CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION - INDIVIDUAL SPECIES

REQUIREMENT
Tugas Kelompok Kegiatan PKL Taman Safari Indonesia II
Prigen – Pasurusn

Disusun oleh:

Agesti Veva Kalista, S. KH

Fadilla Anita Kinsky Johansyah, S. KH

DEPARTEMEN KLINIK VETERINER

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

2020
1. Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus dorcas) dan Blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus
philipsi)

Age/ Sex Primary Drug Tranquilizer/sedative Antidote

Adult ram dan Ethorphne 3 mg Azaperone 40 mg Diprenorphine 6-
ewe atau 9 mg
Thiafentanil 3 Azaperone 40 mg Naltrexone 45-60
mg Xylazine 5 mg mg
Detomidine 3-5 mg
Drug used for Azaperone (20-50 mg)
tranquilizer of Haloperidol (5-10 mg)
buffalo to be Zuclopenthixol acetat
transported or (30-50 mg (0,5
confined mg/kg))
Perphenazine
enanthateb(30-50 mg)
NOTE:
 A mixture of etorphine and thiafentanil can be used- users of this
mixture claim that it gives a better knockdown than etorphine alone.
 Significant reductions in doses of up to 50%bcan be used in semi-captive
animals. Beware of malnutrition and verminosis that will affect tahat
animals in these situations.
 Reverse the α-2 agonist with yohimbine or atipamezole before reversing
the opioid.

2. African Buffalo (Syncerus c. caffer) dan Forest Buffalo (Syncerus c. nanus)

Age/ sex Primary Drug Tranquilizer/sedative Antidote

Free-ranging Etorphine 8-10 Azaperone 80-150 mg Diprenorphine
bulls mg atau Xylazine 70-90 16-25 mg atau
mg Naltrexone 80-
150 mg
Thiafentanil 6- Azaperone 50-100 mg Naltrexone 15 x
10 mg thiafentanil dose
(80-150 mg)
Free-ranging Etorphine 6-10 Azaperone 80-100 Diprenorphine
cows mg atau 14-20 mg
Xylazine 40-60 mg Naltrexone 180-
200 mg
Thiafentanil 6-8 Azaperone 50-100 mg Naltrexone 100
mg mg
Adults – in Etorphine 5-8 Azaperone 40-80 mg Diprenorphine
boma mg atau Xylazine 10 mg 15-20 mg
Naltrexone 150-
180 mg
 Drug used for Azarperone (80-150
tranquilizer of for adult bulls), (80-
buffalo to be 120 mg for adult
transported or cows), 60-80 mg for
confined sub-adult

Haloperidol (20-40 mg
for adult), (10-20 mg
for smaller animals)

Xylazine 10-20 mg

Zuclopenthixol acetat
(100-150 mg for
adult),

(50-100 mg for
smaller animals)

Perphenazine
enanthate (50-150 mg
for adult)

NOTE :
 Azaperone is recommended in all buffalo-immobilizing combinations.
 In forest buffalo, the same drug combination can be used but reduce
doses accordingly due to smaller size. Carfentanil (4mg) has been used
secesfully to immobilize this species-reversal with 200-300 mg
naltrexone. The use of carfentanil may result in knuckling problem post-
recover in savannah buffalo and is not recommended for them.
 The addition of hyaluronidase to the mixture in the dart is benefical.
 Beware of using xylazine, as regurgitation is common and temperature
problems may develop. Azaperon is the better drug to use. Buffalo are
generally sensitive to the effect of the α-2 agonist is required, use
atipamezole.

3. Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus)

Age/sex Primary drug Tanquilizer/sedative Antidote

Adult ram Thiafentanil Azaperone 60 mg Naltrexone 30 mg
2mg
Ethotpine 2 mg Azaperone 60 mg Diprenorphine 4-
6 mg
 Fentanyl 30 mg Azaperon 60 mg Reversal of
Medetomidine 0,03- medetomidine-
0,05 mg/kg see note below
Adult ewe Thiafentanil 1,5 Azaperone 40 mg Diprenorphine 3-
mg 4 mg
Etorphine 1,5 Azaperone 40 mg Naltrexone 15 mg
mg
Fentanyl 15 mg Azaperon 40 mg Diprenorphine 3
mg
Drug used for Azaperone 15-25 mg
the Haloperidol 5-10 mg
tranquillization
Zuclopenthixol
of bushbuck
acetate 30-50 mg
during transport
Haloperidol 10-10 mg
beware of
extrapyramidal signs
NOTE:
 The faster induction period of thiafentanil compared to etrophine is
preferred in bushy habitat, as this may promote a faster recovery time
in these habitats. Recovery time of the animal will be speeded up.
 Medetomidine can help slow the animal down quickly. Althought it is
not necessary to reverse the medetomidine unless the animal is in poor
condition, old or very young, it is probably better to do so- use
atipamezole at 5 x the medetomidune dose.
 The use of a transmitter fdart may be indicated with this species when
working in dense bush.

4. Eland, Common (Taurotragus oryx)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedativ Antidote

Drug Antidote e

Bull/cow Thiafentan Naltrexone Azaperone 150-200 Yohimbine 1

il 15-20 mg 100-140 mg mg ml/50 kg
Xylazine 80-100 mg Atipamezole
Detomidine 15-20 5x mg dose of
mg medetomidin
e
Medetomidine 15-
20

Etorphine Diprenophin Azaperone 150-200 Yohimbine 1

 10-14 mg e 24-36 mg ml/50 kg
Xylazine 80-100 mg Atipamezole
Detomidine 15-20 5x mg dose of
Naltrexone mg medetomidin
100-140 mg e
Medetomidine 15-
20

Adult bulls Thiafentan Naltrexone Detimidine 10-15 Yohimbine 1

and cows il 5 mg 100-140 mg mg ml/50 kg
mixed with Atipamezole
8-10 mg Xylazine 50-60 mg 5x mg dose of
etorphine (this thus medetomidin
combination of e
thiafentanil,
etorphine and a
sedative)

Transquilize Azaperon 150-250

r of eland mg
during
transport/
confine Haloperidol 15-20
mg

Zuclopenthixol
acetat 150-200

Perphenazine
enanthate 150-200

NOTE :
Yohimbie 6,25 mg/ml- usual dose of 1 ml per 50 kg body mass, but in sensitive
species can go to 1 ml/20 kg body mass.

5. Eland, Lord Derby or Giant

Age/se Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/sedativ Antidote

x Drug antidote e
Bull Thiafentani Naltrexone
l atau 150 mg
Etorphine Diprenorphin Xylazine 80 mg atau Atipanmezol
 14 mg e 24 mg atau azaperone 100-150 e 8 mg
Naltrexone mg
150 mg
Carfentanil Naltrexone Xylazine 150 mg
6 mg 600 mg
Cow Etorphine Diprenorphin Xylazine 60 mg atau Atipanmezol
10 mg e 15 mg azaperone 100-150 e 6 mg
mg
Carfetanil Naltrexone Xylazine 100 mg Tolazoline
4,5 mg 450 mg 375 mg
NOTE : Thiafentanil may be the drug of choice either alone with etorphine.
Thiafenatanil (5mg) was used mixed with etorphine (8mg) in a single giant eland
cow .

6. Gemsbok (Oryx gazelle

Age/sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/seda Sedative

drug Antidote tive antidote
Bull Thiafenta Naltrexone Medetomidine 5-7 Yohimbine 1
nil 6-8 mg 60-80 mg mg ml/50 kg
Xylazine 15-30 mg Atipamezole
Detomidine 10 mg 5 x mg dose
Azaperone 100 mg of
medetomidi
ne atau
detemidine
Etorphine Naltrexone Medetomidine 5-7 Yohimbine 1
6-8 mg 60-80 mg mg ml/50 kg
Diprenorphi Xylazine 15-30 mg Atipamezole
ne 20 mg Detomidine 10 mg 5 x mg dose
Azaperone 100 mg of
medetomidi
ne atau
detemidine
Cows Thiafenta Naltrexone Medetomidine 5-7 Yohimbine 1
nil 5-7 mg 50-70 mg mg ml/50 kg
Xylazine 15-30 mg Atipamezole
Detomidine 10 mg 5 x mg dose
Azaperone 100 mg of
medetomidi
ne atau
detemidine
Etorphine Naltrexone Medetomidine 5-7 Yohimbine 1
5-7 mg 50-70 mg mg ml/50 kg
Diprenorphi Xylazine 15-30 mg Atipamezole
ne 18 mg Detomidine 10 mg 5 x mg dose
Azaperone 100 mg of
 medetomidi
ne atau
detemidine
Drug used for Azaperone 100-150
transquilizati mg
on og Haloperidol 10-15
gemsbok mg
during Zuclopenthixol
transport acetat 50-100 mg
Perphenazine
enanthate 50-100
mg
NOTE : some older cows can take up to 8 mg etorphine or thiafentanil

7. Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis

Age/sex Primary Drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative/other

Antidote
Adult bull Etorphine 12- Diprenorphine Up to 5000 IU hyaluronidase
16 mg 28-40 mg
Naltrexone 120-
160 mg in free
release situation
Thiafentanil Naltrexone 140-
14-20 mg 200 mg
Adult Cow Etorphine 10- Diprenorphine Up to 3000 IU hyaluronidase
12 mg 28 mg
Thiafentanil Naltrexone 80-
12-14 mg 120 mg
Sub Adults Etorphine 7-9 Diprenorphine 1500 IU hyaluronidase
mg 22 mg
Thiafentanil 8- Naltrexone 80-
12 mg 120 mg
Smaller Etorphine 4-7 Diprenorphine 1500 IU hyaluronidase
mg 22 mg
Thiafentanil 4- Naltrexone 60-
7 mg 90 mg

8. Hartebeest, Red (Alcelaphus buselaphus)

Age/Sex Primary Drug Narcotic Transquilizer/ Sedative

Antidote Sedative Antidote
Bull Etorphine 5-6 Diprenorphin Azaperone 60- Yohimbine at
mg e 15 mg 80 mg 1 ml/50 kg
Thiafentanil 5 Naltrexone Medentomidin body mass
mg 75-90 mg e 5-6 mg atau
Xylazine 5-10 Atipamezole
mg at 5 x
 Detomidine 5 medetomidin
mg e atau
Detomidine
dose in mg
Cow Etorphine 5 Diprenorphin Azaperone 60- Yohimbine at
e 13 mg 80 mg 1 ml/50 kg
mgThiafentan Naltrexone Medentomidin body mass
il 4-5 mg 60-75 mg e 5-6 mg atau
Xylazine 5-10 Atipamezole
mg at 5 x
Detomidine 5 medetomidin
mg e atau
Detomidine
dose in mg
Transquilizer Azaperone 100
s used for mg
transport Haloperidol
10-25 mg
Zuclopenthixol
50-100 mg
Perphenazine
enanthate 50-
100 mg
NOTE:
 Azaperone work very well in this species when used as part of the drug
mixture.
 Ketamine in doses of 50 mg IV if necessary can be administered to make
the animal more manageable once down.
 Reverse the α-2 agonist with yohimbine or atipamezole if necessary.

9. Hartebeest, Lichtenstein’s (Sigmoceros lichtensteini)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/sedati Sedative

Drug Antidote ve antidote
Bull Thiafenta Naltrexone Azaperone 80 mg Yohimbine 1
nil 4-5 mg 40-50 mg atau Detomidine 5 ml/50 kg
atau mg atau body mass
Etorphine Diprenorphi Medetomidine 5-6 atau
4-5 mg ne 8-13 mg mg Atipamezole
atau at 5 x mg
Naltrexone dose of
40-50 mg Nedetomidin
e
Cow Diprenorphi Azaperone 80 mg Azaperone
ne 8-13 mg atau Detomidine 5 80 mg atau
atau mg atau Detomidine
Naltrexone Medetomidine 5-6 5 mg atau
 40-50 mg mg Medetomidi
ne 5-6 mg
TRansquolize Azaperone 60-100
rs used for mg
transport
Haloperidol 15-20
mg
Zuclopenthixol
acerate 50-100 mg
Perphenazine
enanthate 50-100
mg

NOTE :
 Titrate IV Ketamine in dose 50 mg if necessary to make the animal mor
manageable.
 Reverse the α-2 agonist with yohimbine or atipemazole.
 Thiafetanil appears to be better for all hartebeest species, as the
knockdown time is shortened, which is important for these running
antelope in reducing the risk of capture myopathy.

