this case, when the
consciousness visits your body, it will work flawlessly and perform its functions
without delay. "

"The right consciousness does not stay in one place. It is a consciousness that
covers the whole body and personality. The confused consciousness is
concentrated in one place and freezes."

The following lines of Yagyu Munenori easily recognize the description of the
kaleidoscope principle:

“Suppose ten people attack you one by one. If, after the reflection of the first
strike, the consciousness does not linger on the impression received, but
switches from one to the other, leaving each one immediately after you dealt with
it, you will be able to cope with ten opponents. consciousness works ten times -
one for each opponent, if it doesn’t linger on anyone and switch alternately to
each, you can take over. "

When trying to psychotechnically interpret such texts, it is difficult to categorize

similar or homologous states and techniques. In this case, the technique, clearly
analogous to DKV, is transferred from the sacred - Buddhist - to the technological
context - increasing efficiency and survival in combat conditions. The technique
of forming a "non-consciousness", i.e. states that are identical or close to dKV
accumulates on the usual state of wakefulness (as in our dKV-technologies) and
leads to the state of dKV in action. Therefore, we can talk about the homology of
methods and states.

An example of similar techniques is the use of HF and DHQ strategies in

psychotechnologies and yoga.

2.13. Concentrative and deconcentrative strategies.

A successful psychotechnical technique changes the current mental state. A new

application of the same or another technique translates the psyche into a new
state. Some psychotechnical techniques bring the psyche beyond the normal
states that are normative for a given culture and are necessary for vital activity.
Some of these non-normative (including above-standard) states are fleeting, but
there is also a space of stable states that are devoid of the meaning of the
cultural norm and therefore are called altered. The terminological boundaries
between the concepts of "mental states" and "states of consciousness" have not
yet been fully established, and often these terms are used as synonyms. We will
use the term "mental states"to characterize variations and differences within a
single class of normative states. To express the fundamental differences between
classes of states, and, moreover, the differences between normative and non-
normative states, we will speak about "states of consciousness", conscious of
the instability of terminological boundaries and, most importantly, the lack of
fundamental work to distinguish them.

Speaking of fundamental differences, we must introduce a kind of scale of

states. We know three regulatory states that are necessary and sufficient for the
preservation of vital activity and adequate behavior of a person during his life -
wakefulness, sleep with dreams (fast sleep) and dreamless sleep (slow
sleep). Differences of the same scale will be called differences between states of
consciousness, and smaller ones - differences between mental states. The states
of consciousness that do not coincide with any of the three normative states will
be called altered states of consciousness.

From each psychotechnical method, trajectories of changes in mental states go

down to altered states of consciousness. These trajectories are formed by the
sequential application of certain techniques.

Let's compare psychotechnical trajectories going from concentration and

deconcentration techniques.

We need to determine the initial state of consciousness to which both HF and

DCW are applied. There are many classifications of states of consciousness. We
will use the classification given by Vyasa in "Vyasa-bhashya" - comments to
Patanjali's "Yoga Sutra". ( 20 ) For us, it has a special value, because states of
consciousness are regarded as correlated with levels of concentration.

Commenting on the first aphorism of Patanjali, Vyasa writes:

"Yoga is concentration, which acts as a property of consciousness on all its

degrees. Levels of consciousness: wandering, stupid, arbitrarily directed,
assembled into a point, stopped".

Thus, five states of consciousness are considered:

1. Ks'ipta, "wandering", dispersed, restless, spontaneously directed at

external objects, unstable, with a predominance of the energy (adjas)
component;
2. M u d'ha, "stupid", "blinded", aimed at all objects at the same time without
distinguishing them and highlighting the preferential ones, with a
predominance of the inertial (tamas) component;
3. Viks'ipta, "arbitrarily directed", "scattered", "scattered", selectively and
relatively stably directed at a specific object, but constantly interrupted and
replacing its object;
4. Citta - ek a grat a, "assembled to a point", realized by overcoming the
process of spontaneous selectivity (i.e. viksipta state), stably directed at
 the object and "highlighting" it, "as it exists in reality", has reached the
limit of selectivity;
5. Niruddha, "stopped", stopped at itself, ceased its deployment.

Naturally, comparisons are suggested here. Kshipta, the initial, unorganized state

of consciousness can go either to viksipta (which in our system corresponds to
the beginning of the movement to the CV), or to the mudha (initial phase
dKV). Sothe trajectory of successive changes in the initial state of consciousness
forks. Further movement along the concentration branch leads to citta-ekagrata
(deep HF, in which only one object remains in the field of attention), and
deconcentration - to the state, which has no analogue in Vyasa's text, to the state
in which attention is fully distributed throughout the field perception without
identifying preferential objects, but in which the inertial component is replaced by
the energy component. The field of perception is transformed into a background,
which is the only "object" of concentration. This is not a state of citta-ekagrata,
because the background does not have the characteristics of a discrete object,
but it is not a state of niruddha, because the object of concentration - the
background - has a qualitative certainty, it is, and this is different from many
other backgrounds.

Further deepening of both the HF and the DHQ lead to the same result - the state
of niruddha. In the first case, attention is lost by the only object KV and passes to
KV on pure consciousness, in the second dKV passes to the basis of all
backgrounds - pure consciousness. But this is not the limit. Pure consciousness
either includes the possibility of the emergence of new organized structures and
the corresponding background, or not. This corresponds to "samadhi with seed"
and "samadhi without seed."

However, HF and DHQ and the yogic concentration technique are included in
different contexts. Yoga does not pursue technological goals, but sacred. The
real procedures in yoga are accompanied by numerous techniques that allow not
to lose sight of transcendental goals, which have nothing in common with the
pragmatic tasks of psychotechnology. Therefore, we are not talking about
homologies. The states are similar, but they are generated by a completely
different chain of methods, are formed on the basis of different classes of states,
receive different interpretations and pass states that can not be identified.

2.14. Deconcentration and clear consciousness.

Achieving a clear consciousness is one of the main tasks of human life. DQC can
be used as a tool (by no means the only one) for solving this problem, at least in
two aspects.

First, dKV acts as a “cleaner” of consciousness from discrete organizations and

its other contents, i.e. as one of the psychotechnique "cittav r '' ittinirodhah" (see
above). DQC destroys organized mental structures and thereby "deprives of
work" mental mechanisms responsible for the distortion and repression of
various contents of consciousness. The DQC, which suppressed the work of the
distorting mechanisms, releases the only non-distorting mechanism — reflection
(in the strong, psychonetic meaning of this term), i.e. direct non-distorting
observation of the contents of consciousness. But this is a sign of a clear
consciousness, allowing to observe all the newly emerging contents that distort
and obscure the consciousness without falling under their influence. Clear
consciousness allows us to form products of volitional activity directly, without
distortion.However, a clear consciousness is preserved only if there is a constant
effort to maintain it. It is supported by the reflection and purposefully applied
dKV, which reveals and inhibits the work of the distorting mechanisms of the
psyche.

Secondly, dKV-operations change the status of logic. Clear consciousness

provides a direct discretion of reality. The need for logic arises when it is
necessary to discover hidden contents that are not accessible to direct
perception and immersed in the background, and with the appearance of
contents that are not accessible to direct observation, reflexive recovery, and
direct volitional control.

Clear consciousness is possible only as a volume consciousness, which

simultaneously includes both the pole of the results of pure reflection and the
pole of the results of the distorting processing of these results; the pole of pure
meanings and the pole of their formal and conventional expression; the pole of
the initial goal setting and volitional impulses and the pole of their realization in
real environments.

Clear consciousness must inevitably be voluminous, but volumetric

consciousness does not necessarily have to be clear.

Chapter 3. Deconcentration, background perceptions, and background thinking.

3.1. Internal energy background.

Every person knows the feeling of overall tone. It is partly due to the tone of the
skeletal muscles and smooth muscles of the vessel walls. However, you can feel
a surge of strength and in a state of deep muscle relaxation, and in a state of
increased muscle and vascular tone. The feeling of tone is rather vague, it is not
local, but general, background character. These features of the perception of
psycho-physiological tonus make it possible to use the Deconcentration
technique for its assessment and purposeful formation and use. By virtue of the
fact that the tone is recognized as a somatic experience, the initial link for its
localization and control can be somatic deconcentration.
The volumetric somatic deconcentration allows, in addition to fixing a multitude
of point sensations, to isolate and fix "between them" the background, which is
subjectively interpreted as a characteristic of the psycho-physiological or energy
tone. The perception of the somatic background is dual. On the one hand, the
background is qualitatively colored; it, as the subjects often say, “sounds” in
different ways. On the other hand, the selection of the "energy" component
allows you to produce a kind of quantitative gradation of background
experiences. The dynamics of quality characteristics allows you to use the
internal background as one of the moments in techniques for identifying weak
and hidden signs. The quantitative side, on the other hand, allows one to
subjectively evaluate the greater or lesser energeticity, the ability to perform
certain volumes of work, etc. This characteristic is quite important in assessing
the impact of certain events, environmental characteristics and psychotechnical
techniques on the level of mobilization of the organism.

3.2. External energy background.

The experience of experiencing the somatic background as an energy

characteristic can be transferred to the plane tactile deconcentration. In this case,
there is an experience of the external background, which is a characteristic of not
only the operator’s own state, but also the external environment. The external
environment begins to be perceived as an undifferentiated whole, the external
background, into the formation of which not only clearly visible, but also weak
and hidden signs contribute. Probably, the spontaneous formation of the external
background is the basis of the sense of danger arising in extreme conditions and
contributing to more efficient survival.

The possibility of perceiving the external energy background was discovered by

G. Naumova. As is often the case, this phenomenon was the result of the literal
execution of an incorrectly understood instruction when performing an exercise
on the selection of the internal energy background.

Like the internal energy background, the external background allows to evaluate
the energy characteristics of the environment, their relationship with the same
characteristics of the internal background, and, therefore, the direction of
interaction between the organism and the environment, i.e. evaluate what
determines the dynamics of events and imposes its control over event processes
- the organism or the environment.

