17CVL37 - BMT Lab PDF

BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY SVCE, BENGALURU
1. INTRODUCTION
The laboratory work carried out in an Engineering courses is designed, (i) to allow the student
to verify for himself that the work covered in lecture classes is applicable in practice even though
simplifying assumptions have been made, (ii) to determine the values of engineering constants, and (iii)
to allow the student to become experienced in the use of scientific apparatus of varying degrees
completely.
In the Basic Materials Testing Laboratory, the mechanical properties of materials like Mild
steel, Cast iron, Brass, Aluminium and Timber are tested. The behavior of these materials when
subjected to Tension, Compression, Shear, Flexure, Torsion, Impact and Indentation etc. is studied.
2. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT
When an experiment has been carried out, the derived results must be calculated and a complete
report must be prepared. This should take the following form:
i) Title and Date: The description title of the experiment, which should be kept as brief as possible,
should be written at the top along with the date on which the experiment was carried out.
ii) Objective: What is intended to be carried out, determined and verified must be stated clearly and
concisely.
iii) Apparatus: The apparatus used should be described and a neat diagrammatic sketch, preferably on
a separate sheet of plain paper is included.
iv) Theory: Definitions of terms used must be given and relationships which are to be verified on
which the experimental results to be calculated must be stated. The terms and relationships explained
for one test can be straight away used for any subsequent test.
v) Procedure: This is the description of how the test is carried out. The passive voice is used,
statements like ‘we placed the beam on the knife edges and then I adjusted the dial gauge’ should be
written as ‘The beam is placed on the knife edges and then the dial gauge is adjusted’.
vi) Results: All the observations should be neatly calculated and calculated results clearly shown. A set
of specimen calculations for a series of observations should be included where ever applicable. When
ever possible, the observations should be expressed in graphical form and the results are derived from
these graphs. While tabulating the experimental data, the units in which the quantities are measured
must be clearly stated. Graphical points should be marked + or 0, unless a line is nearly horizontal
when X can be used as dots can not be easily seen and are obliterated if the graph passes through them.
vii) Discussions & Conclusions: This is the most difficult and important part of the report. It consists
in analyzing the results obtained, verifying the theoretical relationships, checking the values of
different constants obtained etc.
3. TESTING MACHINES
For testing given specimens in particular manner of loading, it is usually much simpler to
design a machine for that purpose. But when it is required to test various shapes and sizes of specimens
under different types of loading, the testing machine becomes more complex in construction. It is now
usual to employ testing machines which are readily adoptable for tests in tension, compression, shear
and bending. In some cases the machines are also provided with the means of making torsion tests and
hardness tests. Such machines are known as “Universal Testing Machine”. Universal Testing Machines
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

are intended foe use in laboratories where owing to cast and space restrictions, it is not possible to have
a number of separate machines.
4. METHODS OF APPLICATION OF LOADS
a) Weights: Weights of known magnitude can be used directly as a means of applying a tensile,
compressive or bending load to a specimen. The main disadvantage of this simple method of
applying loads is that for most materials the size of specimen cross section would be very small to
be truly representative. If larger specimens are used, the handling of larger weights required for
testing would be tedious, costly and some times impossible.
b) Weights and Levers: A horizontal lever with arms of different lengths is sometimes used for
applying loads. This method of load application is especially useful in cases where a constant
load is to be applied for a long period of time, as for example in creep tests. If a greater
magnification of load is desired, a compound system of levers can be used.
c) Mechanical Gear Systems: The load can be applied by mechanical means through the use of
screw-gear mechanism. The power may be supplied either by hand or by an electronic motor.
d) Hydraulic Systems: A hydraulic systems is often employed to move the cross head of a
testing machine. The hydraulic loading system depends on the movement of a piston or ram in a
cylinder by means of oil pressure. Oil is pumped into cylinder by a motor driven pump and valves
are used to regulate the rate of application of load.
5. METHODS OF LOAD MEASUREMENT
When loads are applied to a specimen by a lever system, the load is determined from the known
weight applied and the lengths of lever arms.
A pendulum supported on a knife edge can be used to balance the applied load. A pointer
attached to the pendulum will move over a graduated scale to indicate the applied load. This is
suitable for measurement of loads applied by mechanical gear systems.
Liquid pressures are commonly measured by means of manometers or Bourdan tubes. These are
meant for low pressures, interconnected hydraulic devices of different piston areas may be used to
step down the load and the small piston can be made to actuate a pendulum, weighing device or some
dynamometer.
6. MEASUREMENT OF DEFORMATION
Deformation such as extension, compression, deflection, etc. that are to be measured while
conducting the experiments are of very small magnitude, especially in the elastic range. It would be
impossible to measure these deformations with any reasonable accuracy without magnifying them. In
the laboratory, strain gauges are employed to measure these deformations. These gauges measure
deformation over a particular length called gauge length and not strains. Many strain gauges are
available, such as mechanical strain gauges, optical strain gauges, electrical strain gauges, etc. Of
these mechanical strain gauges in which the deformations are magnified using the lever principle are
commonly used in this laboratory course.
7. INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
In order that tests are carried in a correct and uniform manner in the various testing laboratories
in India, Bureau of Indian Standards has laid down certain specifications for number of these tests.

These specifications will help in standardizing the test procedures so that comparisons can be easily
made.
8. ABOUT UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
The Universal Testing Machine consists of a testing unit and a control unit connected to each
other by means of a set of hydraulic pipes and an electric cable. The testing unit is equipped with a
hydraulic piston and a cylinder. To this piston two cross heads bottom (cross-head) and top cross
head are rigidly fixed. Two vertical columns join the two cross-heads. There is one more cross head,
known as adjustable cross-head which is supported on two screwed spindles. The adjustable cross
head can be raised up or lowered down by the rotation of the screwed spindles. An electric motor
housed in the testing unit transmits power to the spindles to cause their rotation through a chain and a
set of gears.
The control unit has an oil tank from which oil under pressure is delivered to the cylinder in the
testing unit by means of a hydraulic oil pump. The oil pump is driven by an electric motor housed in
the control unit. The rate at which oil is pumped can be controlled, which means that the rate of
application of load can be controlled. When oil under pressure enters the cylinder in the testing unit, it
lifts the piston up due to the upward force. Along with the piston, the bottom and top cross-heads also
move up. Since the adjustable cross-head will be stationary during the test a specimen held between the
top cross-head and adjustable cross-head will be pulled apart and hence will be subjected to tension.
Specimens to be tested for compression shear and bending will be placed between the adjustable cross-
head and bottom cross-head.
The UTMs can generally be operated in two or more load ranges. The required load range for
any particular test is obtained by operating the lever providing in the control unit for this purpose. To
measure the magnitude of the force on the test specimen, oil under pressure from the cylinder is taken
by a hydraulic pipe to the torsion bar dynamometer through the measuring bar assembly. There are two
or more pipes through which oil can pass from the measuring range assembly. But it will pass only
through one at a time as per adjustment and will lift one of the three corresponding pistons of the
dynamometer acting eccentrically produces a twisting movement on the torsion bar.
Other provisions in these machines include i) a load maintainer or stabilizer for maintaining a
load or to increase or decrease the load by a specified amount, ii) an exhaust pump which sucks the
excessive oil from the cylinder and dynamometer and delivers it back to the oil tank, iii) an auto graph
recorder to get a plot of load against deformation, iv) bores in the top cross-head and adjustable cross-
head to receive different kinds of jaws to grip various shapes of specimens for tension test, (for
compression test, a compression plate will be fixed to the bottom surface of the adjustable cross-head
for adjusting the gap between the grips and holding the grip for adjusted gap) and vi) an ivory scale
measuring large deformations.

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
EXPERIMENT NO.1
OBJECTIVES:
i) To study the behavior of mild steel test specimen & HYSD bars under the action of a
gradually increasing load tested up to failure.
ii) To determine the Yield stress, Modulus of Elasticity, Percentage elongation, Percentage
reduction in area, Ultimate stress and Breaking stress.
APPARATUS:
Universal testing machine, Extensometer, Vernier Calipers, scale and Gripping devices.
THEORY: The definitions of the terms used in this test are given below.
1. Gauge Length: The reference length over which extension is measured.

2. Stress: When a material is subjected to action of forces, it develops resistance. The resistance
per unit area is called stress.
3. Linear Strain : Change in length per unit length.
4. Yield Stress : Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece without a
corresponding increase in the load.
5. Tensile Strength: The maximum load reached in a tension test divided by the original
area of cross-section. This is also termed as Ultimate strength.
6. Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of normal stress to axial strain within elastic limit. This is
also termed as the Young’s modulus.
7. Percentage Elongation: The permanent elongation upto breaking, expressed as a percentage of
the original gauge length.
8. Percentage reduction in area: The change in cross-sectional area that has occurred at the neck
during he test, expressed as a percentage on the original area of cross-section.
According to the BIS specifications a gauge length of 5.65 Ao (5d for rods) is to be used.
Relevant Indian Standard: IS: 2751-1979 (Reaffirmed 1998)
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter at three locations and take the average value. Similarly, note down the
length of the specimen.
2. Fix the specimen in the jaws of the UTM.
3. Fix the extensometer on the specimen and note the gauge length of the extensometer.
4. Set the extensometer and side scale to read zero.
5. Apply the load gradually making observations at regular intervals of load, the corresponding
reading on extensometer is noted.
6. Observe the yield point load indicating a slight kickback of the load pointer.
7. Remove the extensometer noting its reading at the yielding point.
8. Further load the specimen. Start measuring the change in length with the help of side scale
reading on the UTM. Observe the maximum and breaking load.
9. Remove the broken specimen and measure its final length and diameter at the neck formation.