10. Hirola (Beatragus hunteri)

Age/sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/ Sedative

Drug Antidote sedative Antidote
Adult bull and Etorphine Diprenorphine Xylazine 10-15 Atioamezole
cow 3-5 mg 10 mg mg atau 1-2 mg
Azaperone 40-
60 mg
Transquilizer Haloperidol 15
used in the mg
hirola for
handling and
transport

11. Impala (Aepyceros melampus) dan Black-Faced Impala (Aepyceros melampus

petersi)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/seda Sedative

Drug Antidote tive Antidote
Ram Thiafentanil Naltrexone Azeperone 15-30 Atipomezole
1-2,5 mg 25 mg mg atau at 5 x
Etorphine Diprenorphi Medetomidine 2-3 medetomidi
1,5-3 mg ne 2,5-8 mg mg atau midazolam ne dose in
15 mg mg
Fentanyl Diprenorphi Addition of 5 mg
10-15 mg ne 6-9 mg butorphanol
 Buthorphan Naltrexone Azaperone 40 mg
ol 16 mg 32 mg with medetomidine
2 mg
Ewe Thiafentanil Naltrexone Azeperone 15-30 Atipomezole
1-2 mg 20 mg mg atau at 5 x
Etorphine Diprenorphi Medetomidine 2 medetomidi
1-2 mg nr 6 mg mg atau nidazolam ne dose in
Fentanyl 10 Diprenorphi 2 mg mg
mg nr 6 mg
Butorphano Naltrexone Azaperone 30 mg
l 15 mg 30 mg with medetomidine
2 mg
Drug used Haloperidol 5-15
for the mg
transquilizqti Zuclopenthixol
on of impala acetat 20-30 mg,
to be 06 mg/kg
transported Perphenazine
enanthate 40-50
mg
NOTE :
 They are very sensitive to opioids, so a higher naltrexone dose is
recommended
 The addition of 5 mg butorphanol has been tried in south Africa, with
very good result in reducing mortality.
 Sedative antidote are generally not necessary, except for young, old or
debilitated animals or animal released back into predator-rich area.

12. Kob, Ugandan (Kobus kob thomasi) dan White-Earerd (Kobus kob leucotis)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/seda Sedative

Drug Antidote tive Antidote
Adult male Thiafenta Naltrexone Azaperone 60-80 Atipomezole
nil 3,5 mg 150 mg mg at 5 x
Etorphine Diprenorphi Xylazine 10 mg atau medetomidi
4-5 mg ne 7-10 mg Azaperone 60-80 ne dose in
atau mg atau mg
Naltrexone Medetomidine 4 mg
50 mg
Adult female Thiafenta Naltrexone Azaperone 40-50
nil 2,5 - 3 150 mg mg
mg
Etorphine Diprenorphi Xylazine 5-10 mg Atipomezole
3-4 mg ne 6-8mg atau Azaperone 50- at 5 x
atau 60 mg atau medetomidi
Naltrexone Medetomidine 3 mg ne dose in
50 mg mg
 Drug used for Azaperone 40 mg
transquilizati Haloperidol 15 mg
on of white-
eared kob
NOTE:
Doen time with these drug combination vary from 3 to 5 minutes. Animlas often
have to be restrained on the ground and blindfolded, probably reflecting a
quick knockdown but incomplete drug effect. Down times appear to be quicker
with the etorphine-azaperone mix, but the quality of anesthesia is better with
etorphine-medetomidine. The use of thiafentanil, combined with azaperone,
produces induction time for 2 to 4 minutes, with excellent quality ao anesthesia,
thiafentanl is the drug of choice for this species