Subtle distinction between the fluctuations of the external energy background is

used in the most common methods of developing the perceptual abilities of
subthreshold (subsensory) stimuli. Often these techniques are confused with the
development of extrasensory perceptions. Their difference from each other is
determined by the different nature of the signs revealed in the acts of CER and
ESP. The mechanisms of subsensory perception make it possible to identify
weak signs, i.e. Signs are in principle accessible to excretion from the
environment using perceptual systems used, but not perceived either because of
insufficient sensitivity of sensory receptors, or because of the limited capacity of
the channels of transmission of perceived information, or due to the masking
action of various interferences. The act of ESW is the detection of hidden signs,
i.e. traits that, in principle, cannot be detected using existing perception systems
due to their distance, shielding, or lack of specialized receptors.

There are grounds for mixing them, however. Subjectively, the phenomenology of

CER is the same as ESP.The semantics of a feature is perceived, its place in a
more general system, but not its "syntax" - formal characteristics. In any case,
extrasensory perception is only an unfolding in the consciousness of subliminal
perception. The subliminal character of perception does not allow one to
establish the modality and the formal signs of the stimulus, since they are
dissolved in the background. Need a special procedure to extract the stimulus
from the background. But first you should master the technique of fixing the
slightest background oscillations.

3.3. The perception of weak and hidden signs (sub- and extrasensory

perceptions).

DKV, destroying the organization of the field of perception, produces a kind of

"deheshtaltizatsiyu". Weak signs emerge from the masking effects of gestalts and
can be detected both as separate elements and as part of new organizations.

The closest analogue of this phenomenon (but not a homologue!) Is the

paradoxical phase of parabiosis.According to the concept of N. E. Vvedensky,
damage to a nerve site by various agents (or weakening or damage to the body as
a whole) leads to a state of low lability, when the ability of an adequate response
to stimuli of different strengths decreases first, then, in the equalization phase,
the nerve (or the body in whole) responds equally to strong and weak
stimuli. Then comes the paradoxical phase. In this phase, the physiological
response of the body to stimuli of various strengths is distorted - a weaker
response should be given to weaker stimuli.

Deep DHQ leads to a “halt of internal dialogue” - the folding of complex

organizations of consciousness into simpler, high-entropic forms up to a uniform
background. Thus, only one object remains in the field of attention - the
background in which all differentiated features, including weak and hidden ones,
are “dissolved”. Their presence or absence affects the “sounding” of the
background, despite the fact that, with normal perception, these signs are not
recorded as separate selected stimuli. In case dKV is produced by identical
objects, their “sound” becomes the same, however, if an additional, but not
perceived in the given conditions, sign is entered into one of the outwardly
identical objects, then the “sound” changes. An example is the standard task of
identifying a magnet hidden in one of several identical-looking boxes. If the
background perceptions of the boxes before placing a magnetized iron bar in one
of them do not differ, then after this procedure one of the boxes will change its
“sound”.

The use of this phenomenon in practical tasks is possible, however, to achieve

success requires a rather complicated training system.

For the formation of real skills of perception of weak and hidden signs using dKV
techniques, it is necessary to destroy the organization of both the field of
perception, which reflects the object being studied, and the field of perception,
which is used to evaluate the presence and nature of the desired signs.The level
of dedifferentiation, the entropy of these two media should be about the same. A
sign hidden in an indefinite field should be reflected in an equally indefinite field,
but of a different modality. Only the presence of modal differences makes it
possible to reveal the trait dissolved in the general background. In fact, a weak or
hidden feature already modulates the qualitative characteristic of a homogeneous
background and its location can only be detected by a reaction of the same
indefinite but different background. And such a different background can only be
the background of the field of perception of a different modality.

The general scheme of the procedure for identifying a hidden trait can be
represented as follows:

1. Visual (or other, but with the transfer of the main characteristics of the visual)
deconcentration is produced by the field of perception, in which there are
objects, some of which contain the desired, but not detected by other methods
signs.

2. In parallel, the somatic deconcentration is formed by the operator himself

performing the detection procedure.

3. While maintaining deconcentration, the operator scans the visual field, noting
the differences in the oscillations of the “sound” of the somatic background, its
various states.

Vibrations of the somatic background only reflect the very fact of the presence of
a hidden feature. It is important to collect a stock of these background states,
learn to distinguish them and compare them with the given characteristics. This
does not mean that you can build a kind of dictionary that translates the given
features into the language of background states. It is impossible to build a table
of direct unambiguous correspondences of the elements of the list of hidden
signs "A, B, C" to the elements of the list of background states "X, Y, Z". The
background state is an integral characteristic of the entire perceptual field as an
integral unit. Each time, the same hidden trait will correspond to complexes of
oscillations of the somatic background that do not coincide with each other,
depending on the presence of many other hidden stimuli dissolved in the visual
background.
Therefore, the structural element of the technique of detecting hidden signs is not
the establishment of strong correspondences X A, Y B and Z C, but the procedure
for deploying X in A, Y in B, Z in C. The detailed deployment procedure is
described in the Introduction to Psychonetics.

3.4.Fonovoy thinking - posing the question.

The thinking of a modern person is different from the thinking of an ancient,

ancient Indian or medieval person. Moreover, it is different from the thinking of
the 18th century. From the point of view of the 20th century, there are too many
irrational and unconscious components in these types of thinking. Modern
thinking is the product of long-term cultivation and refining, which cleared it from
everything that could not be formalized, including from figurative, evaluative and
symbolic contents. As a result, thinking acquired an exclusively linearly discrete
character and by thinking now (explicitly or implicitly) only those forms that can
be formalized are understood. However, when confronted with phenomena, to
work with which there are obviously insufficiently existing mental means, it is
reasonable to think about the opposite process, the process of not
impoverishment, but the expansion of thinking.

If organized procedures are possible to translate background (unconscious,

subliminal) perceptions into a conscious "figurative" form and if additional
information is extracted from the environment that cannot be extracted by other
means, then it is natural to ask whether the projection of background processes
is possible. and figurative-background transitions to the field of thinking. In
essence, thinking is a projection of perceptual processes occurring in the central
visual field. The terms here correspond to single perceptions, definitions - acts of
gestaltisation, judgments and conclusions - complex associations of figures,
truth values - the presence, absence, uncertainty or unrecognizability of certain
visual figures, logical paradoxes - perceptual paradoxes like "impossible" figures,
etc. However, logical correspondences to the perceptual background or visual
phenomena beyond the visual field have not yet been constructed.The
perceptions and experiences of the background as a specific object, although
reflected in various theoretical constructs, are nevertheless not represented in
the thinking apparatus itself. This circumstance largely explains why, when
considering unconscious or continual areas of the psyche, concepts are often
replaced by images and metaphors, and logical reconstruction by amplification.

When we talk about thinking, it is implied that we are talking about the
transformation of certain structures into other structures according to certain
rules, and this transformation is reflected in a certain text. But the text is always
immersed in the context that allows you to unambiguously understand the text. It
is clear that the text corresponds to the sequence of acts of discrete thinking, and
the context - the background.
Background continual thinking is different from discrete thinking. The operations
of discrete thinking are horizontal transitions from one discrete to
another. Background thinking, however, does not operate with separate discrete
objects, but with the whole continual medium in which these discretes are
immersed as a single entity. This means (from the point of view of the subject)
that one state of the environment, when performing background mental
operations, passes into another without fixation in the mind (and therefore in the
sign environment) separate chains of discrete transitions, and then, if necessary,
can “fall out” "individual discrete results. This process differs from intuition in
that it takes place in the visible layers of consciousness, is controlled and
reversible.

The background is continual in nature. Due to its fundamental non-differentiation,

it reveals to a greater extent purely semantic aspects, as compared with the world
of differentiated perceptions. Usually, perception figures serve as a means of
fixing values. But the background is non-figurative, it is formally indefinite and
therefore the relationships change here — the values become a way of fixing the
background states.

3.6. Background Thinking: Differences from Discrete.

After the background becomes the only object of perception, it is likened to a

solvent environment, in which all organized perceptual figures disappear. If we
introduce new elements into the field of perception while preserving the state of
dKV, then this introduction will not be recorded as a local event, but,
nevertheless, will lead to a change in the background as the only visible segment
of reality.

But a further process is also possible - the selection from the general background
of the new, "illegally" figures penetrated into it. In this process, the selected new
figures undergo transformations: if we select them from the background, we will
receive new structures - the result of the impact of the whole on the figure
included in it. In this ability to trace the influence of the context on the elements
of the text included in it, the influence that cannot be derived from other
organized textual structures, as well as the ability to identify and present in an
organized form hidden, not represented in the explicit form before the beginning
of the background thinking feature, and consist advantages of background
thinking. Actually, the tasks of background thinking are a representation of the
context in an accessible form of awareness and the identification of hidden texts.

One consequence of the introduction of the concept of background thinking,

i.e. active and purposeful use of patterns that determine the ratio of the field of
organized discrete figures and the background, is a redefinition of the term
"state".
In discrete thinking, the state of a system means the totality of the values of its
parameters at a given moment, selected in one way or another. If the values of the
parameters match, then the states are considered identical. However, this
understanding of the state ignores the background as an integral characteristic of
any system. However, its fluctuations may not affect the values of the selected
parameters.

The intuitive difference between a category of state and a set of parameter values
is reflected in the language of many researchers. It is often said about a set of
parameters reflecting the state of the system, implying that the state is something
other than a set of discrete values.

Among the countless definitions of the term state, there is often an indication of
its integrative and background character. So, in the dictionary "Psychology" ( 21 )
we read: "Internally observed S. is an integral sense of well-being (ill-being),
comfort (discomfort) fixed in the consciousness of the subject at a certain point
in time in certain subsystems of the organism or the whole organism."

Since the background is more saturated with information that can be identified
through the procedures of background thinking, as compared with a variety of
parameters reflecting the state of the system, it is natural to mean the state of the
system as the qualitative value of its background, as a unitary resultant whole set
of both selected and unselected, and fundamentally non-distinguishable
parameters.

3.8. Deconcentrative thinking.

The transition to background thinking becomes understandable through

consideration of the independent and self-sufficient phenomenon of
deconcentrative thinking, which with respect to linear-discrete and background
thinking can be viewed as an intermediate phenomenon, in which moments of
discrete and background thinking are preserved.

Deconcentrative thinking is correlated with linear-discrete thinking in the same

way that deconcentrative perception of an object is correlated with its consistent
concentration in individual parts or features.Sequential perception implies a
transition from one part of the visual field, selected as a figure, to the next.
Deconcentration - the simultaneous perception of all parts with the possibility of
almost instantaneous selection from the field of view of a given figure. With
background perception, we are able to identify not only those figures that were
actually present in perception before the deconcentration process began, but
also those that were contained in the field of perception only potentially.

