A Coupled Zig-Zag Third-Order

Theory for Piezoelectric Hybrid

S. Kapuria
Associate Professor,
Department of Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
Cross-Ply Plates
A new zig-zag coupled theory is developed for hybrid cross-ply plates with some piezo-
electric layers using third-order zig-zag approximation for the inplane displacements and
sublayer wise piecewise linear approximation for the electric potential. The theory con-
siders all electric field components and can model open and closed-circuit boundary
conditions. The deflection field accounts for the transverse normal strain due to the
piezoelectric d 33 coefficient. The displacement field is expressed in terms of five displace-
ment variables (which are the same as in FSDT) and electric potential variables by
satisfying exactly the conditions of zero shear stresses at the top and bottom, and their
continuity at layer interfaces. The governing equations are derived from the principle of
virtual work. Comparison of the Navier solutions for the simply-supported plates with the
analytical three-dimensional piezoelasticity solutions establishes that the present efficient
zig-zag theory is quite accurate for moderately thick plates. 关DOI: 10.1115/1.1767170兴

1 Introduction 关30兴 have presented coupled DLT, using layerwise approximation

Smart composite laminates having piezoelectric sensors and ac-
tuators to achieve desired control, form part of a new generation
of adaptive structures. The sensors and actuators can be in the
form of distributed layers or patches, which are surface mounted
or embedded. There have been many reviews 共e.g., Chopra 关1兴兲 on
the state of art of smart structures and integrated systems. Several
reviews, 关2–5兴, of three-dimensional continuum-based approaches
and two-dimensional theories for laminated hybrid plates, have
been presented. Analytical three-dimensional solutions are avail-
able only for some specific shapes and boundary conditions of
plates, 关6 – 8兴. The three-dimensional finite element analysis, 关9兴,
of laminated plates results in large problem size which may be-
come computationally costly for practical dynamics and control
problems. Hence, efficient accurate electromechanical coupled
two-dimensional plate models are required without too much loss
of accuracy compared to the three-dimensional models. Some
works have used various elastic laminated plate models, 关10–13兴,
with effective forces and moments due to induced strain of actua-
tors. Classical laminate theory 共CLT兲, 关14 –17兴, first-order shear
deformation theory 共FSDT兲, 关18 –19兴, and the refined third-order
theory 共TOT兲, 关20兴, have been applied without electromechanical
coupling to hybrid plates and shells. Coupled CLT, FSDT, 关21–
26兴, and TOT, 关27,28兴, solutions for hybrid plates including the
charge equation of electrostatics and electromechanical coupling,
have been reported. These equivalent single layer theories are less
computationally involved and are straight forward to implement.
But these theories do not account for the zig-zag distribution of
the inplane displacements and do not satisfy the interlaminar shear
stress continuity conditions, yielding inaccurate results for mod-
erately thick laminates and even thinner laminates with strong
inhomogeneities across the thickness. A discrete layer theory
共DLT兲 with layerwise approximation of displacements was devel-
oped by Robbins and Reddy 关29兴 for elastic laminated beams with
induced actuation strain in the piezoelectric layers. Heyliger et al.
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS for publication in the ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED ME-
CHANICS. Manuscript received by the Applied Mechanics Division, February 5,
2003; final revision, October 17, 2003. Associate Editor: R. C. Benson. Discussion
on the paper should be addressed to the Editor, Prof. Robert M. McMeeking, Journal
of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering,
University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, and will be
accepted until four months after final publication in the paper itself in the ASME
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS.
for displacement and potential, which yields accurate results for
thin and thick plates. But it is computationally expensive for prac-
tical dynamics and control problems since the number of displace-
ment unknowns depends on the number of sublayers. Carrera 关31兴
has presented a coupled DLT for plates with layerwise linear zig-
zag approximation across the thickness for inplane displacements
and quadratic one for transverse shear stresses and potential. But
the axial electric field is neglected and the constitutive equation
for shear stresses is only approximately satisfied. Bisegna et al.
关32兴 have presented a layerwise coupled first-order shear deforma-
tion model for each layer of piezoelectric sandwich plate with
linear variation of electric potential along the thickness of the
actuator. Kim et al. 关33兴 have developed a coupled DLT for hybrid
shell laminates with first order global variation and layerwise hy-
perbolic variation across the thickness for the inplane displace-
ments and across-the-thickness uniform variation for the trans-
verse displacement, which satisfy the shear traction free
conditions at the top and bottom surfaces and transverse shear
stress continuity conditions at the layer interfaces for zero inplane
electric fields. Except for the coupled DLT, 关30兴, in which the
transverse displacement is also taken as piecewise linear, no other
two-dimensional theory discussed above considers the piezoelec-
tric transverse normal strain induced due to piezoelectricity
through d 33 coefficient, which has been observed to have consid-
erable effect on the response, especially for electrical load, 关4兴.
The efficient zig-zag third order theory of laminated elastic plates,
关34,35兴, has been extended by Kapuria et al. 关36 –38兴 for static
and dynamic analysis of hybrid composite and sandwich beams.
In this coupled efficient DLT, a third-order zig-zag approximation
across the thickness for the axial displacement is used with a
sublayerwise piecewise linear approximation for the potential ␾.
The conditions of zero transverse shear stress ␶ zx at the top and
bottom surfaces and the conditions of continuity of ␶ zx at layer
interfaces are enforced to formulate the theory in terms of three
primary displacement variables, which are the same as in FSDT.
The model considers both the axial and transverse electric fields
and includes the transverse piezoelectric strain from d 33 coeffi-
cient. Very accurate results have been reported by them for mod-
erately thick beams using this theory.
This work presents an efficient coupled third-order zig-zag
theory for cross-ply hybrid plates using combination of third-order
variation across the thickness and a layerwise linear zig-zag ap-
proximation across the thickness for the inplane displacements.