NOTE:
1. Upto yield point, use gauge length of the given extensometer for calculating the strain and after the
yield point, use the full length of the specimen for calculating the corresponding strain.
2. Strength of Materials is the body of knowledge, which deals with the relation between the internal
forces, deformation and external loads.
OBSERVATIONS FOR TENSION TEST:
1. a) Determination of least count of the Calipers:

Value of one division on the main scale = MSD = mm
Number of division on the Vernier scale =N =
Least count of the calipers = MSD/N = mm
b) Least count of the calipers as given by the manufacturer = mm
2. Diameter of the specimen:

Initial Diameter (di) Final Diameter (df)
Trail Dia in Dia in Avg. Trail Dia in Dia in Avg.

No. direction-1 direction-1 Dia No. direction-1 direction-1 Dia
mm mm mm mm mm Mm
1. 1.
2. 2.
SIDE SCALE READING (Initial) =
BEFORE TEST:
1. Gauge length lg = mm
2. Length of the specimen in mm lo = mm
3. Mean diameter of the specimen do = mm
4. Original cross-sectional area Ao = mm2
5. Least count of the Vernier calipers = mm
6. Least count of the extensometer = mm
AFTER TEST:
1. Diameter of the specimen at neck d= mm

2. Final cross-sectional area A= mm2
3. Final length of the specimen l= mm

TABULAR COLUMN
Load in Extensometer readings Change in Stress Strain Remarks

Kgs Right dial Left dial Average length (l) (Kg/mm2)
0
400
800
:
CALCULATIONS:
1. Young’s Modulus, E = Slope of stress-strain diagram (Kg/mm2)

2. % Elongation in length = [(l - lo )/ lo] x 100 =
3. % reduction in area = [(Ao-A )/ Ao] x 100 =
4. Maximum stress = Maximum load / Original cross-sectional area =
5. Breaking stress = Breaking load / Original cross-sectional area =
6. Plot the graph for stress v/s strain.
Graph: Plot the graph for stress v/s strain
Sketches: Sketch at the specimen indicating diameter, gauge length and sketch of the UTM should be
written indicating the various parts of the equipments. Also sketch of the failure of the specimen should
be written.
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is the nature of failure for brittle and ductile materials in tensile test?
2. Distinguish between
a) Yield point and yield strength b) Elastic limit and Proportionality limit
3. Why percentage elongation increases as the gauge length decreases.
DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-

For Engineering design the yielding nature of the material is important. Hence, in the case of
such materials a “proof stress”, at a specified strain is calculated. The strain value for the calculation of
proof-stress is specified in terms of the gauge length. Thus, the stress corresponding to a certain
allowable amount of plastic deformation is measured and taken in place of the proportionality limit. In
checking for acceptance, the material is loaded with the load corresponding to the proof-stress values
for 15 secs and the load removed. The material is deemed to have passed the test if it does not show a
permanent set, greater than the specified percentage of the gauge length called offset. Usually 0.1%
permanent set is prescribed for evaluating proof-stress.

COMPRESSION TEST
EXPERIMENT NO:-2
OBJECTIVES:
To study the behavior of different materials under compression and to determine:

(a) Percentage reduction in length.
(b) Percentage increase in area.
(c) Young’s Modulus.
(d) Ultimate stress.
(e) Breaking stress.
APPARATUS:
Universal Testing Machine, Slide caliper, Dial gauge and Scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter at three locations and take the average value using dial gauge,
similarly note down the lengths of the specimen.
2. Fix the specimen in the jaws of UTM.
3. Adjust the dial gauge to zero reading.
4. Gradually apply the load and read the corresponding value from dial gauge.
5. Not down the maximum point and breaking point.
OBSERVATIONS:
BEFORE TEST:
1. Least count of the slide caliper =
2. Least count of dial gauge =
3. Mean diameter of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘d1’=
4. Mean length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘l1’=
5. Original cross-sectional area in (mm)2, ‘ A1’ = [π(d1)2]/4 =
AFTER TEST:
1. Diameter of the specimen at neck in ‘mm’, ‘d2’=
2. Final length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘l2’=
2
3. Final cross-sectional area in (mm) , ‘A2’= [π(d2)2]/4 =

TABULAR COLUMN
Loads in Dial gauge readings Change in Stress Strain Remarks

Kg Right dial Left dial length (Kg/mm2)
(δ)mm
CALCULATIONS:
1. Percentage reduction in length = {(l1-l2) /l1}X100=

2. Percentage increase in area = {(A2-A1) /A1}X100=
3. Young’s Modulus = E = slope of stress-strain diagram (Kg/mm2)
4. Maximum stress = maximum load/ original cross-sectional area =
Sketches:
Sketch the specimen and their dimensions. Also failure patterns of the specimen should be
written.
BAUSHINGER EFFECT:
If a specimen is deformed plastically beyond the yield stress in one direction e.g. in tension and
then after unloading to zero stress it is related in the opposite direction, e.g. in compression, it is found
that the yield stress on reloading is less than the original yield stress. This dependence of yield stress on
loading path and direction is called Bauchinger effect. It is commonly ignored in plasticity theory, and
it is usual to assume that the yield stress in tension and compression are same.
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the behavior of ductile material and brittle material under compression?
2. Why a short specimen should be used in compression test?
3. The plane of failure in brittle material subjected to compression is at about 45o, state the reason.
4. Name the devices used to measure deformation in tension and compression tests.
5. State the reason a) Tension test is preferred to compression test for determining the modulus of
elasticity.
DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL CIRCULAR SECTIONS
EXPERIMENT NO:-3
OBJECTIVES:
To study the behavior of mild steel when subjected to a gradually increasing torque and to determine:
i. Modulus of rigidity of the material
ii.Yield pint in shear
iii. Modulus of rupture (torsion)
APPARATUS:
Torsion testing machine, Troptometer, Micrometer, scale
Troptometer: This instrument is used to measure twist to an accuracy of one minute. It consists of two
collars to the specimen at a given distance or gauge length apart.
THEORY:
A circular bar, when subjected to torque will be twisted; shearing stresses are developed in any
cross-section of the bar whose value increases linearly from zero at the centre to a maximum at the
outer periphery. The relation between the applied torque, the developed stress and the angular twist is
T fs C
given by the equation   , where T is the applied torque, J is the Polar Moment of
J r L
Inertia of the cross-section of the bar, fs is the magnitude of shear stress at radius r, C is the modulus of
rigidity and  is the angle of twist over a length L of the bar.
 
Therefore the modulus of rigidity can be computed from the equation C  T  L , T/ is the slope
 5
of the graph of the torque v/s twist. The yield point of shear stress is calculated from the equation f =
(T/J) X R where T is the torque at the yield point and R is the outer radius. Modulus of rupture is the
Tfailure  R
stress failure and computed from the formula. f s 
J
Relevant Indian Standard: Method of simple torsion testing of wire IS-1717:1985
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter and length of the specimen accurately using Vernier Calipers.
2. Fix the specimen in the grips and clamps provided in the machine.
3. Operate the driving mechanism either by hand or motor to apply the torque.
4. Take the readings of torque at regular intervals of twist simultaneously until the specimen breaks.
5. Plot the graph of torque v/s angle of twist. Slope of the graph gives the torsional stiffness.

OBSERVATIONS:
TABULAR COLUMN
Angle of twist Angle of twist Torque in No. Torque in Kg-cms Remarks

in degrees in Radians of divisions
CALCULATIONS:
1. Polar Moment of Inertia = mm4

2. Yield stress = N/ mm2
3. Modulus of rupture (torsion) = N/ mm2
4. Slope of torque v/s twist = Nm/rad
5. modulus of rigidity = GPa
The shearing stress can be calculated by the following formula:

16 T
S for cylindrical bars
 d3
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is a shaft? Give practical Examples.

2. How angle of twist is measured in a torsion test.
3. What mechanical property of material is determined from torsion test and how?
4. Define torsion rigidity, polar moment of inertia and rigidity modulus.

SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the Ultimate Shear Strength of the given material in Single shear and Double
shear.
APPARATUS:
Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Vernier Calipers, Shear attachments, Micrometer, Scale.
THEORY:
Shear stress is caused by forces which act parallel to an area of cross-sectional and tend to
produce sliding of one portion over another.
If there is only one cross-section which resists the failure, the material is said to be in Single
Shear and the average ultimate strength in Single Shear will be equal to the failure load divided by the
area of cross-section. If two areas resist the failure, then the material is said to be in double Shear and
the average ultimate strength in Double Shear will be equal to the failure load divided by twice the area
of cross-section
Relevant Indian Standards:
1. Method of test for shear strength of metals IS: 5242-1979

2. Method of testing small clear specimens of timber IS: 1708(Part-II)-1986
PROCEDURE:-
1. The average diameter of the given specimen is measured.