Linear-discrete thinking can be represented as a chain of successive

transformations of some initial structures into others by applying to them certain
fixed rules of these transformations. We note here that, as G. Smirnov ( 22 ) has
shown in his works , an unexplicable base for a linear-discrete thinking process
is certain objects that can be interpreted as a single link object. In our
interpretation, the background is such a communication object.

In order for linear-discrete thinking to come true, an initial list of source objects
and rules for their transformation is needed, on the basis of which the chain is
built, leading to the final result-conclusion.

Deconcentrated thinking involves the simultaneous fixation of the original

judgments and all the rules used and the instantaneous transformation of the
entire configuration into the final conclusion. The deconcentrative mental act
breaks down into four phases:

 exposure - an act of initial deconcentration on all initial structures

(judgments and rules);
 de-explication, dissolution in the background of discrete rules;
 the conversion of discrete judgments in accordance with de-explicated
rules - now the transformations are not made in accordance with the set of
rules, but in accordance with a single background-rule and must contain
elements linking the judgments with this single "rule";
 conversion of the initial situation to the final output.

Consider the work of deconcentrative thinking on the example of solving logical

problems. A group of subjects who mastered the techniques of deconcentration
and managed to transfer these techniques to the field of thinking, was offered a
simple task, borrowed from the book of Raymond M. Smillian "Princess or Tiger"
( 23 ).

In the three rooms are placed the princess and two tigers, and each can be either
a princess or one tiger. A sign with an inscription is hanging on the door of each
room. The sign on the door, behind which the princess is located, tells the truth,
of the two other inscriptions, behind which are tigers, at least one is
erroneous. The plates have the following form. 1st room: "the tiger is sitting in
room 2"; 2nd room: "the tiger is sitting in this room"; 3rd room: "the tiger is
sitting in room 1." Need to know where the princess is.

Here, the initial statements are the inscriptions on the tablets. Explicit rules:

 "a sign on the door with the princess tells the truth";
 "of the other two inscriptions, at least one is erroneous."

The sequence of linear discrete judgments ( 24 ):

1. "Since the sign on the door of the room where the princess is located, tells
us the truth, it means that the princess cannot be in room 2."
 2. "If she were in room 3, then all three original statements would be true,
which would contradict the conditions of the problem, according to which
at least one of the three statements given should be false."
3. "Therefore, the princess is in room 1."

We now give a typical self-report on solving a problem using deconcentrative

mental acts (this is not about logic, but about the internal phenomenology of
deconcentrative thinking):

"Attention is distributed to all three statements and they are simultaneously held
in the field of attention with their values.

Explicated rules are dissolved in the background and the background acquires a
certain quality corresponding to the set of rules, and the whole system of
statements enters a certain state.

The truth or falsity of an assertion is encoded by the state of the local

background from which the text of the plates is highlighted — by the bright glow
of the plate when the inscription is true on it, and the false by its gray color, and
the desired princess is red.

Glow plates overlap each other simultaneously in all possible

combinations. Feeling of internal discomfort.

Suddenly, only one set of glows is perceived, perceived as comfortable,

contradictory glows are eliminated and a stable picture is established: the 1st and
2nd plates are lit (true), while the 1st plate is also lit up with red light. "

The descriptions of the act of the resulting deconcentrative thinking are quite
variable, from specific images to very vague metaphorical descriptions. A
common key to the descriptions is relief from the final transformation of the
picture and confidence in the truth of the solution that has arisen. This raises the
question of guarantees of truth of the solution obtained in this way.

Strictly speaking, the truth of a judgment is not verified by conforming to reality,

but by conforming to the rules of inference. And in the case of deconcentrative
thinking, the truth must consist in combining the verified conformity with the
rules and the subjective discretion of the truth of the decision. The correctness of
the decision is confirmed by the same directly experienced sense of the truth of
the decision as after the execution of linear-discrete acts, and it is no more
irrational. The question is only in recognition of the legitimacy of one or another
immediate discretion. If the background is represented in the language in the
same way as differentiated discrete structures, then the appeal to the
“background discretions” is just as fair as to the direct discretions of the
correspondence of the conclusions to the basic laws of logic. But in order for the
direct background discretions to be accepted as equally legitimate as the direct
discrete discretions, it is necessary to introduce the corresponding correlates
into the logical apparatus.

From concrete self-reports we must extract some general rule for the
performance of deconcentrative mental acts. This rule is inevitably empirical,
since deconcentrative logic has not yet acquired its own formalized
apparatus. However, this rule is abstract and receives a specific content (like the
one above) depending on the individual characteristics of the operator. In
general, it sounds like this:

 The parcels are lined up on a flat field and, at the same time, the texts and
their contents are fixed in the consciousness (preliminary DHQ).
 Static relations are established between the premises, experienced as
stresses in the semantic field.
 Stresses are translated into the background and the background is fixed by
attention according to the criterion of tension.
 A parallel imaginative empty field without stresses is formed, which is fixed
by attention along with the previous field (dKV expansion).
 A line connecting them is formed between the fields and in the dKV state
the voltage drop from the first configuration to zero is fixed.
 The kaleidoscope principle is applied: the formal-semantic configuration is
transformed into a new one along the line of stress relief.
 New configuration in the imaginative field is a solution to the problem.

It is clear that the above rule is not logical. It is a prescription to the operator
performing the act of dQV thinking.

From the point of view of deconcentrative thinking, any task is a partially

explicated situation, parts of which are dissolved in the background. In ordinary
logic, the task is posed of recovering it from the background parts of the
situation, using the set of discrete operations. The task of deconcentrative logic
is to extract the whole situation from the background completely and all at once.

Here, deconcentrative logic takes a step backward in relation to the ordinary. If

ordinary logic creates text describing the text and solves the problem in duplicate
text, making the conclusion with respect to the source text the same, then the
dKV-logic returns from the text description to the source text. It remains to take a
step from the text describing reality to reality itself. This step makes background
thinking, which, if it does not overcome the image of reality, then overcomes the
filter, which cuts off the background components of the image, and approaches
reality even more.

We touch the implicit pathos of the DHW. The DQC is the initial means of
organizing the counterprocess in two contexts: in the context of the circulation of
the main organismic process (OOP) (see "Introduction to Psychonetics") and in
the context of overcoming the image. This theme - overcoming the image
gradually becomes dominant in modern intellectual search. Not dominant in the
sense of prevalence, but in the sense of the importance of this topic. This theme
is the main dominant of the works of Castaneda. It is noteworthy that the initial
psychotechnics, described by him as an introduction to his philosophical field,
has much in common with the DHW technique presented by us.

3.9. Conceptional equivalents of perceptual background.

What, in fact, is “seen” in the course of concentrative linear-discrete, and in the

course of deconcentrative mental acts? In either case, the presence or absence
of a mismatch between the meaning of the text and the context in which it is
immersed, between the values of discrete structures and the general state of the
system, understood in the sense in which the term state was discussed above, is
subject to direct discretion. It is to this state that the corresponding conceptual
and then the logical equivalent must be found.

This conceptual equivalent is built in the above-mentioned works of G. Smirnov

( 25 ). The logic of his reasoning is as follows. The condition for the theoretical
reconstruction of a holistic object and any conceivable unity is the introduction
of a special construct - a single object that can only be specified by means of a
circular procedure for mutually determining its properties. A single object is
implicitly assumed to underlie the construction of any set conceivable as a
unity. A single object that unites elements that are independent of each other into
a whole is called a link object. The link object defines space as the sum of the
places in which the elements of the set are located.

The diversity of the elements of a set becomes an aggregate, being placed in

space as a sum of places. The aggregate is divided into elements. The element of
the aggregate is that which occupies a definite place in the space of symbols and
is characterized by that certainty, the kind that the symbol possesses. Space as a
sum of places is whereby objects are united into unity, the type of symbols is
what they are. A complete set is an object that includes both the sum of the
places and the variety of the original objects.

In mathematics, not a complete set is considered as a set, but only a set is a

partial set. The sum of the places — the link object — is not included in the
set. Due to the fact that the amount of seats is not considered as a separate
component, the apparatus of its reliance is not developed. The sum of the places
is like a background in relation to the set. However, this background
predetermines the layout of the set as a partial population. As soon as the system
of places becomes revealed, described in discrete symbols, it loses its quality
and becomes one of the elements of the set. In set theory that ignores a system
of places, the background of a set, any two sets containing the same initial
variety of objects, are considered equal.However, the introduction of a
conceptual analogue of the background makes it possible to distinguish between
the complete sets, which coincide in the list of elements, but differ in the system
of places. These differences in place systems can be considered as analogs of
different background states.

Thus, G.Smirnov introduced the conceptual equivalent of the background and its
state. It remains to enter its logical equivalent. Immediately the first difficulty
arises: this equivalent allows only a nomination operation over itself. This means
that all sets of possible values of discrete components of the system and a
continuum of names of background states should be named. The matching
feeling then corresponds to the coincidence of the name of the set of these
values and the name of the directly perceived background state.

3.10. Background thinking mechanics.

If deconcentrative mental acts are performed as operations with both discrete

and background, then background thinking is based only on operations with
background. Background thinking begins with the dissolution in the background
of all the original statements, all the contextual interpretations of these
statements, and all relevant and potential rules.

We cannot describe the background, its various states and differences from other
background objects by the list of discrete features. We can give them only the
names containing all the characteristics of the background and the discretes
dissolved in them, produce an act of nomination. Moreover, due to the fact that
these names can not be characterized by any list of signs, and therefore no
judgments can be made in relation to them, ordinary logical operations are not
applicable to them.

Just as the base of linear-discrete thinking is a linear concentration perceptual

process, the base of background thinking is deep dKB with the complete
transformation of the original list of objects, statements and rules into a uniform
background. However, the background is already present before the process
begins. This is the logical context in which background operations take place. It
is in this background-context that the initial data "dissolve". Thereby, the name of
the original background is transformed into a new one, determined by the
“dissolved” discretes. This operation can be called a transnomination
operation. The need for it appears only in the formation of background thinking,
since for deconcentrative thinking there were enough operations of nomination
and comparison of the names of the discrete-multiple and background
components of the system.

The transnomination is performed on the background a given number of times

and, as a result, we get a new name for the background from which new resultant
samples can be extracted.

Let's try to imagine what the background thinking looks like from the position of
an observer who does not own it. This is not about building a formalized
procedure that allows you to calculate the results of transnominations, but about
the representation.

