PART II: Stoichiometry: © 2008 Brooks/Cole 1

PART II: Stoichiometry
© 2008 Brooks/Cole 1
Chemical Equations
Balanced equations obey the law of conservation of
mass (Lavoisier 1789).
“Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.”
2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

Nanoscale 2 molecules 7 molecules 4 molecules 6 molecules
Macroscale 2 moles 7 moles 4 moles 6 moles
2(30.0)= 60.0 g 7(32.0)= 224.0 g 4(44.0)= 176.0 g 6(18.0)= 108.0 g

284.0 g 284.0 g
C2H6 molar mass O2 molar mass
Chemical Equations
Stoichiometry
The relationship between the number of reactant and
product molecules in a chemical equation.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HNO3(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

A stoichiometric
coefficient
Fundamentals of Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry is a term used to describe
quantitative relationships in chemistry.
 “How much?” of a product is produced or reactant is

consumed.
 Balanced chemical equation needed.
 Conversion between mass or volume to number of

moles frequently needed.
Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation
• Mole ratios are obtained from the coefficients in the balanced chemical
reaction.
 1 mol CH4 : 2 mol O2 : 1 mol CO2 : 2 mol H2O
• These ratios can be used in solving problems:

1 mol CH 4 2 mol H2O
or
2 mol O2 1 mol CH 4
Example Problem 4.1
• In the combustion of methane, how many moles of
O2 are required if 6.75 mol of CH4 is to be
completely consumed?
• This flow diagram illustrates the various steps

involved in solving a typical reaction stoichiometry
problem.
 No different than unit conversion
 Usually more than one conversion is necessary
 Write all quantities with their complete units
Example Problem 4.2
• How many grams of water can be produced if
sufficient hydrogen reacts with 26.0 g of oxygen?
• Solution to Problem 4.2 using the stoichiometry

problem flow diagram, Figure 4.3.
Example Problem 4.3
• If we have 153 g of S8 and an excess of
phosphorus, what mass of P4S3 can be produced
in the reaction shown?
8P4  3S8  8P4 S3
Limiting Reactants
• In many chemical reactions, one reactant is often
exhausted before the other reactants. This
reactant is the limiting reactant.
 Limiting reactant is determined using stoichiometry.
 The limiting reactant limits the quantity of product

produced.
Limiting Reactants
• Reaction between 6 H2
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 
 2H2O(g) and 6 O2 will produce 6
H2O.
 6 H2 can produce 6 H2O.
 6 O2 can produce 12 H2O.
 H2 is limiting reactant.
 3 O2 left over.
Limiting Reactants
• In many cases, we manipulate the amounts of
reactants to ensure that one specific compound is
the limiting reactant.
 For example, a more expensive or scarce reagent is

usually chosen to be the limiting reagent.
• Other times, it is best to have a stoichiometric

mixture (equal ratio of moles) to prevent waste.
 For example, rocket fuel is designed so that no mass is

left over, which would add unnecessary weight to the
rocket.
Example Problem 4.4
• A solution of hydrochloric acid contains 5.22 g of
HCl. When it is allowed to react with 3.25 g of solid
K2CO3, the products are KCl, CO2, and H2O. Which
reactant is in excess?
Example Problem 4.5
• If 28.2 g of P4 is allowed to react with 18.3 g of S8,
which is the limiting reactant?
8P4  3S8  8P4 S3
Theoretical Yield
• The maximum mass of a product that can be
obtained in a reaction is determined by the limiting
reactant.
 Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant.
 Calculate the mass of product that can be made from the

limiting reactant. This mass is the theoretical yield.
 In stoichiometric mixtures, however, both reactants are

consumed completely, so either could be considered the
limiting reactant.
Theoretical and Percent Yields
• Many factors determine the amount of desired
product actually produced in a reaction.
 Temperature of the reaction
 The possibility of side reactions
 Further reaction of the product
 Time
Theoretical and Percentage Yields
 actual yield 
Percentage Yield =    100%
 theoretical yield 
• Reaction efficiency is measured with

percentage yield.
 The mass of product obtained is the actual yield.
 The ideal mass of product obtained

from calculation is the theoretical yield.
Example Problem 4.8
• In a laboratory experiment, a student heats 42.0 g
of NaHCO3 and determines that 22.3 g of Na2CO3
is formed. What is the percentage yield of this
reaction?
2NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s)  CO2 (g)  H2O(g)
heat
The Mole and Chemical Reactions
2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O (l)
2 moles of C2H6 react with 7 moles of O2