2. For single shear test, fix the specimen as shown in fig (a) and apply the load gradually. Note
the fracture load.
3. For double shear test, fix the specimen as shown in fig (b) and apply the load gradually.
Note the fracture load.
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of Vernier Calipers = mm
TABULAR COLUMN
Type of Type of Dia (d) Area ‘A’ Ultimate load Ultimate shear
material shear In mm (mm2) (N) strength
(N/mm2)
Single
Double

CALCULATIONS:
Ultimate shear strength = Load / {C/s area of the specimen} (single shear)
= Load/ {2 X C/s area of the specimen} (double shear)
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Distinguish between Single shear and Double shear.

2. Why modulus of rigidity is not determined by shear test.
Sketches: Sketch the specimen in Single and Double Shear

IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the impact strength of given specimen and to study the behavior of materials
under the dynamic loadings.
APPARATUS:
Pendulum type Impact Testing Machine, Vernier Calipers and scale.
THEORY:
The ordinary tensile and bending tests are not the true criteria of the impact qualities of a
material and in all cases in which a material is employed for parts subjected to shock or impact, tests
should be made upon samples under similar conditions.
1. Charpy Impact Test:
The Indian Standard method of Charpy test (U-notch) consists of breaking by one blow from a
swinging hammer under prescribed conditions, a test piece U-notched in the middle and supported at
each end. The energy absorbed for failure of the specimen is determined from which the impact value
is obtained.
Impact strength with U-notch = KU = the energy absorbed in Joules for the failure of the
specimen. The symbol KU signifies that the test was performed under standard test conditions, namely
the strike energy of testing machine was 300 joules and a test piece having a 5mm deep U-notch was
used. KU 100/3 indicates that the test was conducted with 100 joules, striking energy on a test piece
with 3mm deep notch. If during the test, piece is not completely broken; the impact value obtained is
indefinite.
2. Izod Test:
The Indian standard method of Izod impact test consists of breaking by one blow from a
swinging hammer, under specified conditions, a notched test-piece, gripped vertically with the bottom
of the notch in the same plane as the upper faces of the grips. The blow is struck at a fixed position on
the face having the notch. The energy absorbed is determined.
3. Determination of Error due to Friction:
The impact testing machine involves a pendulum swinging in vertical plane about a horizontal
shaft housed in bearings. These bearings exert a frictional resistance, if proper lubrication is not done.
To estimate the losses the error-test is carried out as follows.
The load carrier is adjusted to the specified position for the test being conducted. The pendulum
consists of a pointer carries which moves with it. The pendulum is left hanging free vertically. At rest
position, the dummy pointer is adjusted to 300 joules (164 joules for Izod test) dial reading. The
hammer is now raised till it gets latched in the load carrier. The hammer swings freely and carries the
dummy pointer in the direction of the swing to a particular reading on the dial. If this reading is zero,
the machine is in order. Otherwise the reading indicates, the energy loss due to friction, which is to be
accounted for in the calculations.
A standard test piece of overall length of 55mm and a square cross-section of 10mm side with a
central U-notch 5mm deep is employed to the test. It is placed in the Charpy impact testing machine as
a simply supported beam with a span of 40mm. The notch is adjusted to be at the centre and such that it
is on the tension side. The hammer is lifted to have an initial potential energy of 300 joules, it is
released without any shock and is allowed to strike the specimen and swing to the other side. After it
has reached the maximum height on the other side and is in the process of swinging back, it is brought
to rest by the application of brakes or manually. The reading indicated by the pointer is recorded.


1. Method of Charpy impact test (U-notch) for steel:IS:1499-1977
2. Method of Izod impact test for steel:IS:1598-1977
3. Method for beam impact (V-notch) on steel:IS:1757-1988
PROCEDURE:-
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen at full section and at the notch.
2. With no specimen on the anvil, raise the pendulum to its full level and release it. Note the initial
reading R1 on the graduated scale.
3. Place the specimen accurately in the tension zone, depending upon whether it is Charpy test or Izod
test.
4. Raise the pendulum to the initial level and release and note the reading R 2 at the Specimen’s
rupture.
5. Calculate the Impact strength.
OBSERVATIONS:
a) CHARPY TEST: b) IZOD TEST:
Angle of drop (fall) = 140o Angle of drop= 85o 21
Weight of pendulum = 20.87 Kg weight of pendulum= 21.962 Kg
Initial energy of the hammer for the test = joules
Average loss of energy due to friction = joules
TABULAR COLUMN
Type Average dimensions of the specimen Total loss of Energy for failure
of test Length Breadth Depth Depth of energy during of specimen =
L (mm) B (mm) D (mm) notch d(mm) transit of hammer KU/impact value
CALCULATIONS: Energy absorbed i.e. (R2-R1)

Impact Strength = --------------------------------------
C/s area of Specimen at notch place
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Give three examples of machine parts or structural members subjected to impact loading.
2. Distinguish between Charpy and Izod tests.
3. Why is a notch provided in the specimen for impact test?

Significance of notch in impact test specimen:
1. The stress acting in the material is raised to a peak value. At the base of the notch, determined
by elastic stress concentration factor.
2. The yield stress of the material is raised by the action of elastic and plastic constraints.

Combination of these effects makes brittle fracture. The part played by stress concentration is to
raise the stress at the root of the notch and provide the large stress necessary to provide fracture.

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
EXPERIMENT NO: 7A
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the indentation hardness of mild steel, cast iron, brass, aluminium, spring steel,
etc. using Brinell hardness testing machine.
APPARATUS:
Brinell hardness testing machine:
In this machine the load is applied by a lever mounted on knife edges and carrying a hanger for
suspending the required load. The supporting table for placing the specimen can be raised or lowered
by a steel screw by operating a large hand lever. The indenter used is a hardened steel ball which will
have a diameter of 10mm, 5mm or 2.5mm. The reading microscope has a 25-fold magnification. The
gap between successive graduations of the scale is 0.5mm and a micrometer is arranged sideways
which gives readings in 0.01mm. The eye-piece of the reading micrometer may be turned by 90, so
that impressions of ball can be measured in two perpendicular directions.
THEORY:
The property of hardness of a metal is usually associated with its resistance to scratching, wear
indentation or deformation. In the Brinell hardness test, which measures resistance to indentation, a ball
having a diameter ‘D’ is pressed on the material to be tested under a load ‘P’. The load is maintained
for 10 to 15 seconds. The diameter‘d’ of the produced impression is measured.
The Brinell hardness number BHN is defined as the ratio of test load to the surface of
indentation.

1. For Brinell hardness test for metallic materials IS:1500-1983
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the applied
load.
2. With the hand wheel, raise the anvil until the specimen just makes contact with the ball.
3. Select the load, ball diameter and the time of application of the load according to the material to
be tested as given the load test table.
4. Apply the load gradually and maintain it for the specified time.
5. Release the load and remove the specimen. Measure the diameter of the impression
(indentation) left by the ball indenter by using Brinell’s microscope.
6. Make three trials for each specimen for calculating the hardness number.

OBSERVATIONS:
Value of one division of the measuring scale:

Main scale = mm
Micrometer = mm
LOAD TEST TABLE:-

Type of material Force applied Ball indenter dia Time of
(D) application of
load (Sec)
Ferrous 30D2 10 15
Non-ferrous 10D2 05 30
TABULAR COLUMN
Type of Trial No. Force Time Indentation Brinell Average

material applied (Sec) dia (d) Hardness BHN
Kg In mm Number
CALCULATIONS:
2P
BHN 

D D  D 2  d 2 
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Very hard material cannot be tested in Brinell hardness testing machine-state the reasons.
2. How do you select the load for Brinell hardness test in case of following materials?
Aluminium, Brass, Mild steel, Cast iron, Copper.
3. What are the values of P are for steel and aluminium for conducting the Brinell hardness test
using a 10mm diameter ball indenter?
RESULTS:

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
EXPERIMENT NO: 7B
OBJECTIVES:
To find the Rockwell hardness number of mild steel, cast iron, brass, aluminium, spring steel.
APPARATUS:
Rockwell hardness testing machine:
The Rockwell hardness testing machine essentially consists of a supporting table for placing the
specimen, a hand wheel to raise or lower the supporting table, a Rockwell ball indenter which is a
hardened steel ball 1/6” in diameter, a Rockwell cone indenter which is a diamond cone of 120 apex
angle, load stages adjusted by means of push button switches, a light signal to indicate the application
of the minor load of 10kg a clamping sleeve to hold the specimen firmly, a button for applying the
major load, a hand lever to release the load and a dial gauge which directly gives the Rockwell
hardness number. The dial gauge has sets of graduations B and C, corresponding to the ball type
indenter and the cone type indenter.
THEORY:
An minor load of 10kg, is applied to a penetrator, causing an indentation d1 in the test
specimen, with the minor load still operating a major load is added which is 90kg, for the Rockwell B
test and 140kg for Rockwell C test so that the total applied load will be 100kg and 150kg, for the ‘B’
and ‘C’ tests respectively. The application of the major load results in an increase in the depth of
penetration. The major load is then removed with the minor load still acting. This operation affects a
partial recovery in the depth of indentation. If d2 is the total depth of indentation under this condition,
then the permanent increase of depth of indentation due to the application of the major load is d2 - d1.
the Rockwell hardness is expressed as a dimensionless number.
d 2  d1 mm
RH = 100 
0.002mm
Rockwell hardness for the ball test is defined as
d  d1 mm
RH = 130  2
0.002mm
1. For Rockwell hardness test for metallic materials IS:1586-1988
PROCEDURE:-
1. Select the indenter type, Scale and major load accordingly as given in the load test table.
2. Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the applied
load.
3. With the hand wheel, raise the anvil until the specimen just makes contact with the ball.
4. Select the load, ball diameter and the time of application of the load according to the material to
be tested as given the load test table.