Imagine the simplest system S, consisting in relation to the analysis procedure A

of two elements - p and q.Each of them can be in states 1 and 0. Thus, with
respect to procedure A, the system can be in four states: {11}; {ten}; {01}; {00}.

Consider your actions regarding the system. So, we have a system S, which

seems to be an undifferentiated integral unit before the analytical
procedure. Application of the analysis procedure A turns S into a set of two
elements p and q (Fig.3.10.1.).

But this also results in a background from which p and q are selected. {p, q} is a
discrete system and can be in four states. Let's make a nomination of states: we
give the name red in the state {p (1), q (1)}, lilac - {p (1), q (0)}, violet - {p (0), q (1)}
and blue - {p (0), q (0)}. The background state corresponds to the state of the
system as a whole (Fig. 3.10.2.). If these values are (11), then the background is
red, (10) is purple, etc.

"Dissolve" q with a value of 1 in the background. The composition of the

background includes a new element and the background should change. But
which way? He will not be able to accept the names of purple, violet and blue,
since they correspond to those values of p and q, which are not present
now. This means that background transnomination should occur.

What color can it be? The figure shows: the more units in the value of {p, q}, the
"redder" the system. This means that the sign (1) has the "redness property"
compared to (0). From this it follows that the “dissolution” (1) in the background
enhances its “redness”. Considering the orderliness of color names, we conclude
that the natural shift beyond red within the “dissolving” q (1) will be a red-orange
color.

We now consider weaker signs than (1) and (0) - signs of p and q. These discretes
take the values 1 and 0, but they themselves do not possess these
values. However, in relation to the background of his “name”, they have a
definite, although weaker relationship than their meanings. Let's continue our
figurative "reasoning".

State names are ordered by color scale from red (11) to blue (00). Intermediate
values (10) and (01) correspond to intermediate colors - purple and
violet. Moreover, 10 (lilac) is closer to red than 01. Thus, p, by its nature, has
additional “red” compared to more “blue” q, although these differences are not
detected by the analytical procedure. This means that if the dissolution in the
background q moves the background to a redder (i.e., red-orange) side than the
state of the system, then dissolving p in the value of 1 would cause an even
greater shift in the name of the background — it would turn orange.
Now let the "dissolved" q change its value by 0. This means that the system has
passed to the state {10}, but this does not affect the observed state of the
discrete - p retains the value (1), i.e. in terms of "background name", it remains
red. But the background changes, reflecting the new state of the system - purple,
and the background itself shifts to a more "blue" side due to the more "blue"
nature of q, i.e., it becomes purple. If q stands out from the background, then this
leads to a coordination of the state of the system and its background - and the
system and the background become purple (Fig. 3.10.5.).

We conducted some "reasoning". However, it is not evidence, because it is not

guided by logical, but figurative thinking and metaphorical
associations. However, it is convincing. There is a direct perception of the
metaphor in it.

But other, equally convincing, figurative and metaphorical "reasoning" are also
possible. Each of them sets its own type of rules for dealing with the background
and can serve as the beginning of constructing background thinking and the
associated reflection of background thinking in the sign environment.However,
the same thing happened in the development of the formal apparatus of modern
logic: someone first defined a certain form of logical inference, someone
specified the record forms, someone specified the canonical sequence of
presentation of logic.

Let's continue our figurative and metaphorical "reasoning", starting from the
previous one. Suppose now that with the presence of a selected discrete
background has changed outside the scale "red - blue". This means that in the
background there are “dissolved” discretes that have a nature different from the
nature of the “red - blue” scale, and procedure A did not reveal them. The
recognition of "dissolved" discretes depends on the presence of names located
in other color dimensions in the list of known discrete states of other
systems. Thus, the transnomination refers us to three lists: a list of other
systems, a list of discretes, and a continuum of names of the states of these
systems. If the corresponding names are found, we can recognize the hidden
discrete and its meaning.

If the corresponding name is not in the list, then we refer to the entire namespace,
in our case, the entire color space. (We are talking about space, not about a set of
names, because names are taken not from the list of discretes, but from the color
continuum.) Finding the new name of the background revealed by us, we build a
new discrete and its values that correspond to this name.

Now suppose that the background changes within the red-blue scale, but outside
the list of predefined background names. This means that a hidden discrete
dissolved in the background, not detected by procedure A, has the same nature
as p and q, i.e. extracted from the same continuum scale as p and q, and can take
the same values 1 and 0.
Detailed development of the problems of background thinking is not the topic of
this work, and we confine ourselves only to the above mentioned brief mention of
this topic.

Thus, a transnomination, as applied to a case that has been disassembled, can be

thought of as an operation in a given namespace, in particular, in the cases of
"color names" that have been disassembled.The appearance of a new "color
name" makes it possible to build a "line" between the former name and the new
one. Thus, we get a new continuum of names. Expanding names into structures
is a psychonetic operation. However, the simplest case, like the one that has
been parsed, is also available at the prepsychonic level. In the simplest cases,
they give the impression of banal correspondences; however, the
multidimensional and potentially infinite-dimensional nature of color spaces very
quickly brings background thinking to tasks that are not solvable by linear-
discrete thinking methods and the corresponding ordinary logic.

From a psychological point of view, a transnomination operation can be carried

out only if the background perception is preserved as the only state, self-control
and motion control of the background (and, therefore, its names) directly from the
side of will. This is a complex technique that should be classified as psychonetic.

3.11. Background thinking: revealing the implicit contents of theoretical

constructs and background analytics

We have analyzed how the “dissolving” operation is possible in the background

of a discrete structure. If we transfer this reasoning to the area of constructing
theories, and generally logically organized texts, then we can imagine how
deexplication of one or another explicitly expressed foundation of the theory is
possible. Practical and theoretical interest is also reversed — revealing the
implicit provisions of a particular concept or theory, especially in cases where, as
the theory develops, new figures appear in it that are implicitly contained in
earlier provisions.

The hidden provisions of the theory are "dissolved" in the background. What is

the background for the theory developer? Obviously, this is the developer’s
consciousness environment in which mental, paramindic, imaginative, intuitive
and other operations are carried out. Part of the contents of the future theory is
implicitly contained in the mind and predetermines the form into which the first
principles of the theory are cast, experiments are formulated, etc. If we call these
contents unconscious, it will not expand our ability to deeply understand the
theory and use it, but having said that the contents are dissolved in the
background, and comparing the explication with the “falling out” of hidden
figures from the background, we will get certain operations applicable to specific
tasks. .
But this task is purely psychological and the need for it is very
doubtful. Apparently the volume of publications devoted to the problem of
creativity, unconscious (as stated in most of them), or background (as we would
say) content are an integral component of the creative act and their premature
explication can only slow down or paralyze the creation of a new product.

It is a different matter when it comes to identifying background elements in the

text, that is, in a sign system sufficiently detached from the author. The
identification of background contextual components would be of practical value,
especially since these objectively contained background contents in the text are
far from being always identified by the creators of theoretical products for
various subjective reasons.

As soon as the concept of a background is given an operational meaning, there is

a temptation to build a theory that assimilates other psychological theories. In
this case, most other theories are reinterpreted in terms of the "dissolution"
processes of organized figures in the background and the selection of figures
from a uniform background. At least all theories that use the concept of the
unconscious lend themselves to such assimilation, as well as the theory of the
formation of automated skills. The unconscious is interpreted as a background,
and the collective unconscious as a semantic continuum.

Background analytics can be a direct application of developing the principles of

background thinking.

The assessment of the current state of the system and the forecast of the
dynamics of the procedural systems are carried out through two fundamentally
different procedures: a causal analysis and expert evaluation. The expert
assessment is essentially an element of background analytics. Indeed, the expert
bases his conclusion on the basis of an exhaustive knowledge of the system and
the resulting direct discretion of the state of the system and its potencies.Expert
judgment is irrational, although it can be confirmed by ordinary analytical
procedures. What does the expert feel when evaluating the dynamics of the
system? Of course, he does not keep in memory all the values of her many
parameters. It holds a certain result.

However, expert knowledge can also be given a rational character, if it is

expressed in categories of background thinking. Expert knowledge appears as a
result of a rational interpretation of the background state of the system. Rational
interpretation implies the construction of a sign system common to a certain
group of people. Messages built on this system by the sender are unambiguously
decrypted by the recipient.

A standard analysis that identifies functional dependencies between discrete

parameters and conditions for the implementation of various scenarios is quite
effective for predicting the next step, but efficiency is lost in the long-term
forecast and becomes extremely low when trying to identify hidden (with respect
to the analytical procedure) parameters affecting development and system
operation. An expert is often able to give a real forecast, contrary to standard
results.

On the other hand, the expert assessment is not accurate enough in the
details. The percentage of errors in rational analytics and expert assessments is
about the same, but concerns different aspects of the processes being
analyzed. Therefore, the combination of two principles allows to achieve stronger
and more reliable results.

3.12. Background exposure.

If background analysis is possible and the selection of weak signs from the
background, then are background influences on the system possible? It is
obvious that the background effect should be interpreted as the effect on the
background of the system, bypassing its discrete structures. The structure (ie, an
ordered set of figures) and the background are relative concepts. In any system
there are certain procedures for the identification of "their" belonging to the
system, and "alien", not belonging to it, discretes. If through such an intrasystem
procedure something cannot be recognized either as “own” or as “alien”
discrete, this means that this discrete simply does not exist for the system and
merges into its background as a hidden (latent) attribute. However, its dissolution
in the background leads to the transnomination of the background and its
mismatch with the "discrete name" of the system.Thus, the discrete component
of the system is forced to shift towards the new "name". Such, in its most general
form, is the mechanism of the hidden influence on the system. Actually, this is
the reason for the high efficiency of Ericksonian hypnosis and the manipulative
effects of neuro-linguistic programming.

The identification of the hidden impact cannot be made within the system by
means of linear-discrete thinking and its technical and procedural projections,
since the new discretes introduced into the system are not recognized as
such. The illusion of a spontaneous or arbitrary transition of the system to a new
state is created. Such a latent impact on the system can be identified only
through deconcentration and background procedures, in particular, by identifying
a leading change in the background of the system compared to its discrete
component.

Chapter 4. Deconcentrative Activity.

