Introductory

there and it

Introductory there and it

We use there and it as ‘empty’ subjects.
They have no real meaning but we use
them as grammatical devices to . .
introduce or identify thing5_ There are reports of stormy weather up ahead, so
I would appreciate it if you would keep your seat
We use there + Z? form Of_be to belts fastened until I switch off the seat belt signs.
introduce new information and/or
to say that something exists or happens:
If you’re looking for a café; there's one opposite the station. (new information)
There are fifty-one states in the USA. (= Fifty-one states exist in the USA.)
We often use this form to introduce or describe a character or place, or to ‘set the scene’:
At the top of the hill there's a small cafe with wonderful views over the bay.
There’s an Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman who are on a boat
We don't use the after there + be when we are introducing NEW information:
X
./ In the hotel lobby there is a cash machine.
We use it to introduce or identify something or someone later in the phrase:
’Who’s that?’ ’It’s Alan.’ ‘Hello, it's Steve here. Could I speak to lane?’
’What’s worrying you?’ ’It’s the children.’
We don’t use introductory it to say that something exists or happens:
X
./ In the centre of town there's a nice restaurant where there’s a great choice of dishes.
Que hubiera
Patterns after there + be
There + be can be followed by a noun + participle clause (> Unit 55):
There's a man sitting in the corner. There are two scales of temperature used in science.
In formal English, verbs with future meaning, e.g. anticipate, expect,
envisage, intend can be followed by there + to be/being (verbs + infinitive or -ing > Unit 46)
The organisers didn’t expect (there to be) quite such an overwhelming response.
We don't anticipate (there being) any resistance from the anti-hunting lobby.
Que haya
Common words and expressions after there (+ be)
¿Hay más
asuntos
pendientes?

As well as forms of be, we can use the following verbs after there:

In formal written English we can use there + arise/arrive/come/emerge/

enter/exist/followllive/occur/remain/result/sit/stand/ take place:
Deep inside her there arose a desperate hope.
At the crime scene there remained little in the way ofphysical evidence.
There follows a full list of our current terms and conditions of trading.
 se piensa que hay

We can use there + a passive reporting verb (e.g. is/are said to be, is/are
thought to be) + an indefinite noun phrase to describe a general feeling or belief.
There are thought to be several contributory factors in genetic mutation.
According to reliable sources, there are believed to be a million sufferers of the disease.
se cree que hay
it as an empty object
We use it as an ‘empty’ object after certain verbs to introduce a following clause:
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t
i ’’
. .
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- ;:,.-.‘. .55. . __ -.-.

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* We don't usually use it as an ‘empty’ object when the main verb is not followed by an adjective or by a noun or
preposition phrase:
X / She thought that he had resigned.

Impersonal it
We can use it + be with adjectives and nouns that describe our attitudes, feelings and
opinions, e.g. a pity, wonderful, surprising. This allows us to describe our feelings and
opinions in an impersonal way. Compare:
I’m not surprised (that) she left you. (speaker's opinion)
It isn't surprising that she left you. (impersonal statement)
There are several patterns we use:

E l T ~
it »
_ 5 5;» _ _ ; _ 5 j 1'
., > =>; 1:5 i 1: i i 11;: ; ~ 5;; , .:—~_§ ;1~:;;-' ;'_5?:i‘ 1 ‘_:;»:>.c ;_ ,1 ll ‘i >_§l:>:,» V_ gs ii i.L:€ . :_1V' ,, ‘~ 1'55’ i‘ H Ii‘: u §§,?5§
l 1, _.¥.§ 1.. .;=.f5' i‘. .i v=,;,—7-'3“: 1 l4
it if} fr. -.11

The following patterns with it are common in academic and scientific

English because they allow us to present information in an impersonal way.
o it + be + adjective/noun + infinitive clause:
It was possible to recognise regularities in the patterns ofsoil distribution.
It is difiicult not to be influenced by the work of these early philosophers.
o it + be + adjective + that/wh- clause:
It is significant that so few of the patients suffered side effects.
It isn't clear how this process begins.
o it + verb phrase (usually passive) + that clause:
It has been shown that most of the patients improved noticeably.
It should be noted that the majority of the responses were positive.
It is said that economic factors were significant in a majority of the cases.
It has been argued that many of the cases are the result offaulty diagnosis.
Pronoun it > Unit 4 it to introduce cleft sentences > Unit 75.2
More expressions with there and it > Unit 44