5. Apply the load gradually and maintain it for the specified time.
6. Release the load and remove the specimen. Measure the diameter of the impression
(indentation) left by the ball indenter by using Brinell’s microscope.
7. Make three trials for each specimen for calculating the hardness number.
OBSERVATIONS:
Minor load = kg
Type of material Major load Scale Indenter

Ferrous 150 Kg C Diamond cone
Non-Ferrous 100Kg B Ball of 1.6mm dia
TABULAR COLUMN
Type of Trial Total Scale Rockwell Average RHN

material No. load (kg) used Hardness
Number
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of applying minor load in case of Rockwell Hardness test?
2. What are the types of indenters used in hardness tests?
RESULTS:

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
EXPERIMENT NO: 7C
OBJECTIVES:
To find the Vickers hardness number of mild steel, cast iron, brass, aluminium, spring steel.
APPARATUS:
Vickers hardness testing machine: This machine can be used for finding Vickers hardness
VH, as well as Brinell hardness BH using a steel ball of 2.5mm diameter. It essentially consists of
1. Load stages adjusted by means of push button switches.
2. Supporting table for placing the specimen, the height of which can be altered by operating a
hand wheel.
3. Clamping sleeve which is meant for clamping the specimen against the supporting table.
4. A penetrator which is regular pyramid having a square base and a smoothed-off point made of
diamond. The angle between the opposite face of the pyramid is 136.
5. An oil brake intended for uniformly applying the test load.
6. A controlling current key for application of load.
7. A hand lever for releasing the load.
8. A device for projecting the impression which can be magnified 70-fold or 140-fold.
9. Attachment for measuring the impression by means of a scale and micrometer. Under 70 fold
magnification the distance a long and a short mark of the scale is equal to 0.1mm. 10 division
of the Vernier scale also correspond to 0.1mm and the micrometer gives readings in 0.001mm.
THEORY:
An indenter in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 between
opposite faces, when forced into the meter under a load P applied for 10 to 15 seconds, causes an
indentation which has a square base. If‘d’ is the diagonal of the indentation left on the surface of the
test piece after the removal of the load, then the Vickers hardness VH is the quotient of the test load
P(kg) and sloping area (sq mm) of indentation.
Load P
VH   2  1.854 P / d 2 (Approximately)
Sloping area of indentatio n d sin 136 / 2
2

1. For Vickers hardness test for metallic materials IS:1501(Part- I & II) -1984
2. For Vickers hardness test for metallic materials IS:1501(Part- III) -1987
POCEDURE:-
1. The specimen is cleaned from dirt, oil, scale etc and the test area is made even and polished.

2. Care is taken to see the thickness of the test piece is not less than 1.5times the diagonal of the
indentation and that the distance from the centre of any indentation to the edges of the test piece
or edges of any other indentation is not less than 2.5times the diagonal of the indentation.
3. Proper value of the load is selected which could vary from 1 to 120kg. Normally either 10kg or
30kg is selected.
4. The penetrate is inserted in the thrust piece of the machine and screwed.
5. The prepared specimen is placed on the supporting table and the hand wheel is turned on the
right, until the surface of the specimen is sharply imaged on the screen. The clamping sleeve is
turned to the left to clamp the specimen.
6. After ascertaining that there are enough gaps for the thrust piece to move in, the controlling
current key is pushed in till the hand lever starts rising.
7. The full load will act on the specimen when the hand lever reaches its top position. The load is
allowed to act for duration of 10 to 15 seconds after which the hand lever is pushed down to
remove the load.
8. The image of the impression will now be clearly visible on the screen and the two diagonals are
measured.
OBSERVATIONS:
Value of one division of the measuring scale

Main scale = mm
Vernier scale = mm
Micrometer = mm
TABULAR COLUMN
Material Trail no. Load P Diagonal of indentation in mm Vickers Average

kg d1 d2 Average d Hardness RHN
Number
CALCULATIONS:
Vickers Hardness Number VHN = 1.854 P/d2 kg/ mm2
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is static loading and dynamic loading applied to hardness test?
2. What are the types of indenters used in hardness tests?
RESULTS:

BENDING TEST ON WOOD UNDER TWO POINT LOADING
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
OBJECTIVES:
i. To study the behavior of the wood specimen subjected to gradually increasing two point equal
loads each at 1/3rd of the span from both end.
ii. To verify the simple bending theory.
iii. To find the modulus of elasticity.
iv. To determine the yield point in the case of mild steel and modulus of rupture in the case of wood.
APPARATUS:
Universal testing machine (40 to 50 tonne capacity), dial indicators, Scale, Vernier calipers.
THEORY:
When a simple supported beam is subjected to two equal loads of (W/2) at each of 1/3rd span
points, the middle third portion is subjected to pure bending moment equal to Wl/6 and deflection at
mid span and under the loads are given by
23 Wl 3 5 Wl 3
and Respectively.
1296 EI 324 EI
The relation between the applied bending moment ‘M’ and the developed bending stresses ‘f’ or ‘’ at
any cross-section is given by the equation, M/I = f/y = E/R, where ‘I’ is the moment of inertia of the
cross-section about the neutral axis, ‘y’ is the distance from the neutral axis, ‘E’ is the modulus of
elasticity and ‘R’ is the radius of curvature, knowing the deflection c experimentally, the modulus of
elasticity can be found. Alternatively, knowing the value of E, theoretical value of c can be computed
and compared with the value obtained from the experiment to verify the bending theory.
Modulus of rupture is the value of the bending stress computed from the formula f/y = Mf/I,
where Mf corresponds to the bending moment which causes fracture of the specimen. Since the formula
employed is valid within the elastic limit only, it is not applicable at failure moment which is beyond
the elastic limit. Hence the stress so obtained is called ‘modulus of rupture’ and is useful only for
comparison purposes.
PROCEDURE:-
1. The cross-sectional dimensions of the specimen are noted from which the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis can be computed.
2. The specimen is placed on the roller supports which have been fixed on the lower cross-head of
the UTM and the span is noted.
3. Dial indicators are fixed to record the value of the deflections at the points of interest.
4. The load is gradually increased and the value of the central deflection is noted fro regular load
increments.
5. In the case of mild steel the failure is by excessive deflection while the timber specimen
fractures at a certain load.
OBSERVATIONS:
Name of the material: Wood
1. Dimensions of the specimen:
Least count of the Vernier calipers = mm

Span of the beam = mm
Trial no. Breadth b in mm Depth d in mm

I-DIRN II-DIRN Average I-DIRN II-DIRN Average
2. Load-Deflection observations:
Least count of the dial indicator = mm
Total load Dial indicator Dial indicator at 1/3rd span points (div) Theoretical
(kg) readings at mid Point 1 Point 2 Average deflection at 1/3rd
span (div) span point (div)
Note: for theoretical deflection at 1/3rd span point, use E value computed using central deflection.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Moment of inertia about the neutral axis = mm4
2. Stress at yield point = N/ mm2
3. Slope of load-deflection plot = N/ mm
4. Modulus of elasticity of the material = GPa
5. Slope of the plot theoretical deflection =
v/s actual deflection (1/3rd point)
Sketches: The loading patterns in double point or pure bending is written. Also write the SFD and
BMD.
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Define a) Elastic limit, b) Flexural Rigidity

c) Proportionality limits d) Modulus of rupture as applied to bending test.
2. Define a) Section modulus b) Moment of resistance
c) Tensile failure as applied to bending test.
3. Why two-point symmetrical loading is preferred in bending tests.
RESULTS:

TESTS ON BRICKS
EXPERIMENT NO.8 Date:
OBJECTIVES:
To find the following properties of bricks
i. Dimension & Tolerance

ii.Compressive strength
iii.Water Absorption
iv.Efflorescence
APPARATUS: Scale, Balance, CTM/UTM, etc.
1.Dimension & Tolerance Test:
This test is performed to know the accuracy of the dimensions of the bricks.
Procedure:
1. Take twenty bricks out of the given sample.