4.1. Convert dKV-perceptions into dKV-action.

Until now, dKV was considered by us as a perceptual control technique. But

deconcentration can be interpreted not only as a passive perception, but also as
a specially organized action. In this case, the DHQ is transferred from the
perceptual space into the activity space - motor, intellectual, creative. At the same
time, analogues of both the initial dKV technique and its expanded consequences
— experiences of perceptual and energetic background should be found. In this
case, we will deal with the background of the activity - the background-intention,
the background-volitional impulse.

Just as the key point in perceptual dKV is the formation of background

perception, in dKV-action “background goal-setting” becomes the central
point. Background goal setting is the bridge that connects the activity of a
volitional impulse and the reactivity of the result of its implementation.

The structure of the action is determined by the planned result. The result is

given to us as a kind of singularity as opposed to an action divided into many
private actions. The usual planning of actions aimed at achieving a result is a
procedure of reversing in time a unitary result into a system of discrete
prescriptions and operations carried out on their basis. In dKV-planning, the
singularity of the result is transferred to the background component of a
complex, divided into a number of individual acts, actions.

Consider the situation in more detail. The strong impulse is given to us as an

undifferentiated activity, the definiteness of which is given by its semantic
component. However, when it unfolds into a plan of action, it is given to us as a
perception. The application of the DHQ procedure to the action plan allows the
selection of the background component of this plan. From this moment on, the
background becomes the factor governing the implementation of the action
beyond the appeal to the discrete components of the plan. The background
acquires the quality of activity and the individual components of the action for the
consciousness of the actor are dissolved in this background. A similar process
occurs during the formation of any complex skill (driving a bicycle or car, typing
on a keyboard, etc.). The difference of this process from the result of the use of
dKV is only in one thing: a complex action, controlled by the background
component of the action plan, does not require multiple repetition and reflection
of individual components. It is carried out immediately without prior training. But,
of course, this becomes possible only if there is a well-developed skill of dKV.

4.2. Deconcentration of movements.

Usually, our movements are coherent integral motor patterns, and their division
into many unrelated elements leads to the formation of as much chaos-rich chaos
as the preceptive dKV.

The movements made by man can become the subject of the DCW in three ways.

First, a movement that is difficult to organize in time can be dissected into

unrelated elementary movements. This type of dKV is reduced to the transfer of
the principles of audio-dKV to the space of movements and the subsequent
application of the kaleidoscope principle (see the chapter “The Kaleidoscope
Principle”) to the sequence of movements. The movements begin to unite only by
a thin slice of time, into which they fell. The elementary movement of a particular
part of the body, which has fallen into the next cut, does not in any way result
from the previous one. Thus, dKV destroys motor stereotypes and makes it
possible to build a new, time-deployed configuration without resorting to lengthy
workouts aimed at forming a new stereotype.

Secondly, dKV makes it possible to separate movements that are simultaneous,

but carried out by different parts of the body, destroying the connections
between them. An idea of the complexity of such an action can be obtained by
repeating at first complex movements (for example, dance) of a partner, and then
trying to reproduce the movements of different parts of the body of two or three
partners performing various movements. In a complex movement performed by
one person, single movements are linked together in a single pattern. The
movements snatched from various patterns do not constitute integrity, and
therefore an attempt to simultaneously perform them only disrupts the movement
as a whole. Perceptual DKV, which includes partners whose movements are
imitated, destroys both its own and imitated patterns. A new set of movements
generates a new kinesthetic background, which assumes the functions of the
controlling factor.

Thirdly, finally, dKV can be produced by the field of possible movements. This is

the most complex form of active DHQ. You can get an idea of it based on the
experience described below, in Chapter 6 of dKV, which includes all possible
gestalts of the same perceptual field, that is, dKV, which forms total
attention. DQVs in the field of possible movements destroy not separate
stereotypes, but the stereotype as such, creating free unorganized space of
movements, in which you can build any complex combination of movements
without resorting to special learning.

Destroying familiar connections, dKV of movements creates the possibility of the

formation of completely new patterns of movements, both adequately reflecting
the state of the environment, and completely unrelated to it. In order to present
their practical use, it suffices to recall examples from the texts of Zen mentors
given in section 2.12.

4.3. Deconcentration of intellectual activity.

The experience of dKV in the entire scope of possible movements can be

transferred to difficult organized activities. Simultaneous performance of several
works is connected with total dKV in all fields of perception. Attention can be
simultaneously directed to several thought streams, the production of images,
the perception of information through different channels, etc. But in order to
successfully accomplish this task, the dimension of mental space must be
increased in comparison with the usual one. Thus, mental chains going in
different directions should be perceived as occupying different areas of mental
space, but this means a transition from a one-dimensional linear process to a
two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc.By constructing and stabilizing such a
space, it is possible to initiate simultaneously running but multidirectional
processes in it. But then the result of such a process itself acquires the quality of
multidimensionality, just as a line appears between two points and a plane
between three points. There are not point, but volumetric and multidimensional
meanings. Implicit connections arise between various thought and imaginary
chains, allowing to obtain new products that are not provided in advance.

The methods of forming multi-dimensional intellectual processes are in many

ways similar to the methods of forming dKV movements. Simultaneous mental
acts belonging to different mental chains can be connected with each other not
by a sequence of bases and conclusions, but by the time slice into which they
fall. If the formation of such a multi-dimensional process is considered as a
conditional learning task, we get nothing more than an entertaining intellectual
analogue of a kaleidoscope. But if this process is applied to a real object, we can
get, as a result, a simultaneous description or simultaneous analysis of various,
including unrelated or mutually exclusive aspects of the object. In this case, we
are actually creating a way of describing a phenomenon called CG Jung acausal
synchronistic dependence, i.e. the obvious interdependence of phenomena that
are not interconnected by any cause-and-effect relationship, but united by the
point in time at which they took place. If such different mental chains are
normalized by the number of individual acts, then individual time slices make it
possible to isolate the interconnection and interdependence of various aspects of
the existence of the object being described or analyzed, which are identified
during research procedures based on the usual causal approach.

Similarly, multidimensional thinking is built, aimed not at one object, but at a

collection of various objects and phenomena that are not explicitly
interconnected. The result is a description method and synchro analysis tool.

Another method is the transfer of attention to the background, which unites

simultaneous, but belonging to different chains, acts. Such a background
concentrates semantic energies in itself as opposed to the syntax of formal
acts. The background becomes the source of the multidimensional thinking
process. As a result, we get the background thinking described above.

And, finally, a simultaneous analysis of real and possible trajectories of

development of various situations.Tracking the entire volume of the actualized
and the possible provides a good basis for building analytical continuums that
can replace a deliberately incomplete list of scenarios of possible events. In this
case, one can speak of multidimensional intellectual processes as the basis of
deconcentration analytics (see 3.11. About background analytics).

4.4. Formation of multidimensional (vector) mental functions.

The treatment of mental functions, introduced by CG Jung, did not go beyond the
limits of analytical psychology and its derivatives. However, for us it is interesting
as a tool for describing how new mental realities can be formed.

In the twentieth century, there was an implicit way to work with the psyche, often
disguised as theoretical constructs. Of all the diversity of the psychic, a certain
key organization stands out, the importance of which for the organization of
mental life is dramatically exaggerated in comparison with other components and
which becomes the "center of crystallization" manifested and accessible to the
awareness of the mental structure. This structure, of course, does not exhaust all
the diversity of the psyche. It’s just that all others that were not included in the
theoretical scheme and were not revealed with the help of legitimate (for a given
theory) experimental procedures, mental contents go into a “theoretical
background” from which analytical procedures consistently extract all new
formations that become the peripheral part of the theory and its practical
applications. . It depends on the power of analytical procedures how deep the
expansion of the initial core of the psychological concept will be, generating new
organization of the psyche.

Recall the Jung scheme ( 26 ). In the psyche, there are four psychic mechanisms
that are not reducible to each other - functions (strictly speaking, five, if a
transcendental function is introduced into consideration, responsible for the
formation of symbols from unconscious material and the individuation process;
Jung himself sometimes considers it not as the main, but complex, i.e.,
composed of other functions). These functions form two scales: rational, the
poles of which are thinking and feeling and the irrational — sensation and
intuition. Functions belonging to different scales can be combined, but within one
scale they are in additionality relations - the more developed one pole of the
scale, the more primitive and archaic the other.

At any given moment, one kind of pole dominates the consciousness. However,

active dKV allows simultaneous processing of the contents entering the
consciousness using various, including incompatible mechanisms. DKV appears
in this case in its destructive incarnation, breaking the scale in the same way that
applying DQV to the visual field destroys any visual gestalt. The techniques
leading to this result are similar to the techniques for constructing
multidimensional thought chains. The peculiarity here is that dKV is not applied
to the results of a particular function, but to the mechanism itself, which
generates the results. A complex multidimensional (four-dimensional in the limit)
function also generates a complex product with non-trivial coordination of its
various sides.

In logic, a similar result was obtained in the works of K.I.Bakhtiyarov, where he

shows that identifying truth (that is, the result of the thinking function) and
evaluating it (ie, the result of the sensation function) leads to logical paradoxes,
in particular , to paradoxes like "liar paradox". The resolution of the paradox is in
the use of logical vectors that separate two aspects of the same concept. In
particular, they introduce such vectors, built into the cyclical structure of the
acceptance of new knowledge: "rejected false", "rejected truth", "accepted truth",
"accepted false" ( 27 ).

In this case, we see the logical equivalent of multidimensional mental function.

4.5. Deconcentration, decomposition and transformation.

DQC is a procedure performed in a mental environment. In the technical

environment, it corresponds to the decomposition operation of a real technical
system. Just as the DQC leads to the rupture of local connections between
discrete figures of the field of perception, decomposition breaks the connections
between elements of the system. After that, the technical system turns into an
unsystematic pile of components and its restoration means a new construction of
the system.

In contrast, dKV is reversible. Integrity and identity of the mental system are

preserved during the DHQ and after the operation. The reason for the different
fate of the technical and mental systems is that dKV in its limit turns the
perceptual field discretes into a uniform background, and the technical system is
devoid of an analogue of the background. Recall the work of G.Smirnov. The
"system of places" in the mental system relies along with perceptual fields and
other mental contents. In the technical system, there is no direct laying - the
“system of places” is contained in the mind of the operator who is building or
operating the system. Until now, this incompleteness of the technical system was
its integral part due to the fact that in the sign systems used to organize and
control the process of building systems, there was no correspondence to the
background or the “system of places”. But these correspondences were absent
because they were not explicated in human thinking. It is not difficult to predict
that the introduction of DHQ into the technological revolution will make it
possible to restore the fullness of not only explicit forms of thinking, but
technical systems.