13. Kudu, Greater (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) dan Lesser (Tragelaphus imberbis)

Age/sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/ Sedative

Drug Antidote sedative antidote
GreaterKudu Thiafentanil Naltrexone 80 Azaperone 100 Generally not
(Bull) 6-8 mg atau mg mg atau necessary, but
Etorphenol Diprenorphine Detomidine 10 Atipamezole
8-12 mg 30 mg mg atau at 5 x
Midazolam 30 Medetomidine
mg atau atay
Medetomidine detomidine
5-6 mg dose in mg
Greater Kudu Thiafentanil Naltrexone 60 Azaperone 100 Generally not
(Cow) 5-6 mg mg mg atau necessary, but
Etorphenol Diprenorphine Detomidine 10 Atipamezole
6-7 mg 18 mg mg atau at 5 x
Midazolam 30 Medetomidine
mg atau atay
Medetomidine detomidine
5-6 mg dose in mg
Lesser Kudu Ethorpine Diprenorphine Xylazine 10-20 Atipamezole 5
(Bull) 4-6 mg 6-9 mg mg x
medetomidine
dose in mg
Lesser Kudu Etorphinr 3- Diprenorphine Xylazine 10-15 Atipamezole 5
(Cow) 5 mg 4-7 mg mg x
medetomidine
dose in mg
Transquilizers Azaperone 80-
used in 100 mg
greater kudu Haloperidol
for transport 10-20 mg
Zuclopenthixol
acetat 60-100
 mg

Perphenazine
enanthate 60-
100 mg
Xylazine 100
mg
NOTE :
 Beware of using high dose of haloperidol-extrapyramidal symptoms can
occur.
 Lesser kudu have rarely been translocated and relatively few are held in
zoological collections, therefore contemporary information on
transquilizer of free- ranging lrsser kudu is limited. There are ocacasional
reports of the use of long acting transquilizers such as perphenazine
enanthate at 100 mg total dose.

14. Lechwe (Kobus leche)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic Transquilizer/ Sedative

Drug Antidote Sedative Antidote
Ram Thiafentani Naltrexone Azaperone 80 Not generally
l 10 mg 100 mg mg atau necessary, but
atau Xylazine 10 atipamezole
Etorphine 8 Diprenorphin mg atau at 5 x
mg e 20 mg Detomidine 5 medetomidin
mg atau e or
Medetimidine detomidine
5-6 mg dose in mg
Ewe Thiafentani Naltrexone 80 Azaperone 80 Not generally
l 8 mg atau mg mg atau necessary, but
Etorphine Diprenorphin Xylazine 10 atipamezole
e 15 mg mg atau at 5 x
Detomidine 5 medetomidin
mg atau e or
Medetomidin detomidine
e 5-6 mg dose in mg
Drug used for Haloperidol
the 10-20 mg
transquilizatio Zuclopenthixo
n of lechew to l acetat 50-
be transported 100 mg

Perphenazine
enanthate 50-
100 mg

14. Nyala (Tragelaphus angesii)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative
antidote antidote
Bull Thiafentanil Naltrexone 80 Medetomidine 2-5 Yohimbine 1
6-8 mg or mg mg or ml/50 kg or
Etorphine 6-8 Diprenorphine Detomidine 3-6 mg Atipamezole 5
mg 20 mg or Azaperone 50-60 x
mg medetomidine
or detomidine
dose in mg
Cow Thiafentanil Naltrexone 60 Medetomidine 2-4 As above
4-6 mg or mg mg or Detomidine 3-
Etorphine 4-7 Diprenorphiene 6 mg or Azaperone
mg 18 mg 50-60 mg
Notes:

 Thiafentanil in combination with medetomidine is drug of choice

 1.500-3.000 IU hyaluronidase to the drug mixture can be added
 Titrate with ketamine in increments of 50 mg IV to relax the immobilized animal,
if necessary
 Nyala are very prone to dart wound infections, so administering long-acting
antibiotics is advisable. Nyala have very though skin so beware of the dart failing
to penetrate when at close range and the dart gun pressure is set low.