2. Remove loose particles of clay and small projections from the bricks.
3. Arrange them on a level surface in contact with each other and in a straight line.
4. Measure the overall length of the bricks having size 19cm x 9cm x 9cm or 19cm x 9cm x 7.5cm
laid by means of a steel tape.
5. The dimensions of the 20 bricks should be with in the following limits.
Dimensions: The standard modular size of common building bricks shall be as follows:
Length (L) Width (W) Height (H)

mm mm mm
190 90 90
190 90 40
The following non-modular sizes of the bricks may also be used.
Length (L) Width (W) Height (H)
mm mm mm
230 110 70
230 110 30
Tolerances: The dimensions of bricks shall be within the following limits per 20 bricks:
a) For modular size
Length 372 to 388 cm (380 ± 8cm)
Width 176 to 184 cm (180 ± 4cm)
Height 176 to 184 cm (180 ± 4cm)
(For 90mm high bricks)
76 to 84cm (80 ± 4cm)


b) For Non-modular size
Length 452 to 468 cm (460 ± 8cm)
Width 224 to 216 cm (220 ± 4cm)
Height 144 to 136 cm (140 ± 4cm)
64 to 56cm (60 ± 4cm)
2. Compressive strength Test:
This test is performed to determine the crushing strength of bricks.
Procedure:
1. Take five bricks out of the sample at random.

2. The bricks are immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours.
3. These are then taken out of water and surplus water on the surfaces is wiped off with cotton or a
moist cloth.
4. The frog of the brick is flushed level with cement mortar 1:1 & 1:3 and the brick is stored under
damp jute bags for 24hrs followed by its immersion in water at room temperature for three
days.
5. The specimen is placed in the compression testing machine with flat faces horizontal and mortar
filled face being upwards.
6. Load is applied at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till failure.
7. Take the average value of the compressive strengths of the five bricks.
8. The maximum load at failure divided by the average area of bed gives the compressive strength.
Tabular Column:
Sl No. Name of brick Dimensions of brick Compressive Compressive strength Remarks

Length Width Height load in Kg (Kgf/cm2)

The compressive strength of different classes of common burnt bricks is as given below.
Class Average Compressive

Designation strength not less than
( N/mm2 ) (Kgf/cm2)
35 35 350
30 30 300
25 25 250
20 20 200
17.5 17.5 175
15 15 150
12.5 12.5 125
10 10 100
7.5 7.5 75
5 5 50
3.5 3.5 35
1.Water Absorption Test:
The percentage of water absorption is a very valuable indication of the degree of burning.
Procedure:
1. Select five bricks at random out of the given sample.
2. Dry the bricks in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105o ± 5oC till these attain constant mass.
3. The weight (W1) of the brick is recorded after cooling them to room temperature.
4. The bricks are then immersed in water at a temperature of 27o ± 2oC for 24 hours.
5. Remove the bricks from water and wipe off its surface with a damp cloth.
6. Weigh the brick within three minutes after its removal from water. Let its weight be W2 Kg.
W2 – W1
7. Water Absorption Capacity = x 100
W1
8. Take the average value of the Water Absorption capacities of the five bricks.
9. Water Absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight upto class 12.5 and 15 percent
by weight for higher classes.
2. Efflorescence Test:
This test is performed to know the presence of any alkaline matter in the bricks.
Procedure:
1. Take five bricks at random from the given sample.
2. Place the end of the bricks in the dish containing sufficient distilled water to completely
saturate the specimens. The dish shall be made of glass, porcelain or glazed stoneware and size
180mm x 180mm x 40mm depth for square shaped and 200mm dia x 40mm depth for
cylindrical shaped.
3. The depth of immersion in water should be 25mm.
4. Place the whole arrangement in a well ventilated room at temperature of 20 to 30oC until all the
water in the dish is absorbed and the surplus water evaporates.
5. Cover the dish containing the brick with suitable glass cylinder so that excessive evaporation
from the dish may not occur.

6. Again pour 25mm depth water in the dish and allow it to evaporate as before.
7. The liability to efflorescence shall be reported as ‘nil’, ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘heavy’ and
‘serious’ in accordance with the following definitions.
Sl Report Observation
No.
1. Nil When there is no perceptible deposit of efflorescence.
2. Slight When not more than 10 percent of the exposed area of the brick is covered with a
thin deposit of slats.
3. Moderate When there is a heavier deposit than under ‘slight’ and covering up to 50 percent of
the exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of
the surface.
4. Heavy When there is a heavy deposit of salts covering 50 percent or more of the exposed
area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface
5. Serious When there is a heavy deposit of salts accompanied by powdering and/or flaking of
the exposed surfaces.

FINENESS MODULUS & GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
EXPERIMENT NO.9A Date:
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the fineness modulus and grain size distribution of given coarse and fine
aggregates.
THEORY:
IS: 383-1963 defines the Fine aggregates as the aggregate most of which will pass 4.75mm IS
sieve. The fine aggregate is often termed as a sand size aggregate. The sand is generally considered to
have a lower size limit of 0.07mm. The material between 0.06mm and 0.002 mm is classified as silt
and still smaller particles are termed as clay. The Coarse aggregate is defined as an aggregate most of
which is retained on 4.75mm IS sieve.
The fineness modulus is a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the mean size of the
particles present in the entire body of the aggregate.
APPARATUS:
IS test sieves: fine wire cloth nos. 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m, 150m and square hole
perforated plates 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm and 4.75mm refer to IS:460-1978, weighting
balance(sensitive to 1/1000th of the test specimen), sieve shaker, trays, rice plates, drying oven(to
operate between 100 to 110 oC.
PROCEDURE:
A) Coarse Aggregate:
1. Take 10Kg of coarse aggregate of nominal size 20mm from a sample of 50Kg by quartering.
2. Carry out sieving by hand. Shake each sieve in order: 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm
over a clean dry tray for a period of not less than 2 minutes. The shaking is done with a varied
motion: backwards and forwards, left to right, circular, clockwise and anti-clockwise and with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequent changing
directions.
3. Find the mass of aggregate retained on each sieve taken in order.
4. Fineness modulus is an empirical factor which is obtained by dividing the cumulative sum of the
percentage of aggregate retained on each IS sieves taken in order by 100.
B) Fine Aggregate:
1. Take 1Kg of sand from a laboratory sample of 10 Kg by quartering and break clay lumps, if
any, in a clean dry rice plate.
2. Arrange the sieves in order of IS sieve nos: 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and
150m keeping sieve nos. 4.75mm at the top and 150m at the bottom. Fix them in the sieve
shaking machine with the pan at the bottom and cover at the top.
3. Keep the sand in the top sieve; carry out sieving in the set of sieves as arranged before for not
less than 10minutes.
4. Find the mass retained on each sieve.

5. Fineness modulus is an empirical factor which is obtained by dividing the cumulative sum of
the percentage of aggregate retained on each IS sieves taken in order by 100.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
A) Coarse Aggregate:
Mass of tray =W
Mass of tray + Coarse aggregate = (W+10) Kg
SL Sieve Mass Percentage Percentage Cumulative

No. No. retained retained passing Percentage
Retained C
1. 80 mm
2. 40 mm
3. 20 mm
4. 10 mm
5. 4.75 mm
6. Pan
C
C  500
Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate =
100
B) Fine Aggregate:
Mass of rice plate =W
Mass of rice plate + Fine aggregate = (W+1) Kg
SL Sieve Mass Percentage Percentage Cumulative
No. No. retained retained passing Percentage
Retained F
1. 4.75 mm
2. 2.36 mm
3. 1.18 mm
4. 600 m
5. 300 m
6. 150 m
7. Pan
F
F
Fineness modulus of Fine aggregate =
100
RESULT:
DISCUSSIONS:
The main object of this test is to determine the relative amount of various sizes of particles
present in the aggregates. The object of finding fineness modulus is to grade the given aggregate for the
most economical mix for the required strength and workability with minimum quantity of cement. For
aggregates commonly used, the fineness modulus of fine aggregate varies between 2.0 and 3.5; for
coarse aggregate between 5.5 and 8.0. A grading curve is drawn IS sieve size v/s percent passing on

semi-log sheet. If the test aggregates gives higher fineness modulus, the mix will be harsh and if on the
other hand gives a lower fineness modulus, it results in an uneconomical mix.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATE
EXPERIMENT NO.9B
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of Specific gravity and water absorption of Fine aggregate.
APPARATUS:
1. Balance of capacity 3kg.

2. Pycnometer (64mm diameter at top, 90mm diameter at bottom and 73mm in height)
3. Tamping rod 25mm in diameter.
THEORY:
Specific gravity:
The Specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as the mass of a given volume of sample to the
mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
The Specific gravity of the fine aggregate is generally required for calculations in connection with
concrete mix design for determination of moisture content and for the calculation of volume yield of
concrete. The Specific gravity also gives information on the quality and properties of aggregate.
Absorption:
It influences the behavior of aggregate in concrete in several important aspects. A highly
absorptive aggregate, if used in dry condition, will reduce effective water-cement ratio to an
appreciable extent and may even make the concrete unworkable unless a suitable allowance is made.
Hence determination of absorption of aggregate is necessary to determine net water-cement ratio.
PROCEDURE:
Specific gravity:
1.Calibrate the Pycnometer, by weighing it empty and full with water at room temperature. Roll and
agitate the flask gently in an inclined position, to eliminate air bubbles.
2. Take a sample of the fine aggregate and soak it in water and keep it for 24±1/2 hours. The
temperature should be 27±5 oC.
3. Take out and spread the sample (approximately 1.5kg) on a clean flat surface flat surface,
exposed to gently moving current of warm air until the material just reaches free running
condition (flowing freely).
4. Immediately weight 500gm of saturated surface dry sand in the flask.
5. Fill the flask with water to the top of the cone. Roll the flask in an inclined position to eliminate
all air bubbles and replace with water by means of foundation pen filler.
6. Wipe the flask dry and weigh it accurately.
7. Calculate the specific gravity.