4.6.Psychonetics and deconcentration.

Psychonetics is a technological discipline that uses to solve the tasks, special

properties of the psyche, inherent only in mental systems. A detailed, albeit
extremely concise, presentation of the concept of psychonetics and some of its
technologies can be found in the monograph “Post-Information Technologies: An
Introduction to Psychonetics” ( 28 ).

However, the main claim of psychonetics in the form in which it now exists is the
formation of special languages in which the filtering function of messages
coming from the external world into consciousness and vice versa is sharply
weakened or purposefully formed.
Filtering messages is determined by the discrete-linear structure of the language,
which cuts off those components of messages that do not find a match in the set
of discrete components (names, concepts and terms) and the rules for their
transformations.

If we want to translate into the area of practical control actions meanings, the
essence of which is not reflected in the syntax of the language, then we must
build a special language. The basic elements of such a language will not be fixed
names and the rules for their transformation, but procedures for unfolding pure
meanings into sensually manifested forms of different modalities and different
levels of differentiation.Another procedure is the transformation of forms of a
particular modality into forms of other modalities and levels of differentiation.

To solve this problem, psychonetics uses the mechanisms of synesthesia and

wider mechanisms for transforming deep perceptual universals into concrete
visible forms.

Deconcentration is the initial link in psychonetic work, later generating the whole
family of psychonetic psychotechnics. This is due to the fact that the key moment
of psychonetic technologies is the separation of the formal and semantic
components of the world of organized forms. DKV is used as a tool for such
separation. As noted above, the planar DKV desemantizes the field of perception,
freeing semantic energy for further autonomous use.

One of the main principles of the formation of psychonetic languages is the

consistent transformation of the basic phenomena of perception into linguistic
forms with the construction of correspondences in the sign environment. It is the
DKV that allows you to enter the perceptual background in the number of
considered phenomena along with the figurative world. In this case, the figures
turn into a means of describing single objects, the background becomes a means
of describing the environments in which the objects are included and from which
they are formed.

Both deconcentrative and background thinking are products of psychonetic

work. They give rise to a completely new world of mental realities, their
respective languages and special technologies created on the basis of these
languages. As a matter of fact, everything that we have disassembled in the
chapters concerning background thinking and the construction of new mental
realities falls within the competence of psychonetics.

Chapter 5. Deconcentration and Volumetric Consciousness.

5.1. Point of view, plane of view and volume of view.

Point of view is a metaphor of a concentration process. The point of view means

the selection from a holistic situation of one of its fragments or aspects as a
leading one. The point of view distorts reality in the same way as the direct
perspective in painting distorts it, correlating the perception of reality with the
state, position or situational role of the subject. The concentration approach
leads to a sharp exaggeration of the value of the object of concentration.

Metaphors dKV other. Planar dKV corresponds to the projection of all fragments

and aspects of the situation on the "flat screen" of uniform perception along the
entire hierarchical axis - from the perceptual field to the field of ideological or
axiological structures - and the equalization of their values. This is a projection of
the postmodern approach. All aspects and points of view are perceived as equal
and equal.But the plane of view also distorts reality, as well as point of
view . There is still a correlation between the perception of reality and the state
(egocentric or "postmodern") of the perceiving subject.

The metaphor of voluminous DHQ is the perception of all aspects of the situation
as they really are. Bulk dKV means overcoming a promising approach, when the
“near” is perceived as “larger” than the “far”.However, in order for a full DKV to
be fully implemented, it is necessary to turn the observing authority into the
volume itself. Such a transformation cannot be carried out by relating the
observing instance (as the passive aspect of the “I”) to the visual, tactile or
audio-perceptual spaces, because here the limitations of the apparatus of visual
or auditory perception come into play. But it becomes possible in imaginative
space.

We can distinguish at least two psychotechnical lines of turning an observer from

point to volume. One of them is described in numerous popular concentration
manuals. The student is invited to look at any three-dimensional body, for
example, a matchbox, to present simultaneously not only one face, but also two
adjacent to it. Moreover, to present not only in lateral projections, but as if the
visual axis were simultaneously perpendicular to their mutually perpendicular
surfaces. Then the student gradually moves to the simultaneous presentation of
all six faces, i.e. as if it turns its imaginary eye into the surface covering the entire
box.

This usually causes great difficulty. In this case, the student is invited to present
two small luminous circles directly in front of him and begin to move one of them
around the head, keeping the other in the same place. Here it is important to
overcome the barrier that arises when placing the first circle on the axis
perpendicular to the location of the second. It is necessary to “see” the moving
circle not projected onto the front field of view, but located in a plane
perpendicular to that in which the fixed circle remained. Then the circle moves
further, to a position that is rotated 180 degrees with respect to the original one,
moreover, so that it is not again projected onto the front field of view, but would
move to the position from behind. If this succeeds, suddenly there is an
experience of stretching into the ring from the original point of view, turning the
visual axis into a plane. After that, it is already easy to simultaneously present
four circles in front, behind, above and below with respect to the observation
point.

The skill gained in this exercise is easily transferred to the box from the inside
with the simultaneous presentation of all of its six faces, after which the
transition to external perception when the point of perception turns into a sphere
placed inside the box is no longer difficult.

But we have not yet received a voluminous presentation. Volumetric it becomes

only when combining these two ideas - inside and outside. Needless to say, an
explicit or implicit prerequisite for the success of this procedure is a volume DHQ
in an imaging field.

The second line is based on a more complex maneuver. Volumetric perception of

the body as an actual fact given to us during somatic dKV. All inner body
sensations are given in volume and it remains only to “tie” the visual modality to
somatic experiences. For this, it is necessary in the process of dKV-
dedifferentiation to bring polymodal dKV to the level when intermodal perceptual
differences are lost. In this case, when returning to the level of the somatic
volumetric dKV, it is necessary to layered on the dKV redifferentiation process
synesthetic mechanisms that translate the somatic sensations into their visual
equivalents. It is clear that the volumetric visual space obtained in this way is not
perceptual, but imaginative, which is necessary for constructing the spatial
metaphor of the volume consciousness. This subtle psychonetic operation
requires, of course, complete control over the processes of attention and eidetic
transformation of images.

5.2. Deconcentration in time: lasting present.

The original Deconcentration technique is related to the spatial distribution of

attention, since memory processes are not included in the initial techniques. But
Deconcentration is easily transferred to processes that have a duration. Then the
duration itself becomes an analogue of the space in which the events are
located. But events are arranged not as memories in memory, but as actual
perceptions in the present. The beginning and the end of the process subjected
to Deconcentration become subjectively simultaneous. A close analogue of this
is the phenomenon of retroactive disguise, when the subsequent event causes a
change in the previous perception.

Regular speech and its understanding also give us examples of how a

subsequent event in time changes the perception of the previous one. Starting a
phrase, we, as a rule, do not yet specify in what meaning the first words are
used. Hearing the phrase beginning with the word "Is", we still do not know the
meaning of this word and only the continuation of the phrase, separated from "is"
by a certain time interval, gives it this value - "I have a spoon and a fork", "There
is, comrade comrade" or "I want to eat." The word "is" here exists only in the
context of a phrase expanded into a duration. This means that all components of
the phrase coexist within the framework of the actual present . Unlike the logical
constructions of the present , its real perception is not an instant, but has a
certain “thickness”, a certain “volume”, corresponding to the duration of a
phrase, perceived as a whole. This natural "volume" can be significantly
expanded with the help of special psychotechnics.

Deconcentration in terms of its pure duration , containing a series of events, 

chronodecence , is difficult to accomplish in the same manner as visual, audio, or
somatic deconcentration. The "organ of perception of time" itself is not
sufficiently differentiated and makes it possible to estimate only the ratio
of durations and the sequence of prisoners in the duration of events. At the same
time, events must first be “dissolved” in a duration understood as a background,
which means that the duration of the original should serve as the initial object of
the Deconcentration. Only after Deconcentration has become sustainable for its
pure duration, can one or other events that form the content of the actual present
can be entered as objects into it. The "thickness" of this present corresponds to
the duration over which Deconcentration has spread.

From this reasoning follows the chrono- Deconcentration technique. First you

need to choose the process proceeding in the consciousness, which would allow
to highlight the experience of duration in its pure form. In our practice, the
following method is usually used.

The student is offered as a KV object some simple visual object, for example, a
small black circle on a white background. First, the CV is carried out according to
standard instructions: simultaneous concentration on the perceived circle and its
imaginary equivalent. Then the imaginary circle is replaced by the memory of the
circle, which it was a moment ago. The student is instructed to observe the
"increase" of the circle in time - while remaining identical to himself, he every
other moment becomes different , being located at different points in
duration. The student must focus on expanding the concentration range from the
image placed at the initial moment of the time interval to the existing
one. Execution of the instruction means that the entire interval has been
subjected to dKV. Since the images are identical, dKV was applied to the net
duration.

Filling the interval in this state with various events makes them subjectively
simultaneous. Thereby gaining the experience of building one of the axes of the
dimensional consciousness. But the spatial and temporal volume is still
insufficient to characterize the consciousness as three-dimensional.

5.3. Deconcentration: awareness of the background and the invisible.

DKV is a way to turn invisible components of the background into visible and
conscious while maintaining their specificity. The invisible affects the visible, just
as the background affects the perception of figures.Collision with the invisible in
the consciousness (invisible in the consciousness is not exactly called the
unconscious, but it is not unconscious, it is also made from the "matter of
consciousness" and invisible only for the "I") usually gives rise to two possible
strategies.

In the first case, a strategy of relying on the most controlled elements of

consciousness — rational refined structures — is adopted, and thus a line of
defense is formed against the invisible . This is a strategy of narrowing the mind,
allowing you to maintain control by reducing the controlled area.

Another strategy is the adoption of greater value of the invisible, the rejection of

the role of the subject. Due to the hands of Friedrich Nietzsche, this strategy for
some reason was called Dionysian.

But the third option is also possible - the spread of consciousness to

the invisible without destroying its specificity. Its initial phase is background
awareness provoked by dKV practice. The sharpest and culturally processed
contrasting of the background and decorated figures we find in visual
perception. In the visual field it is easy to detect the forces contained in the
background and changing the perception of local figures. Therefore, the
background we can not categorize the invisible . Background is a visible , but not
differentiated component of visual perception.