189
INTRODUCTORY THERE AND /T

Practice
1 Insert there or_it in the correct position, as in the example. Listen and check.
O She foundgtrange that he’d never heard of such a famous historical character.
there
1 Was really such a long wait between trains?
it
2 We always have lots of visitors but tend to be more in the summer months.
it
3 The director leaves to the viewer to decide who is guilty and who is innocent.
there
4 They assured us that would be no trouble getting a refund if the goods were faulty.
it
5 You know, really gets on my nerves when she talks like that.
there
6 What’s incredible is that might have been so many more fatalities.
it
it
7 I find impossible to believe that someone with his track record would be so careless
there
8 In 1666 was a fire which destroyed a large part of London.
it
9 We would appreciate if you submitted your estimate to our head office.
it
10 Grandpa loves when the children ask for his advice.

2 Rewrite the sentences, using it or there, as in the examples. Listen and check.
O When people don't give tips - I hate that! ..I.}?§<?!P.l€¢..?l.’(1.".i<’!¢. ,_éti<\./.¢’<..ill’.~Y= .... ..
00 Such a strong reaction was not anticipated by the protesters.
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1 More than a million species of insects exist in the world.
There are more than a million species of insects in the world

2 A grandfather clock was ticking in the background.

There was a grandfather clock tickling in the background

3 They didn't give you a refund - I find that outrageous. ESCANDALOSO aʊtˈreɪ·dʒəs
I find it outrageous that they didn't give you a refund

4 Meeting that movie star in person was thrilling. very exciting emocionante, conmovedor, apasionante

It was thrilling meeting that movie star in person

5 A statement by the Prime Minister now follows.

There now follows a statement by the Prime Minister
Consideran
6 They regard the eventual collapse of the currency as inevitable
They regard it as inevitable that currency will eventual collapse

7 Present in the compound were two forms of amino acid.

There were two forms of amino acid present in the compound.

8 Does Osaka have an underground railway?

Is there an underground railway in Osaka?

9 People think at least two leading politicians are involved in the scandal.
There are thought to be at least two leading politicians are involved in the scandal

10 Why the landing wheels failed to descend isn't clear.

It isn´t clear why the landing wheels failed to descend

1 1 Perhaps you left your cash card in the machine.

It is possible that you left your cash card in the machine.

12 ls nobody here able to help us?

Is there nobody here able to help us?.
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3 Improve this text by rewriting the underlined clauses or sentences with
there or it, as in the example.

in the tropical Waters Taking in personal memories oi we vieiiiaiii wai,

of Asia lies an uninhabited island with a perfect jealousy, shark-infested waters, the psychological
beach. Rich in animal and plant life, surrounded by dynamics of communal living and the clash of
virgin jungle and watered by sweet underground cultures, Garland spins a tale which both enchants
springs, the beach could be the setting for an idyllic and shocks the reader. (3) Whatgives the novel its
and easy life. ANSIOSO POR haunting sense of unease and horror is the author's
The Beach is the story of a young man who unique blend of these digparate elements.
yearns for, seeks out and eventually finds just such (4) It contains all the traditional ingredients that
a place. (1) But to discover that, far from being the makeup a successful thriller: an exotic location,
source of contentment and inner fulfilment that a central mystery, good versus evil, and dangers
he expects, the beach turns out to be a place of around every corner. (5) In the book is a strong _
savage violence, terror and death, comes as sense of good and evil, (6) but to decide who is right
a shock. de los humeantes albergues turísticos _ and who is wrongGarland leaves to the reader.
Alex Garland takes the reader on an exotic (7) Few moral certainties exist in this exotic corner of
journey from the steaming tourist-packed hostels the world.
of the Khao San Road in Bangkok to the laid-back Events unfold at great speed, and be Warned. .
islands of the remote seas around Thailand. (2) Mg’: (8) to put this book down once you have started it
to be impressed by the author's skill in describing i_5_ir_n_gQg5i_l;l§g With an international cast of
the unfamiliar oriental locations and his ability to well-observed characters Garland creates a
empathise with the obsessions of today's young nail-biting narrative that keeps the reader hooked
backpacking ‘new-age’ travellers is difficult. until the final bloody climax.
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But it comes as a shock to discover that, far from being the source of contentment and inner fulfilment that he expects, the beach turns out to be a
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- - - | - - Q ~ u Q - - - ¢ . - - . . Q Q - - . ¢ | - - ¢ | - o ¢ a n u - - - - ¢ ¢ ¢ - - a a Q Q Q u - - - a ¢ - q ; ¢ Q | Q o a 0 u | | - . . Q ¢ ¢ ~ ¢ - - - - - I -- o u | o o o u u u o o u o Q | » a o I Q ¢ < | | Q Q 1 Q o Q u ~ o q | ~ u n o | u n u | u o o - | o o - | o o II