Absorption Test:
1.Weigh the remaining 1kg of saturated surface dry sand in the tray of known weight.
2. Dry the sample in an oven at 100-110oC for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the dry sand with tray.
4. Calculate absorption capacity as the percentage of oven dry mass.
Mass of empty dry flask = W gm

Mass of flask + water = W1 gm
Mass of saturated surface dry sample = W2 gm
Mass of flask + sample + water = W3 gm
Mass of empty tray = We gm
Mass of tray + saturated surface dry sample = Ws gm
Mass of saturated surface dry sample (Ws - We) = W4 gm
Mass of tray + oven dry sample = Wo gm
Mass of oven dry sample Wo - We = W5 gm
Bulk specific gravity =
Absorption percentage =
W2 W  W5
a) Bulk specific gravity = b) Absorption percentage = 4 X 100
W2  W3  W1  W5
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Define bulk density and specific gravity. Which one is most oftenly used in concrete
calculations in the field?
2. What is the range of values of specific gravity of ordinary aggregates like gravel and crushed
granite?
3. What are light weight aggregates and where do you use them?
4. Why is the knowledge of water absorption of fine aggregate essential?
DISCUSSIONS:
Since concrete aggregates are normally used in a wet condition, the bulk specific gravity as
determined for field use is based on the mass of saturated surface dry sample, rather than an oven dry
sample.

BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE
EXPERIMENT NO.9C
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of necessary for bulking of fine aggregate and to draw curve between water
content and bulking.
APPARATUS:
Balance, Cylinder container, graduated cylinder, beaker, tray, steel rule and oven.
THEORY:
In concrete mix design, the quantity of fine aggregate used in each batch should be related to
the known volume of cement. The difficulty with measurement of fine aggregate by volume is the
tendency of sand to vary in bulk according to moisture contents. The extent of this variation is given by
this test.
If sand is measured by volume and no allowance is made for bulking, because for given mass,
moist sand occupies a considerably larger volume than the same mass of dry sand, as the particles are
less closely packed when the sand is moist. Usually the sand is measured by loose volume, it is
necessary in such case to increase the measured volume of the sand, in order that the amount of sand
put into concrete may be the amount intended for the nominal mix used (based on the dry sand). It will
be necessary to increase the volume of sand by the ‘percentage bulking’.
PROCEDURE
1. Put sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand loosely into the container until it is two-third full.
Calculate the mass of sand by deducting the mass of container.
2. Push a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom and measure the
height of sand. Let it be ‘h’mm.
3. Empty the sand out into a clean metal tray without any loss.
4. Add one percent of water by mass of sand. Mix the sand and water thoroughly by hand.
5. Put the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping it.
6. Smooth and level the top surface of the inundated sand and measure its depth at the middle with
a steel rule. Let it be “h`”mm.
7. Repeat the above procedure with 2 percent of water by mass.
8. Go on increasing the percentage by one till bulking is maximum and starts falling down and
ultimately bulking is zero, i.e., saturated sand occupies the same volume as dry sand.

Material details:
Mass of container with oven dry aggregate = gms
Mass of empty container = gm
Mass of fine aggregate (sand) = gm
Height of dry sand ‘h’ = mm

TABULAR COLUMN
Mass of Mass of added Total Height of sand Bulking percentage

sand water percentage h`, mm h`h
X 100
h
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Define bulking of aggregates and discuss its significance.

2. Discuss the relative bulking tendencies of coarse sand.
3. Why the bulking takes place only n sand and why not in coarse aggregate? Is this test actually
needed in field? If so explain why?
4. If no allowance is made for bulking of sand, how is it going to affect the mix proportions?
DISCUSSIONS:
It is seen that bulking increases with increasing water content upto a certain point where it is
maximum and then it begins to decrease until when the sand in inundated, bulking is practically nil.
With ordinary sands the bulking usually varies between 15 and 30 percent. If, therefore in volume
batching no allowance is made for bulking, the mix will be richer than specified.
Example: when the sand has bulked by 15 percent the mix 1:2:4 by volume batching will correspond
to 1:1.74:4.
2
Note: For 15 percent bulking the ratio 1:2:4 will correspond to = 1 : : 4 i.e., 1:1.74:4
15
1
100
2
For 30 percent bulking the ratio 1:2:4 will correspond to = 1 : : 4 i.e., 1:1.54:4
30
1
100

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
EXPERIMENT NO. 10A
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
APPARATUS:
Balance of capacity 5kg, weight box, wire basket 200mm in diameter and 200mm height of
4.75mm IS sieve net, water tub for immersing the wire basket in water, suitable arrangement for
suspending the wire basket from centre of scale pan of balance and absorbent cloth for surface
drying of the sample.
THEORY:
Specific gravity of a coarse aggregate is defined as the ratio between the mass of equal volume
of coarse aggregate and water at constant temperature. Specific gravity of an aggregate gives valuable
information on its quality and properties. If the specific gravity is above or below that normally
assigned to a particular type of aggregate, it may indicate that shape and grading of aggregate has
altered.
It is also important in determination of moisture content and in many concrete mix design
calculations of volume yield of concrete.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 5kg of aggregate by method of quartering; rejecting all material passing a 10mm IS
sieve.
2. Wash thoroughly to remove dust etc., from the surface of particles. Dry to constant mass at a
temperature of 105 ±5 oC.
3. Immerse the sample in water at 22 to 32oC for a period of (24±1/2)hrs (30mins for laboratory
practice).
4. Remove the aggregate from water and roll in a large piece of an absorbent cloth until all visible
films of water are removed, although the surface of particles will still appear to be damp.
5. Now, weigh 3 kg of this sample in the saturated surface dry condition and note down the mass
as W1 gm.
6. Place the weighed aggregate immediately in the wire basket and dip it in water. Weigh the
basket with aggregate, while keeping it in water with the help of the balance. Note its mass as
W3 gm.
7. Dry the sample to the constant weight at the temperature of 110 oC for (24±1/2) hrs.
8. Cool to room temperature and weigh.
9. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption of the aggregate.
10. Repeat the procedure for fresh aggregates.

mass of sample in air W1

a) Bulk specific gravity = =
loss in mass of sample in water W1  W3  W2 
W4 W  W4
b) Apparent specific gravity = , c) Absorption percentage = 1 X 100
W4  W3  W2  W4
Mass of saturated surface dry sample W1 = gm
Mass of basket suspended in water W2 = gm
Mass of material + basket suspended in water W3 = gm
Mass of aggregate suspended in water (W3 – W2) = gm
Mass of oven dry aggregate in air W4 = gm
Bulk sp. gr. saturated surface dry basis
Apparent specific gravity
Absorption percentage
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. How does specific gravity vary with hardness of stone?

2. Give the average figures for specific gravity of the aggregate:
a) Gravel, b) limestone, c) granite.
DISCUSSIONS:
The specific gravity of an aggregate sample is the ratio between the mass in air and mass of an
equal volume of water. For accurate results in laboratory the allowance is made for the volume of voids
between the particles and for the water absorbed by them.
It is seen that higher the specific gravity of aggregate, harder and stronger it will be. Average
figures for the specific gravity of stone aggregate are as below:
Gravel = 2.6, Lime stone = 2.7, Granite = 2.75

UNIT MASS AND VOIDS OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES
EXPERIMENT NO. 10B
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of unit mass (bulk density) and voids of concrete aggregates.
APPARATUS:
Weighing balance, weight box, sample splitter, cylindrical containers (3, 15 or 30litres capacity,
shovel, tamping rod (16mm dia and 600mm long, rounded at one end), a piece of glass plate to be used
in calibrating the container.
THEORY:
The bulk density of an aggregate can be used for judging the quality by comparison with normal
density for that type of aggregate. The bulk density determines the type of concrete for which it may be
used. It is also required for converting proportions by weight into the proportions by volume and is
used in calculating the percentage of voids in the aggregate.
Relevant Indian Standard: IS : 2386 (Part III)-1963.
PROCEDURE:
Compact Mass Determination:
1. Determine the volume of container to be used by accurately filling it with water at 16.7 oC and
weighing the amount of water. The mass of water in kg will give the volume of container in litres.
2. Take the sample by quartering.
3. Fill the container with aggregate in three layers, each layer being tamped with 25 strokes of the
rounded end of the tamping rod, distributing the strokes evenly over the surface. The container is
finally filled to over flowing.
4. Strike off the surplus aggregate, using tamping rod as straight edge.
5. Weigh the container full of aggregate.
6. Calculate the net mass of aggregate in the container and compute the unit mass of aggregate in
kg/litre by dividing the net mass of aggregate in the container by the volume of container.
Loose Mass Determination:
1. Fill the container to overflowing by means of a shovel, the aggregate being discharged from a
height not exceeding 50mm above the top of container.
2. Level off the surface of the aggregate with a straight edge.
3. Determine the net mass of aggregate in the container.
4. Compute the unit mass of aggregate by dividing the net mass of aggregate in container by volume
of container.
5. Calculate the percentage of voids density in kg/litre.

