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Para responder a una pregunta si/no. n. "Is this your dog?"
"Yes, it is."
FORM:
[SI + SUJETO + BE] "Is this your dog?"
"No, it isn't."
(nunca con
contracciones)
THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT]
(con frecuencia con contracciones) USO:
Indicar objetos específicos.
AFIRMATIVO FORMA:
Yes, I am. "This"/"That"
Yes, you are. se utilizan con sustantivos en singular
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is. "These"/"Those"
Yes, it is. se utilizan con sustantivos en plural
Yes, we are. "This"/"These"
Yes, you are. se emplean con sustantivos cercanos al hablante
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVO "That"/"Those"
No, I'm not. se emplean con sustantivos que no están cerca del hablante
No, you're not. No, you aren't.
No, he's not. No, he isn't. EJEMPLOS:
No, it's not. No, it isn't. "Is this your hat?"
(Un sombrero específico cercano a la persona que habla.)
No, we're not. No, we aren't.
No, you're not. No, you aren't. "No, that is my hat."
No, they're (Un sombrero específico que está un poco más lejos.)
No, they aren't.
not.
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"Are these your gloves?" Cuando un sustantivo termina en "o", a veces añadir "es".
(Guantes específicos que están cerca.)
a potato
"No, those are my gloves." potatoes
(Guantes específicos que están más lejos.) PERO
a radio
"I'm going to visit friends this Friday." radios
(El viernes específico, más cercano en el tiempo.)
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en "f" o "fe", cambiar la "f" por "v" y añadir
SUSTANTIVOS: SINGULAR/PLURAL "es" o "s".a shelf shelves
USO:
Indicar dos o más unidades del mismo objeto. A veces la forma plural del sustantivo parece totalmente distinta:
a
USO:
watches Indicar que algo existe o está presente.
watch
FORMA:
NOTA: "es" se pronuncia "ez" Singular: [THERE IS + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en consonante + "y"cambiar la "y" por Plural: [THERE ARE + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
"i" y añadir "es".
Interrogaciones: [IS/ARE THERE + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
a baby
EJEMPLOS:
babies "Are there any cookies left?"
"There is one more left."
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ARTICULOS
EJEMPLOS:
"Give me a sandwich please."
(Sandwich es singular y puede contarse.)
I am waiting for you.
"This is a dog." You are eating my cake.
(Dog comienza por "d", una consonante.) He/She/It is sleeping now.
We are going tomorrow.
"This is an orange." You are walking too fast.
(Orange comienza por "o", una vocal.) They are studying English this year.
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USO: Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Realizar preguntas que requieren "sí" o "no" como respuesta Yes, they are.
NEGATIVA
FORMA
Are they working
Pregunta SI/NO:
now? EJEMPLOS:
"Marie, are you enjoying the party?"
"Yes, I am."
EJEMPLOS:
"Are you listening to me?"
"Is your sister moving to New York?" "Are we leaving now?"
"No, we aren't."
USO:
Responder a una pregunta sí/no. PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: NEGATIVO
FORMA: USO:
[YES + SUJETO + BE] (nunca se utiliza con contracciones) Describir una acción que no está ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT] (a menudo se utiliza con contracciones) FORMA:
[SUJET + BE + NOT + VERBO+ing (+ REST)]
AFIRMATIVA
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is. I am not driving.
Yes, she is. You are not listening.
Yes, it is. She is not working.
He is not working.
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It is not working. [SUJETO + BE + NOT + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
We are not studying.
You are not waiting.
They are not talking. I am not
You are not
She is not
EJEMPLOS: He is not
"It is not raining anymore." It is not
"I am not going to the party tonight."
We are not
You are not
They are not
USE:
FORMA: Hacer referencia al sujeto de una oración en lugar de utilizar nombres
Añadir " 's " al nombre de la persona, lugar o cosa a la que pertenece el sustantivo. En los propios.
sustantivos en plural, colocar el " ' " después de la "s".
FORMA:
EJEMPLOS: Para referirse a personas: I, you, he, she, we, they
"The boy's pizza."
(La pizza pertenece al niño.) Para referirse a cosas: it, they
Subject
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Possessive
PRONOBRES: POSESIVO
USO:
Indicar pertenencia sin utilizar el nombre del propietario.
FORMA:
ADJETIVO
Seguido siempre por el sustantivo al cual describe: my, your, his,
her, its, our, their
SUSTANTIVO
Sin el sustantivo al cual que describe: mine, yours, his, hers, ours,theirs
EJEMPLOS:
"Is it your turn?"
"No, it's his."
"It's not my turn, it's hers."
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You/We/The
weren't on time.
y
EJEMPLOS:
"Diana was at home yesterday."