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u s - - c Q - - u Q o u o o ~ u | o o ~ n u ¢ | o - - ; o ¢ ¢ - n Q o - - - - - u o - - - . . Q n n ¢ - - - | q u n Q a n | a | Q - -- o ¢ . - n q Q - - n Q a - - - - u - - - - | | o n - u n o u u ¢ ¢ | ¢ - ¢ - Q ¢ | ¢ - - Q ¢ Q - - - Q - - - Q Q n - - - ¢ ¢ - - - no

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O Go online for more practice and a progress test 191

44 Common expressions with there and it
It's no use complaining about the heat.
Come on, there's sure to be a place
wgn-u-.»..
.---
selling cold drinks somewhere near here.
'=‘ @-
- .=_ L

Min--.-
-mt-I

‘-1-?

1 Common words and expressions after there (+ be)

We use there to introduce a number of phrases connected with certainty and expectation,
followed by to be:
W

. . it a ,
There also introduces a number of negative phrases, followed by the infinitive with to:

*e..@"
T"@'° 1‘ ’e*”°"*° °’°“b*:*"@ e"'d@"‘e-
Some negative phrases beginning with there are followed by an -ing form:

5 1
no599'” ‘On gotyourrecerpt $5 question ofgettmg acsatefuhd.

We can use no knowing followed by wh- words or if/whether:

There's no knowing what she'll do now her husband's left her.
The tests were inconclusive so there's no knowing whether he'll survive the operation.
Some phrases are followed by a that clause:

1 1
.. - , .,

2 Common expressions after it

We use it + seems as if/though to describe our impressions:
It seems as if we've known each other for years.
We use it + looks as if/though to talk about probability:
It looks as though I‘m going to fail the test.
We use it to introduce a number of negative phrases followed by a that clause:
. -.; . _ in-_._ ~ _.:‘,i_ _ g _>1-- :_ .7 1 .‘_;,': r j_ A Q1; _ i 1:--I-1 A ll . l ll: m l l . I .. l :>.:. I l _:;. . . I :.‘V_7;T.;_-_-. ‘.‘,‘,;:-._.__.

. 8
After it’s no use and it's no good we use an -ing form:
It's no good phoning - the of/ice is closed today.
I've made up my mind so it’s no use nagging me about it.
We can use it’s no longer + adjective + to infinitive:
In the UK it’s no longer necessary to get a licence to keep a dog.
They've closed the caves permanently so it’s no longer possible to see the prehistoric paintings.

192
Practice
Rewrite the sentences, using it or there. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
0 I think I'm probably going to get a promotion.
..lIthri.1.<.~r..<ri.~i.M.i'm.ariru.tr.eer..r..i2rr.m@tir.ri-........................................................................ ..
1 People are bound to react badly to the news.
c - | - n a u ¢ n @ ¢ ¢ - - ¢ | I Q Q - u ¢ Q ¢ n Q Q ¢ Q o | o | | a o Q Q u ¢ Q - - - Q a u - - - q | | - u o | Q n n Q ¢ ¢ Q Q ¢ | Q ¢ | | a ~ | u o o | > o u e e u u n u n - - I ¢ - u | - u u u u n u u - - o - - u | - u u u ~ u u - - - - - | - - - | - ¢ | - - ¢ 1 -