 Material and size of aggregate, mm =

 Approximate volume of container, litre =
 Mass of container filled with water and glass plate, kg =
 Mass of empty container + glass plate, kg =
 Mass of water in container, kg =
 Volume of container, litre =
 Type of determination (Compact mass or loose mass) =
 Mass of container full of aggregate, kg =
 Mass of aggregate in container =
 Bulk density of aggregate, kg/litre =
 Percentage of voids =
G 
Percentage of voids = s X 100 , where Gs is specific gravity,  is the bulk density in kg/litre.
Gs
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by unit mass or bulk density?

2. What is the maximum unit mass value?
3. How does unit mass differ from specific gravity?
RESULT:
DISCUSSIONS:
The bulk density is the mass of the material in a given volume. It is affected by several factors
and varies with specific gravity, shape, size and grading of the aggregate.

MOISTURE CONTENT OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES
EXPERIMENT NO. 10C
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of moisture content (surface moisture) in concrete aggregates by displacement

method.
APPARATUS:
Balance of 2kg capacity or more and sensitive to 0.5gm; Pycnometer of about one litre capacity.
Pycnometer is a cylindrical glass vessel having a metal conical screw top with a 6mm diameter
hole at the apex. The screw top shall be water-tight when it is screwed on to vessel, and if necessary a
rubber or fibre washer shall be inserted in the joint.
THEORY:
The determination of moisture content of an aggregate is necessary in order to determine net

water-cement ratio for a batch of concrete. High moisture content will increase effective water-cement
ratio to an appreciable extent and may even make the concrete weak unless a suitable allowance is
made.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the Pycnometer with water right up to the hole at the top of cone B. determine the mass in
gm. Now empty the Pycnometer to half full.
2. Weigh about one kg of aggregate.
3. Place the aggregate in the Pycnometer half full with water.
4. Fill the Pycnometer with water upto the hole and remove the entrained air.
5. Dry the outside of the Pycnometer and weigh accurately.
6. Calculate the water displaced by sample and determine the moisture content.
 Material
 Mass of moist sample W, gm =
 Mass of Pycnometer or container full of water Wa, gm =
 Mass of container, aggregate and water Wb, gm =
 Mass of displaced water (W +Wa -Wb), gm =
 Specific gravity of aggregate, saturated surface dry basis G=
 Surface moisture =
Mass of water displced in gm  Mass of sample in gm / Sp.gravity

Formula  %  X 100
Mass of sample in gm  Mass of water displced in gm

SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Define moisture content?

2. Where do we need the knowledge of moisture content?
RESULT:
DISCUSSIONS:
The displacement method gives the moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated
surface dry sample, not a dry sample and results given by displacement method will not be same as
those given by drying method. If accurate results are to be obtained, it is essential that the sample
should be poured into water and not water into sample.

STRAIN GAUGES
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Strain gauges are mostly used to measure strains on the free surface of a body. Strain gauges of
all types are essentially devices that sense the change in length, magnify it and indicate it in some form.
They can be classified broadly into five groups on the basis of the physical principle employed for the
magnification of change in length:
1. Mechanical 2. Optical 3. Electrical
4. Pneumatic 5. Acoustical
Further each strain gauge is sub divided into two types:

1. Bonded strain gauge 2. Unbonded strain gauge
In bonded strain gauge a grill of fine wire is cemented to a thin paper sheet. In unbonded strain
gauge a resistance wire is wound around the structure under study.
Properties of good strain gauge:

1. The gauge factor should be high to get more resolution.
2. The wires used in the strain gauge should have high resistance.
3. The wires have low temperature co-efficient of resistance.
4. The wires should not have any hysterisis in its response.
5. The wires should have a linear relationship between strain and resistance.
Mechanical strain gauge:

These mechanical devices are generally known as extensometers and are to measure strain
under static or gradually varying loading conditions. An extensometer is usually provided with two
knife edges which are clamped firmly in contact with the test component at a specific distance or gauge
length apart. When the test component is strained, the two knife edges undergo a small relative
displacement. This is amplified through a mechanical linkage and the magnified displacement or strain
is displayed on a calibrated scale.
Optical Gauges:
Mechanical Optical gauges:
In mechanical-optical gauges a combination of mechanical & optical levers are used to amplify
the relative displacement between the knife edges. The moving knife is pivoted so that it rotates while
undergoing displacement.
Electrical Gauges:
In an electrical strain gauge a change in length or strain produces a change in some electrical
property. The greatest advantage common to all electrical gauges is the ease with which the electrical
signal can be displayed, recorded or conditioned as required. Three types of electrical gauges are in
use: (i) Inductance gauges, (ii) Capacitance gauges & (iii) Electrical resistance gauges. Well over 90
percent of the strain gauges used in practice are of the electrical-resistance type and a large proportion
of these are foil gauges.

THEORY
ENGINEERING MATERIALS:
A material is that out of which anything is done. It is the stuff of which something is made. It
comprises a wide range of metals and non-metals, which must be operated up on to form the finished
product.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:
The term property indicates that defines a specific characteristic of a material. It provides a
basis for predicting its behavior under various conditions like forces, temperatures, pressures, etc.
1.Physical Properties: Shape, size, finish, colour, specific gravity, density, porosity, structure, etc
2. Mechanical Properties: Strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, creep, brittleness, hardness,
toughness, resilience, impact, fatigue, bending, malleability.
3.Thermal Properties: Specific heat, heat of transformation, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity,
thermal stresses, thermal fatigue, thermal shock, latent heat of fusion, melting point etc.
4.Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, atomic weight, equivalent weight, valency, molecular
weight, acidity, alkalinity, atomic number, chemical composition.
5.Optical Properties: Colour, diffraction, fluorescence, reflectivity, hysterisis, luminescence, refractive

index, etc.
TESTS ON MATREIALS:
1. Destructive tests: After being destructively tested, the component or specimen either breaks or
remains no longer useful for further use.
Ex: Tensile test, Compression test, Torsion test, Shear test, fatigue test.
2. Non- Destructive tests: A component does not break and even after being tested so, it can be
used for the purpose for which it was made.
Ex: Radiography test, ultrasonic inspection, dye-penetrant test, magnetic particle test, etc.
DEFINITIONS:
1. Stress: The force per unit area of resistance offered by a body against deformation is called the stress.
2. Tensile Stress: Stress induced in the uniform cross sectional area ‘A’ subjected to equal and opposite
collinear forces ‘P’ resulting in the elongation of the member.
3. Compressive Stress: When two equal and opposite collinear are applied to a member resulting in the
reduction in the length of the member, then the stress induced is called compressive stress.
4. Strain: It is defined as change in length per unit length, also termed as linear strain.
Strain = (elongation / original length of specimen)
5. Yield Stress: Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece without increase in the
load.
6. Direct Stress: The resistance developed in a material due to the action of direct load or axial load
passing through the centroidal axis of the section is termed as direct stress.

7. Shear Stress: The stress caused by forces which are parallel to an area of cross section and tend to
produce sliding of one position over another is termed as shear stress.
8. Young’s Modulus: It is defined as ratio of linear stress to the linear strain or the ratio of normal stress to
the axial strain within elastic limit.
9. Bulk Modulus: When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular direct stress of equal
intensity, the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is known as Bulk modulus.
10. Lateral Strain: It is the ratio of change in lateral dimension to original is called lateral strain.
11. Volumetric Strain: It is the ratio of change in volume to original volume is called volumetric strain.
12. Elasticity constants: they are the properties of materials such as young’s modulus, rigidity modulus,
Bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Young’s Modulus = Linear Stress / Linear Strain
Bulk Modulus = K = (Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain)
Poisson’s ratio = (Lateral stress / Longitudinal strain)
Rigidity Modulus: (Shearing stress / Shearing strain)
13. Elastic Length: It is the maximum load attained within the elastic limit divided by the cross
sectional area of the specimen.
14. Deflection: a beam when loaded gets deflected. The axis of the loaded beam bends in a curve known as
the elastic curve. The deflection at any point on the axis of the beam is the vertical distance between its
position before the load and after loading.
15. Ultimate stress: The maximum load to which a bar is subjected to in a test divided by its original cross-
sectional area gives a nominal stress which is known as ultimate stress.
16. Breaking Stress: The stress corresponding to fracture load is called breaking stress.
17. Factor of Safety: The ratio of ultimate strength to allowable stress is called factor of safety.
18. Ductile material: It is an important property of the material that enables it to be drawn into a wire.
19. Brittle material: A material is said to be brittle if it undergoes only small permanent deformation prior
to fracture.
20. Malleability: It is the property of the material that enables it to get rolled into structural shapes and
sheets.
21. Shearing Force: The algebraic sum of all the vertical force to one side of the section in a beam is called
its shearing force.
22. Tangential Stress: Tensile stress induced in the wall along the circumference of the cylinder is known
as tangential stress.
23. Longitudinal Stress: If the ends of the cylinder are closed, then the pressure at the ends will lead to
stress in the walls in the direction parallel to longitudinal axis of the cylinder and this stress is termed as
longitudinal stress.
24. Resultant Stress: The resultant of normal and tangential stress acting on any plane is called resultant
stress.
25. Complementary Stress: The stress which acts right angles to the original active stress is called
complementary stress.
26. Hooke’s Law: Within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain.
27. Elastic Limit: It is the limit of stress upto which the material will behave elastically (and regains its
original shape on removal of load).
28. Proportional Limit: It is the limit of stress upto which the stress of the material is proportional to strain.
29. Yield Point: It is the strain at which the elastic nature is completely lost and the materials develops
permanent deformation.
30. Yield Limit: It is the limit of stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece
without increase in the load.
31. Ductility: It is indicated by the amount of deformation that is possible until fracture.
32. Toughness: It is its ability to absorb energy in the plastic range.
33. Elasticity: It is the property by which a body returns to its original shape after the removal of external
load.