2 moles of C2H6 produce 4 moles of CO2
2 mol C2H6 ≡ 7 mol O2
2 mol C2H6 ≡ 4 mol CO2 etc.
Mole ratios:
2 mol C2H6 7 mol O2
=1 2 mol C2H6 =1
7 mol O2
What mass of O2 and Br2 is produced by the reaction
of 25.0 g of TiO2 with excess BrF3?
3 TiO2(s) + 4 BrF3(l) 3 TiF4(s) + 2 Br2(l) + 3 O2(g)
Notes:
• Check the equation is balanced!
• Stoichiometric ratios:
3TiO2 ≡ 3O2 ; 3TiO2 ≡ 2Br2 ; and many others
• Excess BrF3 = enough BrF3 to react all the TiO2.
What mass of O2 and Br2 is produced by the reaction of 25.0g of TiO2 with
excess BrF3? 3 TiO2(s) + 4 BrF3(l) 3 TiF4(s) + 2 Br2(l) + 3 O2 (g)
nTiO2 = mass TiO2 / FM TiO2

1 mol
= 25.0 g x 79.88 g = 0.3130 mol TiO2
3 mol TiO2 ≡ 3 mol O2

3 mol O2
0.3130 mol TiO2 = 0.3130 mol O2
3 mol TiO2
What mass of O2 and Br2 is produced by the reaction of 25.0g of TiO2 with
excess BrF3? 3 TiO2(s) + 4 BrF3(l) 3 TiF4(s) + 2 Br2(l) + 3 O2(g)
Mass of O2 produced = nO2 (mol. wt. O2)

= 0.3130 mol x 32.00 g/mol
= 10.0 g
3 TiO2 ≡ 2 Br2
2Br2
nBr2 = 0.3130 mol TiO2 = 0.2087 mol Br2
3 TiO2
Mass of Br2 = 0.2087 mol 159.81 g = 33.4 g Br2

mol Br2
Practice Problem 4.8
The purity of Mg can be found by reaction with excess HCl
(aq), evaporating the water from the resulting solution and
weighing the solid MgCl2 formed.
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Calculate the % Mg in a 1.72-g sample that produced 6.46 g of
MgCl2 when reacted with excess HCl.
More difficult – What should you calculate?
– How much pure Mg will make 6.46 g of MgCl2?
– Express as a % of the original mass.
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2
FW of MgCl2 = 24.31 + 2(35.45) = 95.21 g/mol
nMgCl2 = 6.46 g MgCl2 1 mol = 0.06785 mol MgCl2

95.21 g
Use mole ratio 1 mol Mg ≡ 1 mol MgCl2

1 Mg
Mg required: 0.06785 mol MgCl2
1 MgCl2
= 0.06785 mol of pure Mg
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2
Calculate mass of pure Mg needed

0.06785 mol Mg x 24.31 g = 1.649 g Mg
1 mol
Given 1.72 g of impure Mg.
Purity (as mass %) = 1.649 g x 100% = 95.9 %

1.72 g
Reactions with Reactant in Limited Supply
Given 10 slices of cheese and 14 slices
of bread. How many sandwiches can
you make?
Balanced equation
1 cheese + 2 bread 1 sandwich
1 cheese ≡ 2 bread
1 cheese ≡ 1 sandwich
2 bread ≡ 1 sandwich
Reactions with Limited Reactants
Two methods can be used:
Product Method
Calculate the product from each starting material.
 The reactant giving the smallest number is limiting.
10 cheese x 1 sandwich = 10 sandwiches

1 cheese
14 bread x 1 sandwich = 7 sandwiches

2 bread
Correct answer
Bread is limiting. It will
be used up first
How much water will be produced by the combustion
of 25.0 g of H2 in the presence of 100. g of O2?
Write a balanced equation:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)
1 mol H2
nH2 = 25.0 g = 12.40 mol H2
2.016 g
1 mol O2
nO2 = 100. g = 3.125 mol O2
32.00 g
2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O
Moles available: 12.40 3.125
How much water will be produced?
Product Method
Using H2
12.40 mol H2 (2H2O /2H2 ) = 12.40 mol H2O
Using O2
3.125 mol O2 (2 H2O /1 O2 ) = 6.250 mol H2O
O2 gave less water. O2 is limiting.
Base all calculations on O2
6.250 mol H2O x (18.02 g/ 1 mol ) = 113. g water
Consider :
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
If 374 g of NH3 and 768 g of O2 are mixed, what mass
of NO will form?
Balanced equation? yes
nNH3 = 374 g 1 mol = 21.96 mol

17.03 g
1 mol
nO2 = 768g = 24.00 mol
32.00 g
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Mol available: 21.96 24.00
From NH3
NO formed: 21.96 mol NH3 4 NO = 21.96 mol NO
4 NH3
From O2
4 NO
NO formed: 24.00 mol O2 = 19.20 mol NO
5 O2
Smallest amount…. O2 is limiting.
Mass of NO formed?
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
21.96 mol 24.00 mol 19.20 mol
O2 is limiting. Base all calculations on O2.
NO formed = 19.20 mol NO
Mass of NO = 19.20 mol NO x 30.01g = 576 g NO