In addition to the background, the visual perceptual field gives us an example

of the invisible itself. This is something that is outside the field of visual
perception, for example, in the region of the occiput. This field is
beyond perception. There is no blackness of lack of perceptions in this zone -
there is nothing there , and at the same time this zone exists . Her paradoxical
existence provides us with a pattern of the actual presence of the invisible. If the
perceptual background cannot be realized in the same way as the discrete
figures, then it is even more invisible. His awareness is another step that removes
us from the differentiated forms of perception that have been elaborated in the
course of life. To understand this area, to realize, without destroying its
specificity, can only be based on the DQC technique.

In the area of the invisible , the opposition between HF and DHQ disappears both
in terms of the psycho-technical organization of the process and in terms of the
resulting state. The conscious experience of the invisible is not the result of dKV:
the invisible is devoid of spatial length and is identical with itself in time, and the
process and result of dKV assume the presence of a spatial or temporary
opposition of the figure and the background. But the invisible is not the result of
KV, since there is no selected figure - the object of attention. Rather, here we can
speak of the paradoxical third state of attention — its absence, while maintaining
awareness. The obvious analogies with yogic samadhi and
Buddhist nirvana should not be misleading: samadhi and nirvana are ontological
states, while the third state of attention, as a result of HF and dKV, belongs to
local limited technological areas.

Moving attention to the invisible area is easiest to accomplish in the logic of the
consistent development of visual dKV. After a uniform distribution of attention
throughout the field of view, the operator focuses attention on the boundaries of
the field of view - on the transition zone to the invisible region. Now it only
remains for him to continue this process and move on to focusing attention on
the area beyond the visual perception, which is equivalent to the cessation of
attention as a process due to the absence of the object of attention. At the same
time, the maximum intensity of such a transition allows you to maintain a high
mental tone.

Thus, dKV allows to add to the conscious areas of perception both

the background and the invisible , which always accompany any perception of
discrete figures, but have not yet received in cultural practice the status
commensurate with the status of figurative (in the widest possible meaning of the
word) areas.Introduction to the awareness of the background and the invisible is
another precondition for the formation of the bulk consciousness and its basis -
total attention.

But volumetric consciousness involves the transformation of thinking itself.

5.4. Doublethink.

Once a monk addressed Reverend Seraphim of Sarov with a complaint against

the wickedness of the hegumen. Prep. Seraphim advised to pray that God would
grant him such a dispensation of the soul, which would allow both to see and not
see the sins of the abbot. From a psychological point of view, it was a special
mechanism, which a century and a half later was described by J. Orwell. His
novel "1984" is considered a classic of anti-utopia, but for the psychologist it is
extremely interesting with an accurate description of many psychological
mechanisms. Orwell described double-mindedness as one of the key
psychological mechanisms for ensuring the loyalty of citizens of a utopian
totalitarian society, but we are particularly interested in a detailed description of
the psychology of double-thinking , regardless of whether the procedure is
adequate or inadequate:

" Double - thinking is the ability to simultaneously adhere to two mutually

exclusive beliefs and to believe in both. The whole process must be conscious,
otherwise it will not be realized clearly enough, and at the same time the process
must be unconscious, otherwise there will be a sense of lies, and therefore
guilt ... it is necessary to repeat a conscious lie and sincerely believe in it, forget
any uncomfortable fact, and then, when necessary, extract it from oblivion for a
while, deny objective reality and at the same time take it into account,
despite denial, and to take into account. Even using the word " doublethink ", it is
necessary to apply doublethink. For, using this word, you recognize that you are
distorting reality, but by resorting to doublethink , you erase this recognition. And
so without end, a lie must be one step ahead of the truth. " ( 29 )

Doublethink is as difficult and as possible in implementation as the simultaneous

perception of two alternative figures or the holistic perception of "impossible"
figures. But at the same time, it is not sensual perceptions that are combined, but
two or more logical reconstructions of the phenomenon, two or more (including
polar) assessments, etc.

Doublethink , or rather, multi-thinking , is achievable with the help of the

technique of transferring perceptual phenomena into the space of mental
operations. To do this, it is enough to link thinking structures and operations not
with words, but with alternative figures.

5.5. Simultaneous perception of alternative figures.

The prototype of any cognitive process is the formation of holistic figures,

gestalts. DKV, destroying the figures creates the basis for the formation of new
figures and their combinations. But if the usual perception assumes at any given
time only one version of the figurative structure of the field of perception, then
generating out of perceptual chaos, which is the background, new figures, it is
quite possible to combine in the same perception two or more versions of figures
on the same perceptual material.

Such perception is impossible to implement within the framework of ordinary

perceptual mechanisms, but it is possible with the use of deconcentrative
psychotechnics. Simultaneous perception of two or several alternative figures,
simultaneous perception of mental organizations both as figures and as a
background for other figures, is possible only under special volumetric states,
when the dimension of mental space becomes manageable and formed.

For the formation of such multidimensional psychic spaces, psychotechnologies

are used, which assume the complete mastery of HF and DHW techniques and
the skills of fixing and reproducing unusual states of consciousness. The
simplest exercise, from which the work begins, explains the main principle and is
a scheme for subsequent sophisticated modifications.

Operators are invited to produce simultaneous HF on two identical Necker cubes,

perceived in different projections. The operator combines images by mixing or
dilution of the eyeballs, while preserving the difference of the original projections
in a single image.

Similarly, the procedure is carried out when separating concentrations on two

components of the visual field - the figure and the background in such a way that
one segment of attention highlights what is the background for another segment
and vice versa.

The sudden expansion of the dimensionality of mental space, which occurs when
the procedure is correctly carried out, leads to the simultaneous perception of all
possible variants of the figure, and the set of these options turns into a kind of
super-shape that exists in mental hyperspace.

But this means that the DQC has spread not only to the area of this actual, but
also included, actualized potential capabilities. All possible figures are given to
us as simultaneously and actually implemented. This is total attention , which
gives a weak idea of how volumetric thinking and volumetric consciousness is
organized.

After the destruction of the perceptual field, we can build new different variants,
say, move from uniform chaos-background to planar dKV or to volumetric
dKV. But the transition to another form of total attentionis also possible - the
simultaneous formation of both bulk and planar DHW. In this case, we can speak
of a second-order dKV, meta-dKV , which is built on over the differences between
the plane and the volume and equalizes them in its significance. Differences
between planar and volumetric dKV are easily projected onto this meta-dKV,
leading to the separation of two types of second-order dKV. Firstly, it is dKV, in
which the volume and the plane are equalized. Secondly, dKV, in which the
volume and the plane are simultaneously deployed and coexist.

Naturally, the question arises as to why such refinements are needed, what are
the prospects for their use.The lines of building new mental realities, going from
the described procedures, depend on the developer’s imagination and on the
tasks that are set for him by the customer. For our topic, it is important that the
procedures described are a preliminary link in the construction of three-
dimensional thinking and, more broadly, three-dimensional consciousness.  

5.6.Volume thinking.

The product of linear thinking in relation to a particular subject is a set of

individual aspects identified through analytical procedures, the establishment of
spatial, temporal, cause-effect and hierarchical relations between them and the
subsequent reconstruction of the subject with the inevitable loss of other aspects
- undetected, hidden, potential or contrary to the procedure reconstruction. The
product of volumetric thinking is an object as such, a subject as a totality with the
inclusion of all possible aspects, including controversial ones, and aspects of the
background, and aspects of a fundamentally invisible environment.

The simplest example is the classification problem, when several classification

criteria are implicitly present in the problem:
Given a set of words: "fish", "feathers", "wool". “run”, “bird”, “swim”, “animal”,
“fly” “scales”. It is necessary to divide the words into homogeneous
classes. There are two types of classification. The abstract-logical class
distinguishes the following classes: {fish, bird, animal}; {wool, feathers,
scales}; {run, swim, fly}. Concrete-shaped - {fish, swim, scales}; {bird, fly,
feather}; {animal, run, wool}.

Linear thinking chooses one of the types of classification. Two-dimensional -

their collection. The result is not a set of classes, but a single two-dimensional
ordered object:

A fish Scales To swim

Bird Feathers To fly
Animal Wool Run

Volumetric thinking transforms a two-dimensional object into a multidimensional

one, including various weak criteria — classification by density, by grammatical
categories, etc.

In this example, we see a volumetric mental procedure and a volumetric result

that can only be understood in the state of volumetric dKV.

However, this is only the simplest example. Volumetric thinking is expansive

thinking. If any form of thinking claims the status of surround, it includes the
components of background thinking, and the procedure for correlating figurative
and background thinking with invisible .

Starting from the starting point, it moves simultaneously in all directions,

increasing all new and new dimensions and rapidly expanding the volume of the
material in question. More complex tasks quickly exhaust the energy resources of
the psyche, and the process stops. Therefore, volumetric thinking inevitably
includes in its arsenal the folding procedures for the result achieved at each step
into simple low-dimensional forms available for retention in consciousness. The
product of volumetric thinking is total models , simultaneously covering many of
the most diverse aspects of the analyzed object.

There are no examples of obtaining volumetric thinking products that are

available to a wide range of consumers, because the people who own this
thinking have not yet been formed. Until such results remain the property of
individual experimenters, a kind of psycho-technical excesses, their translation
into the worlds of culture and technology will be impossible. Only the formation
of special psychonetic languages, allowing to adequately convey the content of
the results obtained, will allow us to introduce three-dimensional thinking in a
broad cultural, scientific and technological context.
The development of psychotechnical methods of forming the foundations of
three-dimensional thinking might seem exotic fun if it were not for the
heightening appearance of works on a similar topic in areas quite remote from
psychotechnical developments. Thus, an obvious correlate of psychotechnical
support of volumetric thinking is the development of the concept of
multidimensional logic in the works of K.I.Bakhtiyarov ( 30 ). The two-dimensional
(multidimensional) logic is the formalized basis of the actual psychological
phenomenon of doublethink (polythought). Naturally, the question arises: how to
transform logical realities into psychological ones. The author himself conceives
the way to this, using as an illustration perceptual phenomena, in particular, the
image of white and black square images combined by the convergence of the
eyeballs, literally reproducing the expression "the shine of paradoxes"
(Fig.5.6.1.).We also use the technique of finding an analogue of logical figures in
the perceptual sphere, and one of the above-described techniques is directly
related to the combination of images due to the con-or divergence of the eyeballs.