2 Getting a visa Won't be difficult.

o 1 Q o u ¢ 0 0 on u - - u u - - u ¢ - - . - ¢ . - - Q Q - ¢ 4 - - Q Q - p ¢ - Q Q n Q - - Q ¢ - a a - n ¢ u . - ¢ u u Q ~ Q Q ¢ - - ¢ - - s - - Q ¢ - - ¢ Q | n Q | - ¢ | u o u n u o o - ¢ ¢ - - u - n . ¢ - Q - - - - . - - . - - . . - - u u - ¢ u ¢ a 4 - Q | Q - n - » o u - ~ o o so

3 A massive sell-off of high-tech shares is likely in the next few days.

- I - o o Q ¢ - a u u | Q o u u ~ o | - o u u I Q u ¢ n Q - ¢ n - - u c u - v o u u o Q ~ - o u u o o a Q - - - - - - ¢ - - n - Q - n n - Q n - n n n ~ u ¢ | o v o o u - - u o u n v ¢ ¢ u v - u u u - u v - u n - u u - - | | - - o | o Q | Q Q n - ¢ | » o o | o a u | u n

4 Carol leaving her job is not surprising.

| o c q - u II - - . - Q - - ~ u - - ~ - - I Q u o - a - ~ u Q o ~ v o c u I o u v o u u o o u I v ~ o Q Q u n Q - - - u n - - - o - - Q - - - u - - - - - - ¢ Q - u Q - a u - Q Q - | - ¢ Q n Q - u Q ¢ ¢ Q Q Q - o - ¢ Q Q v Q u u n o n n o u Q n o u ¢ n ' ¢ - . q u - Q - ~ o ¢ - | .-

5 ln this bad weather a poor turnout for the election is certain.

| ~ - Q u - | o u ¢ - o n u | Q o u u - o u v o a u - o o c n o c o ~ u n o - | a u ¢ o u u - Q Q Q - - n u ¢ - - 4 Q a c | - - Q | - n u - - a - - - u - - . - ¢ Q - | n - - - ¢ - » Q Q - ¢ Q - - u n Q - Q - - a - - Q n - - - | - ~ u - < u Q - o u Q Q ¢ Q - Q ; - » nu

6 Brian's dislike of his mother-in-law isn't a secret.

-u¢- u n u - u | - - - - - Q . - Q ¢ - - s ' ¢ - u ¢ u | u u n o - - - - - - Q Q | - - o - - » Q q - - o u - - ¢ u - a | n Q o u n n u ~ o n o | n o u ¢ ¢ | - Q | - - u ¢ u n ~ | o u u - - Q - - o | Q - - u ~ o u Q a » Q - Q ¢ Q - - - Q ~ o Q v Q ¢ - n Q - u | n II

7 They didn't have any reason to question her motives.

n a n o u - n o u u o o u | n c n u - c a u o - u | - - | - u | - - - Q Q - - ¢ o c u | Q - ¢ - Q - o - n ¢ ¢ - - . - ¢ Q | | u - ¢ | ~ u ¢ - ~ o ¢ | u - Q u u u a . - - - Q . - Q » u Q - - | ‘ - ¢ ¢ - Q - ¢ - u Q - - q | ¢ - u | . n ¢ u ~ n o - o u o - n o o u | n 0 u

8 I've got the impression we've got a lot in common.

o u - u - - o o u n n u n u u - I u o ~ | o Q u o - c I | . u Q ¢ - ~ - Q - - o o ~ u Q o - - o o u > » Q u o u - u u - o o ~ u c n o e 0 o o Q - - ~ Q ¢ n Q a o | u - a - - | - - Q ¢ - . - Q Q u - Q u a ¢ o u o - | > Q Q u Q ~ o u - o o ¢ ~ - ¢ Q ¢ - - Q u - ¢ Q ¢ -a

