Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and Applications to
Thermofluids of Fusion Blankets
One of a number of lectures given at the Institute For Plasma Research (IPR)
at Gandhinagar, India, January 2007
1
Abdou Lecture 4
Introduction to MHD and Applications to
Thermofluids of Fusion Blankets
OUTLINE
• MHD* basics
• MHD and liquid blankets
• UCLA activities in thermofluid MHD
* Our focus is incompressible fluid MHD. Don’t mix with Plasma Physics.
2
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD basics
• What is MHD ?
• MHD applications
• Magnetic fields
• Electrically conducting fluids
• MHD equations
• Scaling parameters
• Hartmann problem
• MHD flow in a rectangular duct
• MHD pressure drop
• Electric insulation
• Complex geometry / non-uniform B-field
• Numerical simulation of MHD flows
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Abdou Lecture 4
What is MHD ?
MHD covers phenomena in
electrically conducting fluids,
where the velocity field V, and
the magnetic field B are
coupled.
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Abdou Lecture 4
Electrically conducting fluids
Liquid σ*, 1/Ohm×m
¾Faraday’s law
∂B (5)
= −∇ × E
∂t
¾Ohm’s law*
j = σ (E + V × B ) (6)
*Eqs.(4-6) are usually grouped together to give either a vector
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induction equation or a scalar equation for electric potential
Abdou Lecture 4
Basic scaling parameters
Reynolds number Magnetic Reynolds number
Inertia forces U0L Convection of B Induced field U0L
Re = = Re m = = = = μ 0σU 0 L
Viscous forces ν Diffusion of B Applied field νm
Hartmann number
1/ 2
⎛ Electromagnetic forces ⎞ σ
Ha = ⎜ ⎟ = B0 L
⎜ Viscous forces ⎟ νρ
⎝ ⎠
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Abdou Lecture 4
Hartmann problem, 1
J. Hartmann, Theory of the laminar flow of electrically conductive liquid in a
homogeneous magnetic field, Hg-Dynamics, Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab.
Mat.-fus. Medd., 15, No 6, 1937.
2a
Z
2b
B0 X (flow direction)
U Ha cosh( Ha × z* )
= [1 − ]
U m Ha − tanh Ha cosh Ha
¾If Ha grows, the velocity profile becomes more and more flattened. This effect
is known as the “Hartmann effect”.
¾The thin layer near the wall where the flow velocity changes from zero to Um
is called the “Hartmann layer”.
¾The Hatmann effect is caused by the Lorentz force, which accelerates the
fluid in the Hartmann layers and slows it down in the bulk. 13
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD flow in a rectangular duct, 1
Formulation of the problem
J.C.R.Hunt, “Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Dimensionless parameters:
in Rectangular Ducts,” J.Fluid Mech.,
Vol.21, p.4. 577-590 (1965) σ
Ha = B0 b (Hartmann number)
νρ
Y tw t wσ w
cw = (wall conductance ratio)
B0 bσ
χ = b / a (aspect ratio)
2a
α Z
2b
⎪ ∂z 2 ⎜ ∂z ⎟ ∂y*
⎩ * ∂ y 2
⎝ ∂y ⎠
* 14
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD flow in a rectangular duct, 2
Duct with insulating walls (cw=0). Induced magnetic field
Ha=600, cw=0, χ=2, α=0
Hartmann layers
0.4
Y - coordinate
0.2
B0
-0.2
-0.4
Z - coordinate
Electric currents induced in the flow bulk close their circuit in the thin
Hartmann layers at the duct walls perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. 15
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD flow in a rectangular duct, 3
Duct with insulating walls (cw=0). Velocity
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD flow in a rectangular duct, 4
Duct with conducting walls (cw>0). Induced magnetic field
Ha=600, cw=0.1, χ=2, α=0
0.6
0.4
Y - coordinate
0.2
B0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Z - coordinate
Much stronger electric currents are induced compared to the non-
conducting duct. The currents close their circuit through the walls. 17
Abdou Lecture 4
MHD flow in a rectangular duct, 5
Duct with conducting walls (cw>0). Velocity
• High-velocity jets appear near
the walls parallel to the B-field.