A sign of the impending era of volumetric thinking are modern occult-fiction

texts, of which we quote the work of V.Ageev and V.Lebedko. ( 31 ) The authors
introduce a hierarchy of perceptions and realizations:  

Point perception : "simultaneously perceived as a mono signal, some isolated

area of space. There is no direct connection between various areas of space."

Point awareness : "the possibility of deliberate concentration" on any part of the

body, emotions, thoughts, image, etc.

This condition corresponds to HF.

Linear (ray) perception and awareness (corresponding to a local dKV):

establishing a ray connection of several spatial objects, linking different areas of
the human body to a line (for example, the spine), highlighting a line connecting
two polar emotional states with simultaneous perception of all shades of the
transition, simultaneously experiencing all points of the mental series, all acts of
a single mental action, etc.

Planar perception and awareness : "planar, layered," longitudinal "and"

transverse "connections within space, identifying some areas with a common
quality," highlighting a number of planes in the body, united by some quality,
managing the modality as such, experiencing the whole -or models of the world.

Volumetric perception and awareness (analog is volumetric dKV and volumetric

thinking): "volumetric perception of a complex of spatial objects with the
organization of their holistic interaction", "volumetric holistic perception of the
All in All", "one-time concentration within the whole body", "one-time experience
of all possible descriptions Peace and going beyond them - the perception of the
world itself, without describing it. "
Taken together, dozens of publications directly or indirectly affecting the topic of
three-dimensional thinking and, more broadly, three-dimensional consciousness,
are the present technical task for the development of appropriate technologies.

5.7. Volumetric consciousness.

The basis of volume consciousness is total attention. After the procedures

described above, attention becomes total, including both the usual, and the bulk,
and the visible, and what was previously invisible. In this state, it loses the
characteristics of attention as such, turning into what is behind the attention - a
reflexive instance of a higher order, which allows the process of attention to be
included in the composition of the observed .

The bulk of consciousness does not depend on which processes take place in it -
linear or bulk. Volumetric consciousness covers the entire space in which this or
that content is realized. We can speak about volumetric consciousness only in
the case of the simultaneous presence of opposite poles of scales characterizing
consciousness as such. Without trying to give an exhaustive list of such scales,
consider some of them.

The bulk of consciousness can be viewed as the realization of spatial

metaphor. The speech in this case is not about the polyprocession of
consciousness, when several different processes are in the spotlight at the same
time. Polyprocessing is a consequence of the use of dKV-technology that does
not change the one-dimensional nature of consciousness. Consciousness
becomes voluminous when it contains incompatible descriptions of the same
reality. Within the limits of one-dimensional consciousness, one of the
descriptions inevitably dominates (as is the case with reversible relations “figure
- background”).Volumetric consciousness arises when incompatible descriptions
are present as equally true and, at the same time, fundamentally
incompatible. This combination of the incompatible — the expanded idea of
doublethink — can either be reduced to the usual contents of one-dimensional
consciousness by turning incompatible descriptions into separate aspects of a
single object, or provoke an abrupt transition of one-dimensional consciousness
into a volumetric one. Then the incompatible principles of description become
not aspects of one object, but different dimensions of multidimensional
consciousness.

The combination of the incompatible within the framework of one volumetric

consciousness is the psychological basis for the formation of the phenomenon
of metaculture . This project is widely spoken about as desirable, necessary and
inevitable, having in mind the construction of an extensive cultural system that
includes various existing and existing cultures as special cases. However, so far
no one has taken a single step towards the development of technological support
for this project. This is not surprising, since the stylistics, value cores, pictures of
the World, religious and metaphysical tasks and the corresponding forms of
organization of the consciousness of different cultures are often
incompatible.Attempting to create a single cultural field containing the forms and
meanings of different cultural backgrounds would at best (and extremely unlikely)
lead to the formation of another culture next to the rest, and most likely to the
projection of the entire rich and controversial world of cultural forms onto the
postcultural postmodern plane the world, eliminating the deep semantic
dimensions of each of the cultures subjected to a similar procedure. The volume
consciousness, which has overcome the limitations of the individual psyche,
makes it possible to locate all the diversity of cultural forms within one
consciousness without losing the semantic depth.

Another realization of spatial metaphor is the combination of various states of

consciousness in one mental space. The mechanisms for processing mental
contents that characterize different normal states of consciousness —
wakefulness, fast sleep, and slow sleep — are not compatible either in their work
or in their results. Especially incompatible are the principles of functioning of
normal and altered states of consciousness. Volumetric consciousness suggests
the possibility of combining the different workings of these incompatible
mechanisms with the production of a complex multidimensional product.

The beginning of work in this direction becomes the division of the common
mental space into two or more subspaces based on the technique of
simultaneous perception of alternative figures (see above) and linking the
workings of various mental mechanisms to them. Roughly speaking, the Necker
cube as a flat figure can be the initial image to which the transformation
characteristic of the dream is applied, and at the same time the same cube as a
three-dimensional figure can serve as the beginning of a chain of transformations
under the influence of the mechanisms of waking consciousness. Subspaces of a
single mental space arise either as a result of using the technique of direct
formation of alternative states, or as reproduction of memories about them.

But volumetric consciousness can be considered as an actual present extended

in time. The actual present always has a certain duration, during which there are
coherent whole procedural units made up of elementary perceptions separated in
time. Volumetric consciousness expands the current present for considerable
periods of time, turning events that are remote in time into simultaneous ones.

But the most interesting result is the volumetric consciousness when placing a
scale of differentiation in it, on which any developing system moves in time. The
developing system is subject to well-defined laws: the movement from the
original high-entropic undifferentiated integrity to more and more differentiated
states and, ultimately, to aging and death. For systems possessing
consciousness or being a product of consciousness, this law takes on a different
form: the developing system successively replaces knowledge of reality with its
image representing not only reality as such, but also its virtual variants. At the
same time, the early stages of development seem to be saturated with deeper
meanings, greater possibilities and greater energy than the later ones. On the
other hand, the later stages provide us with a much larger volume and variety of
knowledge and technology, a much greater technical sophistication and life
experience than the early stages. Hence the contradictions between the
traditionalist and progressive approaches in assessing the evolution of human
communities.

Volumetric consciousness allows to contain in one consciousness the entire

continuum of states of the developing system - from the initial undifferentiated
state to the end point, revealing all the potencies of the system. As such an
evolving system can act various cultural phenomena. for example, natural
languages, overcoming, thereby, the degradative aspects of development. The
same system can be the psyche of the subject that has formed the bulk
consciousness.

5.8. Deconcentration and overcoming the postmodern mentality.

DKV, like any other psychotechnics (and, more broadly, any technology and any
technological method) has a certain symbolic meaning. Being in some sense
an unnatural technique, that is, directed against the course of natural
psychological processes, it potentially contains in itself the unnatural task of man
- the control of organismic processes and the organization of a counterprocess.

It seems that the idea of deconcentration and its psychotechnical design did not
accidentally arise during the period of the dominance of postmodernism in art,
philosophy and science of science. O. Spengler also noted strange
correspondences in the structure of music, mathematics, philosophy and political
practice, characteristic of a particular era. The recognition of the fact of such
global correspondences led to the emergence of the notion of mentality.

Planar DHW illustrates the mentality of postmodernism at the level of elementary

psychotechnics. In fact, just as for a postmodern installation, all cultural forms
and meanings are fundamentally equal in their value, regardless of historical
remoteness, cultural origin and the degree of spiritual intensity behind the
cultural form, are fundamentally equal and do not have any advantage sensory
fragments of the field of perception, regardless of their spatial distance,
belonging to a particular object or process. Postmodernism is a plane
deconcentration on the history of culture.

However, the DKT technique also contains the ability to overcome the
postmodern mentality. Only one element of the DQT technique - the introduction
of the third spatial dimension as the element of the perceptual field, the depth -
turns the planar DKV into a volumetric one, which creates a new characteristic of
the object fixed by the consciousness - the distance to it. The subject's place in
space loses its exclusivity: the planar DHW turns this place into one of the other
homogeneous and equal places along with other phenomena.
Bulk dKV symbolizes something opposite to postmodernism, it is already “anti-
postmodernism”.Volumetric dKV allows you to enter the world of real-life objects
with the preservation of their true proportions and gradations. But at the same
time, the illusory centrality of the position of this, this subject in the world,
symbolized by the system of direct perspective, is overcome. Experiences of
volumetric dKV are more akin to the perspective system of ancient Chinese
painting. The Chinese landscapes, with their simultaneous presence in the
picture of parts of the landscape separated by enormous distances — mountains
and forests — remind us of the perception of the world that remains after the
experience of deep volumetric dKV.

Thus, volumetric dKV returns to the flat traces and imprints of culture the status
of a cultural phenomenon .The extreme departure of the image from reality, which
constitutes the essence of postmodernism, is replaced by the movement of the
image in the direction of reunification with reality. This is how the
cultural counter-process comes about.

If the planar audiodeconcentration destroys connections in time, then the volume

dKV, transferred to the process unfolding in time, allows both the start and end
points of this process to remain relevant. Thus, it becomes possible to form a
special volumetric consciousness, overcoming the direction of the main
organismic process (including culture) not by returning to some previous state or
even the starting point, but by keeping high-entropic, high-energy and
concentrated semantic initial phases in one consciousness and highly
differentiated and rich in formal manifestations of the end points of the
process. The main contradiction of traditionalism is being overcome - an
emphasis on one time slice. Volumetric consciousness neutralizes the dictates of
time. The past and its meanings become relevant and existing here and now.

The unification of volumetric spatial and volumetric temporal dKV, dKV-synthesis

- volumetric consciousness - creates the basis for both awareness of Cosmos
and its position in it as a reality, and not an illusion reflecting the specifics of the
perceptual apparatus, and for awareness of the limitations of Cosmos beyond it.

An introduction to such a dKB-synthesis of invisible areas of perception

completes the construction of a kind of perceptual language that visually sets the
metaphysical context and the main components of the World. In fact, the
volumetric DHQ represents to us the actually coexisting objects in their true
proportion, presented in the form of perceptual gestalts; the universal
connection uniting the World into a single whole - background, as an
independent unit of perception, a sign and a projection of the materia
prima; and non-being projected onto our perceptual experience as a field
beyond perception — places where there is nothing .