"She wasn't at school."
Questions
BE PAST: PREGUNTAS
Statements
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
BE PASADO: FRASES
USO: USO:
Conectar el sujeto con el resto de la oración y hablar acerca del pasado Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta es "sí" o "no".
AFIRMATIVO FORMA:
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Respuestas Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Yes, I was.
: Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."
No, I wasn't.
PREGUNTAS-WH
Non-Count and Quantifiers
USO: SUSTANTIVOS y QUANTIFICADORES:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con estasexpresiones SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES y CUANTIFICADORES
interrogativas:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
USO:
FORMA: Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases
que indican el número o la cantidad
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO: de
un objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos como
[PALABRA-WH + BE PAST + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
Afirmativa: Juan was at home. con incontables. Otros solo se utilizan
pREGUNTA -Wh: Who was at home? con sustantivos contables o
incontables
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN:
pero no con ambos.
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE] RECUERDA: Los sustantivos incontables toman solo la
Afirmativa: He was in Philadelphia.
Pregunta - Wh Where was he? forma singular del verbo!
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"Is there any money in the handbag?" "I haven't got many friends."
"There isn't any time left." "How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a lot of a few
much
EXAMPLE:
"I haven't got much money." "Are there any small nails down there, Harry?"
"Sorry, there aren't any, but I have some big nails.
"How much milk do you want?"
Is that OK?"
a little
Statements
"I only want a little juice." PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS
Count Nouns and Quantifiers
USO:
NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:
COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS Hablar de acciones, estados o hechos que suceden en cualquier momento,
de forma repetida o continuamente.
AFIRMATIVA
USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an FORMA:
object. Some quantifiers are used with both count and non-count La tercera persona del singular añaden una -s final.
nouns. Some other quantifiers are used only with either non-count nouns or
[SUJETO + VERBO(s) + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN
count nouns, but not with both.
some (statements): I/You/We/They work in a bank.
"There are some books on the shelf." He/She/It has brown eyes.
ORTOGRAFIA
any (questions and negative sentences):
Los verbos que acaban en ss, sh, ch, x, o añaden la terminación es a la
"Are there any girls in your class?" tercera persona del singular. kisses,matches, goes,watches
"There aren't any onions in the salad."
Para verbos que terminan en la consonante + y,cambian la y por la terminación
a lot of -ies: carry/carries,try/tries, copy/copies
"There are a lot of red apples." NOTA: el presente simple se utiliza también con adverbios y frases adverbiales: Always,
Never, Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.
many
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EJEMPLOS: [DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV." he/she/i
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week." Does like milk?
t
"I always have coffee for breakfast." Do I know him?
AFFIRMATIVE: She likes milk.
YES/NO QUESTION: Does she like milk?
ANSWERS
USE:
To answer a yes/no question.
FORM:
NEGATIVA
[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]
FORMA: Yes, I/you/we/they do.
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA Yes, he/she/it does.
[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]
ORACIÓN]DOES NOT/DOESN'T) No, I/you/we/they don't.
No, he/she/it doesn't.
EXAMPLES:
I/You/We/They don't drive in the city. "Do you work on Saturdays?"
doesn't "Yes, I do."
He/She/It brown eyes..
have
"Does he work on Saturdays?"
EJEMPLO: "No, he doesn't."
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."
Wh Questions
Yes/No Questions
PRESENTE SIMPLE: Preguntas Wh
PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones en tiempo general
USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that need an answer of "yes" que comienzan con los siguientes interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
or "no". WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORM:
Put DO or DOES in front of the subject.
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FORMA: NEGATIVA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO: [NOT AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
FORMA:
When do you go home? [FORMA COMPARATIVA DE ADJETIVO + THAN]
Where does he live?
EJEMPLOS: John is older than Bart.
Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters." La mayoría de adjetivos añaden la terminación -er:
USO:
Comparar dos personas o cosas que son semejantes.
duplican la
FORMA: consonante:
AFIRMATIVA:
[AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Los adjetivos "good" y "bad" tienen una forma comparativa irregular: La mayoría de los adjetivos de dos o más
sílabas
good - better forman el superlativo con most:
bad - worse honest - most honest
beautiful - most beautiful
EJEMPLOS:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick." The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular superlative form:
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"
good - best
Superlatives bad - worst
COMPARACIÓN: SUPERLATIVOS
EJEMPLOS:
"Come to Mad Mo's. We have the cheapest,
USO: the biggest, the most terrific store in New York! We are the best!"
Comparar una o más personas o cosas
con
Count and Non-Count
un grupo.