The velocity profile is called
“M-shaped”.
• The jet formation occurs due to
high flow-opposing vortical 3
Velocity
2
no force appears near the
parallel walls. 1
-1
• The M-shaped profile has -0.5
0 te
inflection points. Under certain -0.5 0 dina
Y- or
conditions, the flow becomes coo 0 0.5
Z-
co
rdi
unstable. na
te 0.5 1
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Abdou Lecture 4
MHD pressure drop
Hartmann flow Hartmann
Z layer δHa≈b/Ha
l ρU m2
+b Δp = λ .
2b 2
X λ is the pressure drop
0
coefficient
-b
B0
If Ha→0, λ→λ0=24/Re.
8 Ha 2 cw Ha + tanh Ha U m 2b λ 1 Ha 2 c w Ha + tanh Ha
λ= , Re = =
Re cw + 1 Ha − tahnHa ν λ0 3 c w + 1 Ha − tahnHa
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Abdou Lecture 4
MHD issues of liquid blankets, 1
¾ Liquid blanket designs have the best potential for high
power density, but MHD interactions of the flowing liquid
with the confinement B-field may lead to:
- extreme MHD drag resulting in high blanket pressure and
stresses, and flow balance disruption
- velocity profile and turbulence distortion resulting in severe
changes in heat transfer, corrosion and tritium transport
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Abdou Lecture 4
MHD issues of liquid blankets, 2
MHD issue Self-cooled LM Dual-coolant He-cooled LM MS blanket
blanket LM blanket blanket
Abdou Lecture 4
US DCLL Concept, 3
Key DCLL parameters in three blanket scenarios
Pb-Li
FCI
to access FCI effectiveness kFCI = 2 W/m-K
FS
as electric/thermal insulator
GAP
σFCI = 5 S/m
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Abdou Lecture 4
UCLA MHD group is one of the world’s key
teams working in the area of fusion MHD
Research topics
¾ Blanket performance is strongly • Blanket thermal hydraulics
affected by MHD phenomena
¾ UCLA group performs MHD • MHD flows in manifolds
studies for liquid breeder (experiment and modeling)
blankets (with recent emphasis
on DCLL conditions) for both • Low conductivity fluid turbulent
DEMO blanket and ITER TBM MHD flows (experiment and DNS)
¾ The research addresses
fundamental issues of complex • DNS of low/high conductivity fluid
geometry flows of electrically turbulent flows
conducting fluids in strong
reactor-type magnetic fields via:
• Development of turbulent closures
- computer simulations for MHD flows in a strong
- experiments magnetic field
- model development
• Buoyancy-driven MHD flows in
vertical ducts (modeling)
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Abdou Lecture 4
MHD Lab at UCLA
MTOR facilities
QTOR magnet
and LM flow
loop
BOB magnet
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Abdou Lecture 4
Code development: HIMAG
• The HyPerComp Incompressible Rectangular duct, Ha=10,000
MHD Solver for Arbitrary Geometry
(HIMAG) has been developed over the
past several years by a US software
company HyPerComp in collaboration
with UCLA.
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Abdou Lecture 4
Model development focuses on key MHD
phenomena that affect thermal blanket
performance via modification of the velocity field
A. Formation of high-
velocity near-wall
jets
B. 2-D MHD
turbulence in flows
with M-type velocity
profile
C. Reduction of
turbulence via Joule
dissipation
D. Natural/mixed
convection
E. Strong effects of
MHD flows and FCI
properties on heat
transfer
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Abdou Lecture 4
Experiments and numerical simulations are being
conducted for prototypic blanket elements
Test section for studying flow distribution and MHD pressure drop
in the inlet PbLi manifold
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Abdou Lecture 4
Recent publications on MHD, 2
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Abdou Lecture 4
Recent publications on MHD, 3
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Abdou Lecture 4
Recent publications on MHD, 4
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Abdou Lecture 4