Choose words from the box to complete the conversation. There are
three extra words /phrases. Listen and check.
bound denying it looks asthough no good no longer no need
no point in no surprise seems as if supposed to be sure to be there
PURSER Welcome on board the Golden Seas. You must be Sarah and Danny Frobisher. I'm
your purser. Is everything OK with your cabin?
DANNY It's fine. But (1) ............................. .. was (2) ............................. .. a safe in the cabin ..
PURSER Oh, it’s inside the wardrobe.
SARAH And my mobile phone isn't working. It (3) _____________________________ __ there's no signal.
PURSER You're right. There's no signal out at sea, so there's (4) _____________________________ __ trying to
use your phone until we get closer to the shore.
SARAH I see. Er, the sea's very calm, are we expecting good weather? I hate rough seas!
PURSER Yes. It (5) _____________________________ ,_ it’s going to be fine for the next five days. So there's
(6) _________ _________________ __ to worry about bad weather. Is there anything else?
DANNY Yes. Can you reserve seats for the evening show for us?
PURSER I'm afraid not. It's (7) _____________________________ ,, possible to reserve seats in advance.
SARAH Perhaps we should get there early.
PURSER N0, it'5 (3) ............................. .. doing that, they won't let you in. But don't worry,
there are (9) _____________________________ __ plenty of spare seats.
SARAH Good. Will there be some nice places to buy souvenirs when we arrive at Aruba?
PURSER Oh yes. There are (10) _____________________________ ,_ to be plenty of good shops there.

C’) Go online for more practice 193

 jm

Emphasis (1)
cleft sentences
The 2006 Nobel Prize for Liiei'ature
was awarded the iLli"i"\'lSi) aiitlioi‘
Orhan Pamuk. it was his exploration
of the clashes and interactions of
different cultures that brought him
the award.

Form and use of cleft sentences

In a divided or cleft senterice, information which could be given in one clause is divided
into two parts, each with its own verb:
Vanessa has made the greatest impact. (normal sentence: single clause, one verb)
It is Vanessa who has made the greatest impact . (cleft sentence: two clauses, two verbs)
We use this pattern to emphasise new information, give explanations or make a contrast
with a previous statement:
All of the Redgrave family are gifted actors. But it is Vanessa who lzas made the greatest impact in
the world of feature films.

it cleft sentences
It cleft sentences have this pattern:
It isn't just his outlandish sense of humour that I’m complaining about.
rim l pl I
+ + aw.)
‘WW1 I l I 1 1
It was his exploration of the clashes that brought him the award .
We can use it to emphasise the following:
(neutral) —> Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party last night.
subject —> lt was Tom who saw Will Smith at the awards party last night.
object —> lt was Will Smith that Tom saw at the awards party last night.
- It was last night that Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party.
adverblai phrases A It was at the awards party that Tom saw Will Smith last night.
We can use when and where (instead of that) in subordinate clauses of time and place:
It was in Ianuary when the test results were published.
It's in Green Street market where the best bargains can be found.
We do not use how, why, or what in this way:
X / It was because ofgreed that he did it.
X / It is by using a calculator that he does it.
X ./ It is the speed of the ride that is so thrilling.
We can reverse it + verb and the emphasised element in it clefts, but only in a very formal,
literary style:
Arid thus Cezanne it was who took the first steps towards Impressionism.
Less literary: And so it was Cezanne who took the first steps towards lmpressionisin.
 The it cleft is very common in academic prose, where it presents
information as known:
One of the main effects ofpublication is the enhancement of the researcher’s profile. It is this that
makes writing for journals so essential in the academic world.

Wh- cleft sentences

We can use this pattern to highlight the action in a sentence:
+ + i ???

was
In these sentences what means ‘the thing(s) that’. The wh- clause always contains a verb,
which is usually a form of do. The emphasised phrase contains an infinitive with or
without to. If the emphasised verb is in the continuous or perfect, the form of do
matches it:
The boys aren't leaving Sandy at home. They are taking him to the beach with them.
—> What the boys is Sandy to the beach with them.
Old members are absent but the new members have taken their seats in the assembly.
—> What the new members is their seats in the assembly.
We use wh- clefts, not it clefts, to highlight the action (verb) in a sentence:
X
J What these actions are is totally undemocratic.
We can reverse the order of the parts in wh- cleft sentences and put the emphasised part at
the beginning:
The man appeared to be engrossed in his book, but he wasn't reading. Watching the factory
opposite was what he was really doing.