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 Fig. 1 Geometry of a hybrid plate

The electric potential ␾ is sublayerwise approximated as piece- Unlike most other studies, E x , E y are not considered as zero,
wise linear. The transverse displacement is approximated to take since these may be applied by actuation or may be induced by the
into account the piezoelectric strain in the thickness direction due piezoelectric coupling. The linear constitutive equations for the
to piezoelectric coefficient d 33 . The shear traction free conditions stresses ␴, ␶ and electric displacements D x , D y , D z are ex-
at the top and bottom of the plate and shear continuity conditions pressed, using the assumption of ␴ z ⯝0, as
at the layer interfaces are exactly satisfied to formulate the theory
in terms of only five primary displacement variables and the po- ␴ ⫽Q̄␧⫺ē T3 E z , ␶ ⫽Q̂ ␥ ⫺êE,
tential variables. These primary displacement variables are the
same as for the FSDT. The coupled stress and charge equilibrium D⫽ê T␥ ⫹ ␩ˆ E, D z ⫽ē 3 ␧⫹ ¯␩ 33E z , (2)
equations, and boundary conditions are derived using the principle
of virtual work. The theory includes the effect of in-plane electric where, for cross-ply laminates,

冋册 冋册
field components which may be applied by actuation or induced

冋 册 冋 册
␴x ␧x
by the piezoelectric effect. The theory can model open and closed- ␶ zx Dx
␴
␴⫽ y , ␶⫽ , D⫽ , ␧
␧⫽ y ,
circuit boundary conditions. This theory is assessed by compari- ␶ yz Dy
son of an analytical Navier solution for simply-supported rectan- ␶ xy ␥ xy

冋 册 冋 册
gular plate, with the analytical three-dimensional piezoelastic
solution and coupled FSDT solution. For this purpose highly in- ␥ zx Ex
␥⫽ , E⫽ ,
homogeneous layups of a test case of six-layer hybrid plate, and a ␥ yz Ey

冋 册
(3)
five-layer hybrid plate with composite elastic substrate are consid-

冋 册
ered. The accuracy of the theory is checked for mechanical and Q̄ 11 Q̄ 12 0
electrical loads for different electrical conditions for thin and thick Q̄ 55 0
Q̄⫽ Q̄ 12 Q̄ 22 0 , Q̂⫽ ,
plates. The theory is computationally as efficient as the equivalent 0 Q̄ 44
smeared plate coupled FSDT and yet yields quite accurate 0 0 Q̄ 66
through-the-thickness variations of displacements, stresses and
potential for moderately thick plates.
ê⫽ 冋 ē 15
0
0
ē 24
册 , ␩ˆ ⫽ 冋 ¯␩ 11
0
0
¯␩ 22 册 , ē 3 ⫽ 关 ē 31 ē 32 0 兴 ,