34. Gauge length: It is the failure length of the parallel portion of the specimen over which extensions are
measured.
35. Resilience: The strain energy stored in a body due to external loading within the elastic limit is known
as resilience and the maximum energy which can be stored in a body upto the elastic limit is called as
proof resilience.
36. Plasticity: It is the property of material by which no strain disappears when it is relieved from the stress.
37. Proof stress: It is the stress at which the stress-strain diagram departs by a specified percentage of gauge
length from the produced straight line of proportionality (0.2%).
38. Brittleness: A material is said to be brittle when it cannot be drawn out by tension to smaller section.
Here, failure takes place with small deformation.
TENSILE TEST:
In this, the operation is accomplished by gripping opposite ends of the specimen and pulling it
apart. Here, the specimen elongates in a direction parallel to the applied load. It is most commonly
made and one of the simplest test among the mechanical tests.
The versatility of the test lies in the fact that it permits both strength and ductile properties to be
measured. In conducting the test, a specimen of the steel is subjected to an increasing tensile pull until
it fractures.
COMPRESSION TEST:
It is similar to tension test, expect that the loading is in opposite direction, i.e., compressive load
which produce crushing action. It is used for testing brittle materials such as stone, concrete, cast iron,
glass etc. The result of this is so affected by the frictional force occurring at the ends of the specimen.
For ductile material such as mild steel or copper, lateral distortion takes place due to the
influence of the friction at the load faces; the cross-section becomes greatest at the center, the specimen
taking up a barrel shape. Failure finally occurs by cracks appearing on the surface and spreading
inwards.
For brittle material the behavior is quite different from that of ductile material. But there is
definite load at which specimen breaks. Materials fails by shearing along thee plane inclined at 50 o deg
and to the longitudinal axis.
HARDNESS TEST:
Hardness is the resistance of the metal to the penetration of another harder body which does not
receive a permanent set. It is the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion cutting or
penetration.
It consists of measuring the resistance to plastic deformation of layers of metal near the surface
of the specimen. In the process of the hardness determination, when the metal is intended by a special
tip (ball indentor), the tip first overcomes the resistance of the metal to elastic deformation and then a
small amount of plastic deformation.
SCOPE:
Hardness number cannot be utilized directly in design or analysis but it is used to grade the
available materials, according to hardness and indicate utility for certain use.

USES:
1. Similar materials may be graded according to hardness.

2. Quality of the material or products may be checked or controlled.
3. By establishing a co-relation between hardness and some other desired property like tensile
strength, etc.
4. Used to test the result of heat treatment like case hardening etc.
TYPES OF HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS:
1. Scratch hardness
2. Indentation hardness
3. Rebound or Dynamic hardness
 Scratch hardness is of primary interest to mineralogists. With this measure of hardness various
materials and other are rated on their ability to scratch one another. It is measured according to the
Mohr’s scale.
 Indentation hardness test is performed by impressing into the specimen, which is resting on a
rigid platform, an indentor of fixed and known geometry, under a known static load applied by
means of lever system. Depending upon the test, the hardness is expressed by a number that is
either inversely proportional to the depth of indentation for a specified load and indentor or
proportional to a mean load over the area of indentation.
 In rebound hardness measurements, the indentor is usually dropped onto the metal surface, and
the hardness is expressed as the energy of impact. The shore Scleroscope measures the hardness in
terms of the height of the rebound of the indentor.
Rockwell Hardness Test:
In this the hardness of a material is determined by the depth of indentation of a diamond cone or
small steel ball. This is conducted in a specially designed machine that applies load through a system of
weights and levers. This test utilizes the depth on indentation under constant load as a measure of
hardness. Minor load minimizes the amount of surface penetration needed and reduces the tendency for
sinking in by the indentor. The dial is reversed so that a high hardness, which corresponds to a small
penetration, results in high hardness number.
Brinell Hardness Test:
It is oldest and most used type. This is static test using relatively large indentors.
Advantages of Rockwell Hardness Test over Brinell hardness Test:
1. Due to the application of minor load to the penetrator, any effects due to surface imperfections
are eliminated.
2. Unskilled labour can operate.
3. The dial indicator eliminates the necessity for a microscope for measuring the indentation and
so that the test can be done quickly and more accurately.
4. On account of small impression made, the test is suitable for the majority of finished
components.

Note: 75HB 10/500/30 indicates a Brinell hardness of 75 measured with a ball of 10mm diameter and
load of 500kg applied for 30seconds.
IMPACT TEST:
The principal measurement is the energy absorbed in fracturing the specimen. After breaking
the test bar, the pendulum rebounds to a height which decreases as the energy absorbed in fracture
increases. The energy absorbed in fracture, usually expressed in joules, is read directly from calibrated
graduated scale on the machine.
SCOPE:
1. Useful in designing those components of machine which are subjected to a sudden applied
loads.
2. It gives necessary energy required to rupture the specimen.
3. For evaluating the uniformity of properties in similarly heat treated steels.
4. Gives guidance to the sensitivity of the material to notch propagation, or the resistance of the
material to the propagation of the crack, once it is formed.
SHEAR TEST:
A type of forces which tends or causes two continuous parts of the body to slide relative to each
other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called shear force.
The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section acted on by the shear force
is called shear strength.
A shearing force acts parallel to a plane whereas the tensile and compressive forces act normal to a
plane. There are two main types of shear stresses used in the laboratory.
1. Direct or transverse stress- stress encountered in rivets, bolts and beams.

2. Pure or torsional stress- stress encountered in a shaft subjected to pure torsion.
 Direct shear tests are conducted to obtain a measure of shear strength and pure shear tests are
employed to evaluate the basic shear properties of a material.
 For direct shear stress of metal, a bar is usually sheared in some device that clamps a portion of the
specimen while the remaining portion is subjected to a load by means of suitable dies. If the force is
resisted by failure through one plane and single area, then the material is said to be single shear. If
two areas resist the fracture, then the material is said to be in double shear.

REFERENCES
1. Davis, Troxell and Hawk: “Testing of Engineering Materials”

International student Edition – Mc Graw Hill book Co., New Delhi.
2. Fenner: “Mechanical Testing of Materials”

George newness Ltd., London.
3. Holes K.A.: “Experiment Strength of Materials”

English Universities Press Ltd., London.
4. Suryanarayana A.V.K.: “Testing of Metallic Materials”

Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Relevant BIS codes.
6. S.K. Kaushik “Testing of Civil Engineering Materials”

Nemchand Bros. Roorkhee.
7. M.L. Gambhir “Concrete Manual”

Dhanpat Rai & sons, Nai sarak, Delhi.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY SVCE, BENGALURU

2. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

5. METHODS OF LOAD MEASUREMENT

7. INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

8. ABOUT UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 3

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

1. Gauge Length: The reference length over which extension is measured.

Relevant Indian Standard: IS: 2751-1979 (Reaffirmed 1998)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 4

OBSERVATIONS FOR TENSION TEST:

1. a) Determination of least count of the Calipers:

2. Diameter of the specimen:

Trail Dia in Dia in Avg. Trail Dia in Dia in Avg.

SIDE SCALE READING (Initial) =

1. Diameter of the specimen at neck d= mm

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 5

Load in Extensometer readings Change in Stress Strain Remarks

1. Young’s Modulus, E = Slope of stress-strain diagram (Kg/mm2)

Graph: Plot the graph for stress v/s strain

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 6

To study the behavior of different materials under compression and to determine:

Universal Testing Machine, Slide caliper, Dial gauge and Scale.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 7

Loads in Dial gauge readings Change in Stress Strain Remarks

1. Percentage reduction in length = {(l1-l2) /l1}X100=

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 8

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL CIRCULAR SECTIONS

Torsion testing machine, Troptometer, Micrometer, scale

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 9

Angle of twist Angle of twist Torque in No. Torque in Kg-cms Remarks

1. Polar Moment of Inertia = mm4

The shearing stress can be calculated by the following formula:

1. What is a shaft? Give practical Examples.

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL

1. Method of test for shear strength of metals IS: 5242-1979

1. The average diameter of the given specimen is measured.

Least count of Vernier Calipers = mm

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 11

1. Distinguish between Single shear and Double shear.

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-

Sketches: Sketch the specimen in Single and Double Shear

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 12

IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 13

Relevant Indian Standards:

CALCULATIONS: Energy absorbed i.e. (R2-R1)

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 14

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 15

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

Relevant Indian Standards:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 16

Value of one division of the measuring scale:

LOAD TEST TABLE:-

Type of Trial No. Force Time Indentation Brinell Average

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS:-