Other types of cleft sentence

We can use wh- clauses with when, where, why and who to highlight a time, a place, a reason
or a person, but we usually use an introductory noun phrase (highlighted below).
The wh- clause acts like an ordinary relative clause:
We forgot to invite Ian. —> X , . .
/ (who) we forgot to invite was Ian.

l . l . -'.'i.1. -=»_t=;-=;-.'» i -i ' --i;==e.£%’ ii . .9. .. ;.».;.:==';2f>:"-In-' KY-'-'.' ll ,..‘ .==—»'-.-§;:¢2‘(.' i... ll V ll >4, .- ~Z;t—I‘ ‘ll l lil ’:’rYr1'— l . l ii i ~ .~: 1 . llll .—.:= ==2%;" 91.; 1:5:

Ff
We can emphasise a noun phrase or a verb phrase with the (only/last) thing, something or all:
(that) I most disliked about the movie was the scene in the graveyard.
(that) they want is a chance to air their grievances.
(that) we did was (to) pack the kettle.
surveyor neglected to mention was the damp in the kitchen.
(that) we're asking for is to be given a chance.
We can also use the one/only thing/person with a negative verb:
(that) this shop won't do is repair goods bought in other shops.
(that) we didn't find was the key to the cellar.
(that) I didn't want to see just then walked into the room.
More on relative clauses > Units 53 and 54

323
El\/I PHASIS (1) CLEFT SENTENCES

Practice
1 GRAMMAR IN USE Read the review and complete the article with phrases from A-L below
(not all the phrases are needed). There is one place where two phrases can be used
Listen and check.
. 1 2 _..-'.| I 11$ i|Iaa__ pwiunivvll '
Ii _ I I ilcui $1 ii ll i i |G Tfl in I 1 I '1

- mediocre, (2) hooks the reader — these books I

H 0| | d are fast-moving, sometimes shocking journeys intoGI j
- Tm the criminal underworld in the company of Saland
and investigative journalist Mikael Blomqvist. It is j
through the Blomqvist character (3) with one of
the protagonists — he is a hard-bitten journalist but '
__ _ _,, remains sympathetic and keeps his integrity through '
-:.i a series of misadventures.
'5' The characters and general feel of the novels are I
introduced in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, and
‘*2:
developed through the series. (4) is the graphic ‘
violence, although this is kept to a minimum and is l
pi}
"'4
‘IQ
ix

never gratuitous.
.
k ' in 1 This trilogy has enjoyed enormous success, and J
l IF YOU'RE LOOKING for some good books to the one thing (5) one has to conclude, is the
‘i take on holiday and you like a good detective untimely death of its author, himself an investigative _
thriller, you can't do better than the Stieg Larsson journalist who delved into organised crime and
i
Millennium trilogy. The three books centre around neo-Nazism in Sweden. This, of course, led to _
1
an unlikely heroine — an anti—social egotistic young endless conspiracy theories - was Larsson murdered?
woman called Lisbeth Salander. (1) is make this Had he uncovered some awful criminal organisation .
anti-hero a vulnerable and therefore not entirely at the heart of Swedish political life? (6) is the I
1 unlikeable character, which is no mean feat. While entirely natural, albeit tragic, cause of death — a
the writing (or at least the translation) is fairly massive heart attack.
i 1 J0: l I Ii LG’ — . 1 I 1 I l
.
andrr; :.i 1 l i I 1 1'" — ' i 1 1 l . .ltl

.. ."""“"' ._. . v I —*¢ 11 =i;-=1‘ - . J.- '. i - ~ ;