SUSTANTIVOS y CUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES/INCONTABLES
FORMA:
[THE + FORMA SUPERLATIVA DE ADJETIVO]
USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases que indican el número o la
John is the tallest boy in the class. cantidad de un objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con
They are the most beautiful shoes in the store. sustantivos contables como con incontables. Otros sólo se utilizan con
sustantivos contables o incontables, pero no con ambos.
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USADOS CON AMBOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES: Regular Verbs
some (dichos): PASADO SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS
FORMA: USO:
Algunos verbos tienen formas irregulares en el pretérito simple. Tiene que Realizar preguntas acerca del pasado que comienzancon estos
aprendérselos de memoria. interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
Estos son algunos de los verbos [WHO/WHAT + PAST VERBO + RESTO]
verbos frequentes : Who told him?
What made that noise?
come - came put - put
do - did read - read Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
drink -
drank say - said [PALABRA-WH + DID + VERBO...]
eat - ate sell - sold
find -
found sit - sat
get - got sleep - slept When did you leave school?
drive -
drove speak - spoke Where did they buy that?
go - went take - took
have -
had tell - told EJEMPLOS:
hear John: "Did you ask the boss about money?"
hear - think - thought
d Rose: "Yes, I did."
understand John: "Well, what did she say?"
know - knew understood
- Rose: "She said no."
leave - left wear - wore
make - made write - wrote
meet - met Tag Questions
Questions PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS CON COLETILLA
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Si se espera un "sí": [CAN + VERBO]
[ORACIÓN AFIRMATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO] John can swim quickly.
You can go to the movies with your friends.
You drive, don't you?
Carl paints, doesn't he? NEGATIVO
[CAN + NOT + VERBO]
Si se espera un "no": Diane can't swim.
Beth cannot meet us tonight.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[ORACIÓN NEGATIVA + DO/DOES + SUJETO] [CAN + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACION]
You don't smoke, do you? Can you help me?
Mary doesn't
does she?
Can Ileave now?
drive,
EJEMPLOS: Respuestas:
"You like coffee, don't you?" Yes, you can.
No, you cannot/can't.
"Yes, I do." (La respuesta esperada es un "si")
PREGUNTAS - WH
"She doesn't work here, does she?"
"No, she doesn't."(La respuesta esperada es un "no".) [PALABRA-WH + CAN... VERBO...]
When can you help me?
Can EJEMPLOS:
Danny: "Can you open it?"
MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: CAN
Keith: "No, I can't. I can't open it."
USO: Danny: "Let's ask Butch. He can do it."
El modal CAN se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado especial. Como
la mayoría de los modales,CAN tiene más de un significado. Have To
MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: HAVE TO
SIGNIFICADO:
"Joe can speak French." (HABILIDAD)
USO:
"You can leave early." (PERMISO) El semimodal HAVE TO se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado
"It can be hot here." (POSIBILIDAD) especial.
FORMA: SIGNIFICADO:
Al igual que otros modales, CAN va antesdel verbo y tiene solo una forma. "He has to leave early." (OBLIGACION).
AFIRMATIVO FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales y semimodales, HAVE TOva delante del verbo. Tiene la misma
forma que los verbos regulares.
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AFIRMATIVO: "They may buy a new house." (POSIBILIDAD)
[HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
He has to leave early. FORMA:
They have to do their homework. Al igual que otros modales, MAY va antesdel verbo y solo tiene una forma.
NEGATIVO:
[DO/DOES (NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERBO + RESTO] AFIRMATIVA
The boys don't have to work today. [MAY + VERBO]
PREGUNTAS SI/NO: John may go with you.
[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO] They may visit us later.
Do I have to leave now? NEGATIVA
Doesn't she have to study for her test? [MAY + NOT + VERBO]
You may not leave the table.
Answers: We may not go to the party later.
Yes, I do.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
No, she doesn't.
[MAY + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
PREGUNTAS - WH: May we leave now?
[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES + SUJETO) + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO] May I help me?
Who has to leave?
Respuestas:
When do you have to call your parents? Yes, you may.
No, you may not.
EJEMPLOS:
Mother: "It's time for bed, Michael."
PREGUN TAS - WH
Rick: "Aw, Mom. Do I have to go to bed now?"
Mother: "Yes, you do. It's late and you have to goto school tomorrow." [PALABRA-WH + MAY... VERBO...]
When may we leave?
May EJEMPLOS:
MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: MAY Girl: "Mom, may I have a cookie?"
Mother: "Okay, but only one. Your brother may
USO: want one, too."
El modal MAY se utiliza con verbos y
añade un significado especial. Al igual que la mayoría de
modales,
MAY tiene más de un significado.
SIGNIFICADO:
"You may leave early."(PERMISO)
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