Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Overview
1. Design Industry Standards
2. Design Conductors
3. Design Insulation
4. Design Bedding Tapes
5. Design Sheath/Screen & Jacket
6. Manufacture Extrusion Methods
7. Manufacture Compounds
8. Manufacture Sheath/Screen
9. Manufacture Quality Assurance
2
DESIGN
3
Industry Standards
1. AEIC Association of Edison Illuminating Companies
2. CIGRE Internat. Conf. for Large Scale Electric Systems
3. ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association
4. IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
5. IEEE Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers
6. UPSC TAC:
Utility Power Cable Standards Technical Advisory Committee
ICEA Group seeking input from ICC (IEEE), AEIC and NEMA
with ANSI Standard as final product.
4
Industry Standards - AEIC
n Cable Engineering Committee founded in 1938
n Members are Utilities
n Participates in the UPS TAC Process
n First Solid Dielectric HV Standard issued 1987
n Present standard: AEIC Cable Standard (CS) 7 – 1993
Cable only
AEIC CS7-93
5
Industry Standards - AEIC
Pros
n Covers constructive detail
n Void, contaminant and eccentricity specs
n Comprehensive Routine Test protocol
Cons
n Cable only
n Obsolete insulation thicknesses
n Max Stress design inadequate
n Limited to 138kV
n Does not cover available designs 6
Industry Standards - CIGRE / IEC
Cons
n Routine tests are marginal – eccentricity loose
n No check for voids and contaminants other than AC
withstand and PD test
n Confusing cross references to other standards 8
Industry Standards - IEC 62067-1999
Ø Also see notes for IEC 60840
Pros
n Only standard for 230kV and higher – up to 500kV (Other
than national standards such as EdF)
n Includes a system prequalification test
n Eliminates after laying DC test
n Eccentricity 10% max
Cons
n Includes a system prequalification test (see above)
9
Industry Standards - IEC
n IEC 229 – Tests on jackets
n IEC 815 – pollution / creepage for outdoor
insulators
n IEC 859 – GIS (and transformer) interface
n IEC 949 – Short circuit
n IEC 287 – Current ratings
10
Industry Standards - ICEA / UPCS TAC
12
Conductors
n Copper or Aluminum
n ASTM B8/231 or IEC 228?
n Compact – for small sizes
n Reverse Concentric Compressed Class B – most
common
n Segmental – Milliken for large sizes
n Hollow conductors / Keystone conductors
n Special constructions – enamelled or oxide coated wires
n Waterblocking or not?
13
Insulation
U
MaximumStr ess =
r R
r • ln
r
R
Important criteria:
Maximum Stress
Surface Stress
Capacitance
Dielectric Losses
Forte Recommendation
Rated Volt. Cond. Size Ins. Thickn. Stress @ operating Stress @ impulse Voltage Capacitance Dielectric
Voltage (kV/mm) (kV/mm) Loss
KV kcmil mils Conductor Insulation Conductor Insulation mF/1000ft W/1000ft
16
Metallic Sheaths
n Carry capacitive and short circuit currents
n Radial moisture barrier
n Longitudinal moisture barrier in
combination with swellable tapes
n Mechanical protection of the cable core
n Withstand stresses during pulling
n Thermo-mechanical aspects
n Miscellaneous
17
Metallic Sheaths
n Aluminum, extruded and corrugated
n Aluminum, welded and corrugated
n Copper, welded and corrugated
n Laminates, copper or aluminum
n Lead, extruded
n New: Welded Aluminum Laminate (France)
18
Metallic Sheaths
19
Metallic Sheaths
n Outer diameter ⇒ Laminate?
n Cable weight ⇒ Aluminum?
n Ground fault requirements ⇒ Copper?
n Mechanical stress ⇒ Corrugated Sheath?
n Lead: hazardous waste ⇒ An issue for me?
20
Cable Jackets
n Standard: LLDPE or MDPE
n PVC – fire retardant but has halogens
n Halogen Free Fire Retardant (HFFR)
n Semi-conductive outer layer for jacket
integrity test – extruded or graphite paint
n Specially bonded system – jacket test
21
MANUFACTURING
22
Extrusion Processes
n Compound feed
n True Triple Extrusion
n X-ray dimensional scanning
n Dry curing
n Dry cooling
n Stress relaxation
n Post extrusion scanning
24
Compounds
Conductor Shield
Compound Designation Surface Surface Surface Surface
protrusions protrusions protrusions protrusions
larger 20 larger 30 larger 40 larger 50
microns microns microns microns
Conventional Depends on 6000 100 7 1
manufacturer
Insulation
Compound Designation Grade Contaminant Max Allowable
Size
Medium Voltage Depends on Extra Clean 5-9 mils 3
manufacturer
27
Quality Assurance
n ISO 9001 QA system required
n Quality Culture and education
n Testing to AEIC, IEC marginal
n Additional tests, such as hot oil visual
n Consistent procedures for non-conforming
material
28
Thank you 29