Drug Dose
Azaperone 80-100 mg
Haloperidol 10-20 mg
Zuclopenthixol acetate 50-100 mg
Perphenazine enanthate 50-100 mg
The drugs used to tranquilize nyala during transport or when confined in a boma after
capture

15. Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic antidote Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote
Bull Thiafentanil Naltrexone 120 Hyaluronidase 2 500 Yohimbine 36
12 mg or mg IU mg or
Xylazine 40 mg Atipamezole 4
mg
Etorphine 6 Diprenorphine 10 Xylazine 30 mg Atipamezole 3
mg mg mg
Cow Thiafentanil Naltrexone 80 mg Xylazine 30 mg Yohimbine 24
8 mg or mg or
Atipamezole 3
mg
 Etorphine 3- Diprenorphiene 5 Xylazine 20 mg Atipamezole 3
4 mg mg mg
Immobilizing drugs mixtures used in mountain nyala

16. Reedbuck, Common (Redunca arundinum)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote antidote
Adult ram Thiafentanil 2 Naltrexone 50 Medetomidine 2-3 Atipamezole at
and ewe mg or mg mg or Azaperone 40 5x
mg medetomidine
dose in mg
Etorphine 1,5 Diprenorphine
- 3 mg 5-8 mg
Drug mixtures used for the immobilization of reedbuck

Notes :

Take care as this species is so sensitive to opioid-induced respiratory depression

Higher doses of naltrexone as reversal agents are recommended

Addition of butorphanole to the dart mixture (2,5 mg) may prevent respiratory
depression. This dose can also be given immediately as the animal is handled.

Drug Dose
Haloperidol 15-20 mg
Zuclopenthixol acetate 30-50 mg
Perphenazine enanthetae 20-50 mg
Drugs used for the tranquilization of reedbuck to be transported or confined in bomas

17. Reedbuck, Mountain (Redunca fulvorufula)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote antidote
Adult ram Thiafentanil Naltrexone 50 Medetomidine 1-2 Atipamezole at
and ewe 1-2 mg or mg mg or Azaperone 40 5x
Etorphine 1-2 Diprenorphine mg medetomidine
mg 3-6 mg dose in mg
Drug mixtures used for the immobilization of mountain reedbuck

Notes:
  Take care as this species is sensitive to opioid-induced respiratory depression
 Higher doses of naltrexone as reversal agents are recommended

Drug Dose
Haloperidol 5-10 mg
Zuclopenthixol acetate 30-50 mg
Perphenazine enanthate 30-50 mg
Drugs used for the tranquilization of mountain reedbuck to be transported or confined
in bomas
 18. Rhebok, Grey (Pelea capreolus)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote antidote
Adult ram Thiafentanil Naltrexone 30- Azaperone 30-40 mg Not necessary
and ewe 2-3 mg or 60 mg best or
Etorphine Diprenorphine Xylazine 5-10 mg or Atipamezole at
1,5-2,5 mg 3-6 mg Detomidine 3 mg 5x
medetomidine
or detomidine
dose in mg
Notes:

 The addition of hyaluronidase to the mixture is beneficial

 Grey rhebok are extremely agile, and often difficult to dart from helicopter. Be
cautious of using medetomidine for this reason, as over-exertion may occur
 Net capture is often the best and most efficient way of capture
 Recovery of the animals can be difficult, depending on vegetation cover and
terrain.

19. Roan (Hippotragus equinus)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic antidote Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative antidote

drug
Bull Thiafentanil Naltrexone 75- Azaperone 60-100 Not usually
6-10 mg or 150 mg mg or Medetomidine necessary but
5-6 mg or atipamezole at 5
Detomidine 3-5 mg x medetomidine
or Xylazine 20-30 mg or detomidine
dose in mg or
Yohimbine at 1
ml/50kg
Etorphine 6- Diprenorphine 20 See above
8 mg mg
Cow Thiafentanil Naltrexone 90- Azaperone 50-80 mg Not necessary
6-8 mg or 120 mg or Medetomidine 3-5
Etorphine 5- Diprenorphiene mg or Detomidine 3- Not necessary
7 mg 13-18 mg 5 mg or Xylazine 20-
30 mg
Sub- Thiafentanil Naltrexone 60- Azaperone 30-40 ng Not necessary
adult 4-5 mg 125 mg
Calf Thiafentanil Naltrexone 45 mg Azaperone 20-30 mg Not necessary
3 mg
Drug mixtures used to immobilize roan
Notes:

 Use hyaluronidase – 1500-3000 IU per animal

 Ketamine in increments of 50-100 mg IV, or to effect, is useful in relaxing and
controlling struggling animals.
 Thiafentanil or etophine mixed with 5-6 mg medetomidine is useful in a boma
situation, but must be used with caution in a helicopter-chase situation
 Reversal of a-2 agonist in pregnant or compromised animals is necessary – use
5x the medetomidine dose
 Azaperone and anti a-2 agonist are commonly mixed

20. Sable (Hippotragus niger)

Age/Sex Primary Narcotic antidote Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative antidote

drug
Bull Thiafentanil Naltrexone 90- Azaperone 80-100 Usually not
6-8 mg or 120 mg mg or Medetomidine necessary – see
Etorphine 6- Naltrezone 90- 2-3 mg or note below.
8 mg 120 mg or Detomidine 2-3 mg Atipamezole at 5
Diprenorphine or Xylazine 10-15 mg x medetomidine
15-20 mg or detomidine
dose in mg or
Yohimbine at
1ml/50kg
Cow Thiafentanil
Naltrexone 60-90 Azaperone 80-100 As above
4-6 mg or mg mg or Medetomidine
Etorphine 4-
Diprenorphiene 2-3 mg or
5 mg 60-75 mg or Detomidine 2-3 mg
Diprenorphine or Xylazine 10-15 mg
10-12 mg
Immobilizing drug mixtures used in sable

Notes:

 Use hyaluronidase – 1500-3000 IU

 Ketamine in increments of 50-100 mg IV, or to effect, is useful in relaxin and
controlling struggling animals.
 Thiafentanil is preferred, as they often do not go down totally on etorphine.
Thiafentanil of etorphine mixed with 5-6 mg medetomidine is useful in a boma
situation
 Azaperone and an a-2 agonist are commonly mixed.
 a-2 agonists are recommended by some as they have muscle-relaxing effects,
but be aware that sable are sensitive to these drugs. If medetomidine is used in
a helicopter chase situation, it is advisable to reverse both the xylazine and the
medetomidine if used
  a-2 agonists should be reversed in pregnant and compromised animals.

Drug Dose
Azaperone 80-100 mg
Haloperidol 10-15 mg
Zuclopenthixol acetate 100-150 mg
Perphenazine enanthate 100-150 mg
Drugs used for the tranqullization of roan during transport or when confined in bomas
after capture

21. Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote antidote
Adult ram Thiafentanil Naltrexone 10- Azaperone 10-20 mg Not
and ewe 0,5-1 mg or 15 mg or Medetomidine 1 necessary –
Etorphine 0,5 Naltrezone 2-3 mg or Xylazine 2-5 see note
mg or mg or mg
Fentanyl 10- Diprenorphine
15 mg 2,5 mg
Drug mixtures used for the immobilization of springbok

Notes:

 Springbok are sensitive to the suppression of respiration caused by the opioids

but take care also not to underdose with the immobilizing drugs
 There are differences in response between Karoo and Kalahari springbok.
Springbok from the Kalahari should be given larger doses of the recommended
drugs
 Reversal of the a-2 agonist sedative should be done in pregnant and
compromised animals – give atipamezole at 5x the medetomidine dose in mg

Drug Dose
Valium 5-10 mg
Haloperidol 5-10 mg
Zuclopenthixol acetate 25-40 mg
Perphenazine enanthate 20-40 mg
Drugs used for the tranquillization of springbok to be transported or confined in bomas

22. Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus) and Tiang (tiang hartebeest – Damaliscus

lunatus tiang)

Age/Sex Primary drug Narcotic Tranquilizer/sedative Sedative

antidote antidote
Adult ram Thiafentanil 4 Naltrexone 60 Azaperone 80 mg or Not generally
and ewe mg or mg Detomidine 5 mg or necessary, but
Etorphine 3-4 Diprenorphine Xylazine 5-10 mg atipamezole at
mg or 6-12 mg 5x
medetomidine
or detomidine
dose in mg
Note: Medetomidine (2-3 mg) can be used in combination wioth etorphine and
thiafentamil, but is best used in a boma situation.