1 mol
What mass of MgI2 is made by the reaction of 75.0 g
of Mg with 75.0 g of I2?
Mg + I2 → MgI2
• Balanced? YES
• Calculate moles
 75.0 g of Mg = 75.0g/(24.31 g mol-1) = 3.085 mol Mg
 75.0 g of I2 = 75.0g/(253.9 g mol-1) = 0.2955 mol I2
Limiting reactant? 1Mg ≡ 1I2 so I2 = limiting
• Since 1MgI2 ≡ 1I2 produce 0.2955 mol MgI2
• Mass of MgI2 = 0.2955 mol x 278.2 g/mol = 82.2 g
Percent Yield
Theoretical yield
The amount of product predicted by stoichiometry.
Actual yield
The quantity of desired product actually formed.
Percent yield
Actual yield
% yield = x 100%
Theoretical yield
Percent Yield
Few reactions have 100% yield.
Possible reasons
Side reactions may occur that produce undesired
product(s).
Incomplete reaction due to poor mixing or reaching

equilibrium…
Product loss during isolation and purification.
Percent Yield
You heat 2.50 g of copper with an excess of sulfur
and synthesize 2.53 g of copper(I) sulfide
16 Cu(s) + S8(s) 8 Cu2S(s)
What was the percent yield for your reaction?
1 mol
nCu used: 2.50 g = 0.03934 mol Cu
63.55g
16 mol Cu used  8 mol Cu2S made

Theoretical yield:
0.03934 mol Cu 8 Cu2S = 0.01967 mol Cu2S
16 Cu
Percent Yield
Heat 2.50 g of Cu with excess S8 and make 2.53 g of copper(I) sulfide:
16 Cu(s) + S8(s) → 8 Cu2S(s). What was the %-yield for your reaction?
Theoretical yield = 0.01967 mol Cu2S

159.2 g
= 0.01967 mol Cu2S = 3.131 g Cu2S
1 mol
Actual yield = 2.53 g Cu2S (in problem)
2.53 g
Percent yield = x 100% = 80.8%
3.131 g
PART II: Stoichiometry

PART II: Stoichiometry: © 2008 Brooks/Cole 1

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PART II: Stoichiometry

2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

2(30.0)= 60.0 g 7(32.0)= 224.0 g 4(44.0)= 176.0 g 6(18.0)= 108.0 g

Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

 “How much?” of a product is produced or reactant is

 Balanced chemical equation needed.

 Conversion between mass or volume to number of

 1 mol CH4 : 2 mol O2 : 1 mol CO2 : 2 mol H2O

• These ratios can be used in solving problems:

• This flow diagram illustrates the various steps

 No different than unit conversion

 Usually more than one conversion is necessary

 Write all quantities with their complete units

• Solution to Problem 4.2 using the stoichiometry

 Limiting reactant is determined using stoichiometry.

 The limiting reactant limits the quantity of product

 6 H2 can produce 6 H2O.

 6 O2 can produce 12 H2O.

 For example, a more expensive or scarce reagent is

• Other times, it is best to have a stoichiometric

 For example, rocket fuel is designed so that no mass is

8P4  3S8  8P4 S3

 Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant.

 Calculate the mass of product that can be made from the

 In stoichiometric mixtures, however, both reactants are

 Temperature of the reaction

 The possibility of side reactions

 Further reaction of the product

• Reaction efficiency is measured with

 The mass of product obtained is the actual yield.

 The ideal mass of product obtained

2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O (l)

2 moles of C2H6 react with 7 moles of O2

nTiO2 = mass TiO2 / FM TiO2

3 mol TiO2 ≡ 3 mol O2

Mass of O2 produced = nO2 (mol. wt. O2)

Mass of Br2 = 0.2087 mol 159.81 g = 33.4 g Br2

More difficult – What should you calculate?

– How much pure Mg will make 6.46 g of MgCl2?

– Express as a % of the original mass.

FW of MgCl2 = 24.31 + 2(35.45) = 95.21 g/mol

nMgCl2 = 6.46 g MgCl2 1 mol = 0.06785 mol MgCl2

Use mole ratio 1 mol Mg ≡ 1 mol MgCl2

Calculate mass of pure Mg needed

Given 1.72 g of impure Mg.

Purity (as mass %) = 1.649 g x 100% = 95.9 %

10 cheese x 1 sandwich = 10 sandwiches

14 bread x 1 sandwich = 7 sandwiches

Write a balanced equation:

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

Balanced equation? yes

nNH3 = 374 g 1 mol = 21.96 mol

O2 is limiting. Base all calculations on O2.

NO formed = 19.20 mol NO

Mass of NO = 19.20 mol NO x 30.01g = 576 g NO

Incomplete reaction due to poor mixing or reaching

Product loss during isolation and purification.

16 mol Cu used  8 mol Cu2S made

Theoretical yield = 0.01967 mol Cu2S

Actual yield = 2.53 g Cu2S (in problem)

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