» . »_.- ,. I ,~V»-. __ _ -1 . .,.. ,,__ _,' _~ . _ s». 4- ,-‘E __ . _.__,_ _ . 7 ~ . ,._, __- r\ .,,
,.
;=':,_ ;..
V -. M,“
.,.;.:.,,.;,_ i . ...>
-=-=- -->.~. ,.-»;:-J»
1». - _ ...,, ~~> ..._,_,_.
- ... .... 5,.» ,_ - .... . i. ._ - ~ . . ., .. " ~— “' ‘-. _ --- ' ' > ' - ~ - ~ . .. — ----~- -4 . I <l _, \.. _,__~>-_...- . .-. . . -
* e/~¢\»:1.\°..»< y.. *1», , - “V47-(;V"_'___,_ -»........ , ;». ,,)v r ""4 ---..,,,__ A ,

A the thing that some readers might G why it has been so popular
find off-putting 1-1 what makes these theories
B it is the pace that highly unlikely
C it makes these theories unlikely that I how the reader can identify
D that has helped fuel its success J what some readers might find offputting
E it is the pace What K it is what Larsson manages to do
F that the reader can identify L what Larsson manages to do

2 Read the information below then correct the sentences. Each correction must contain a
cleft sentence. Listen and check.
Nick turned up late for work on Monday because he got stuck in a traffic jam on the ring road Nick had a
hands-free mobile phone in his car so he was able to call his manager and warn her that he would be late.
She was furious but managed to reschedule an important meeting for the afternoon.
0 The manager arrived late for work on Monday.
No, it was ..l.\.l.i1.¢.l<.. .l’.\/.lf‘.12..*?l.fl'.i.\.’.¢%€f.lat¢. .<ll’.b../l(l ?.".11(5..”.l)K-...
1 Nick was late because he had overslept.
N0, it W85 ............................................................................. .. that he was late
2 Nick sent his manager a text message to let her know he’d be late.
N0, What Nifik ....................................................................... ._ fIOm his hands-free phone
3 Nick was late on Wednesday morning.
N0, ........................................................................................................... .. that he was late.

324
4 Nick's manager had to start the meeting without him.
No, what she .............................................................................................. .. the afternoon
5 Nick got stuck in a traffic jam in the town centre.
No, not the town centre; it .............................................................................. .. got stuck
6 The manager had to reschedule the meeting because a client was unable to come.
No, it ............................................................................... .. had to reschedule the meeting
7 Nick called his manager to give her the sales figures.
No, it ...................................................................................................... .. that he rang her
8 Nick's manager felt a little annoyed with him for being late.
No, she didn't feel a little annoyed. What ....................................................................... ..
Write the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in
brackets, as in the example.
0 Sebastian left the job because of the long working hours.
(why) .K¢.€’l.~Y.<?.l’.l< .why.5.@<l?.¢l.~i$.l.@.l.lti< .ld.‘t. .tl.¢.e. .if@.b. .w.vu. .tl.ie. lriru r.l.<.i.ry. lfl l!/.¢.F.~f= ...................... ..
1 The union representative called the strike.
(person) ............................................................................................................................ ..
2 Political analysts do not question his dedication.
(isn't) ................................................................................................................................ ..
3 These criminals are totally ruthless.
(what) ............................................................................................................................... ..
4 Dickens used to live around the corner.
(place) ............................................................................................................................... ..
5 It was the next-door neighbour who complained.
(one) ................................................................................................................................. ..
6 The children inherited everything except the house.
(only) ................................................................................................................................ ..
7 The climbers reached the peak at six o'clock.
(was) ................................................................................................................................. ..
8 They engaged two au pairs to look after the children.
(did) .................................................................................................................................. ..
9 Before leaving we switched off the power supply.
(last) ................................................................................................................................. ..
10 The company has imposed a ban on private emails.
(done) ............................................................................................................................... ..
11 The only thing the customers wanted was to get their money back.
(all) ................................................................................................................................... ..
12 The managing director informed the staff of the news.
(it) ..................................................................................................................................... ..
13 Our mechanics just need five minutes to change the tyres.
(all) ................................................................................................................................... ..
14 The introduction of stamp duties led to the loss of the American colonies.
(that) ................................. .. - - n - - Q ¢ Q Q ¢ | | n o | u o - Q;-quacnenoonnu:up11av---u-Q-n¢|a|anu..----nu--oanuonnuuuc-1u¢nocuuou|u¢¢u---

L’) Go online for more practice and a progress test 325