2 Approximation of Potential and Displacement Fields

Consider a hybrid cross-ply plate 共Fig. 1兲 made of L orthotropic
plys of total thickness h with the midplane chosen as the xy-plane
z⫽0. The plate is loaded transversely on the bottom at z⫽z 0 ⫽
⫺h/2 and on the top at z⫽z L ⫽h/2. Some of the layers can be
orthorhombic piezoelectric materials of class mm2 symmetry, with
poling along z. The kth ply from the bottom has bottom surface at
z⫽z k⫺1 . The reference plane z⫽0 either passes through or is the
bottom surface of the k 0 th layer. Let u x , u y ; w be the in-plane
and transverse displacements. Let ␾ be the electric potential and
E x ⫽⫺ ␾ ,x , E y ⫽⫺ ␾ ,y , E z ⫽⫺ ␾ ,z , be the electric field. Denot-
ing differentiation by a subscript comma, the strain-displacement
relations are
␧ x ⫽u x,x , ␧ y ⫽u y,y , ␧ z ⫽w ,z , ␥ xy ⫽u x,y ⫹u y,x ,
␥ yz ⫽u y,z ⫹w ,y , ␥ zx ⫽u x,z ⫹w ,x .
where Q̄ i j , ē i j , ¯␩ i j are the reduced elastic stiffnesses, piezoelec-
tric stress constants and electric permittivities.
The potential ␾ is approximated as piecewise linear across the
thickness, in terms of its values at n ␾ points at z ␾j , j
⫽1,2, . . . ,n ␾ :
␾ 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽⌿ ␾j 共 z 兲 ␾ j 共 x,y 兲 (4)
where ␾ j
(x,y)⫽ ␾ (x,y,z ␾j ). ⌿ ␾j (z)
are linear interpolation func-
tions and summation convention is used for indices j, j ⬘ . A piezo-
electric layer is divided into sublayers for discretisation of ␾
whose number is determined by the required accuracy.
Three-dimensional solutions, 关6兴, reveal that for moderately
thick plates under electric potential load, w has significant varia-
tion across the thickness due to much greater electrical contribu-
(1) tion to ␧ z compared to that of ␴ x , ␴ y . Hence, herein w is ap-

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 ¯ x , ␶¯ zx for test plate „a… under pressure load
Fig. 2 The distributions of ū , w̄ , ␴

proximated by integrating the constitutive equation for ␧ z by conditions each for the continuity of ␶ and u at the layer interfaces
neglecting elastic compliances S 13 , S 23 , i.e., ␧ z ⫽w ,z ⫽S 13␴ 1 and the two-shear traction-free conditions ␶⫽0 at z⫽z 0 , z L . The
⫹S 23␴ 2 ⫹d 33E z ⯝⫺d 33␾ ,z ⇒ continuity condition of ␶ at interface z⫽z i⫺1 between layers i and
i⫺1 is expressed in the following recursive form so that the so-
w 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽w 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫺⌿̄␾j 共 z 兲 ␾ j 共 x,y 兲 (5) lution of ␺ i , ␰, ␩ is easily tractable:
where ⌿̄␾j (z)⫽ 兰 z0 d 33⌿ ␾j ,z (z)dz
is a piecewise linear function. For
the kth layer, u x , u y are approximated as a combination of third- Q̂ i 关 ␺ i ⫹2z i ␰ ⫹3z i2 ␩ 兴 ⫹ 关 ê i ⌿ ␾j 共 z i 兲 ⫺Q̂ i ⌿̄␾j 共 z i 兲兴 ␾ dj
order variation in z across the thickness and layerwise piecewise
linear variation: ⫽Q̂ i⫺1 关 ␺ i⫺1 ⫹2z i⫺1 ␰ ⫹3z i⫺1
2
␩ 兴 ⫹ 关 ê i⫺1 ⌿ ␾j 共 z i⫺1 兲
u 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽u k 共 x,y 兲 ⫺zw 0 d 共 x,y 兲 ⫹z ␺ k 共 x,y 兲 ⫹z 2 ␰ 共 x,y 兲 ⫺Q̂ i⫺1 ⌿̄␾j 共 z i⫺1 兲兴 ␾ dj ⫹2Q̂ i 共 z i ⫺z i⫺1 兲 ␰ ⫹3Q̂ i 共 z i2 ⫺z i⫺1
2
兲␩

⫹z 3 ␩ 共 x,y 兲 , (6) ⫹ 关 ê i 兵 ⌿ ␾j 共 z i 兲 ⫺⌿ ␾j 共 z i⫺1 兲 其 ⫺Q̂ i 兵 ⌿̄␾j 共 z i 兲 ⫺⌿̄␾j 共 z i⫺1 兲 其 兴 ␾ dj .

where (9)

u⫽ 冋册ux
uy
, w 0d⫽ 冋 册
w 0,x
w 0,y
, u k⫽ 冋 册
u kx
u ky
, ␺ k⫽ 冋 册
␺ kx
␺ ky
, Using Eq. 共8兲, the shear traction free condition ␶ (x,y,z 0 )⫽0, can
also be written in the above pattern as

␰⫽ 冋册␰x
␰y
,
␩x
y
冋 册
␩⫽ ␩ , (7) Q̂ 1 关 ␺ 1 ⫹2z 1 ␰ ⫹3z 21 ␩ 兴 ⫹ 关 ê 1 ⌿ ␾j 共 z 1 兲 ⫺Q̂ 1 ⌿̄␾j 共 z 1 兲兴 ␾ dj
u k is the translation and ␺ k is related to the shear rotation of the ⫽2Q̂ 1 共 z 1 ⫺z 0 兲 ␰ ⫹3Q̂ 1 共 z 21 ⫺z 20 兲 ␩ ⫹ 关 ê 1 兵 ⌿ ␾j 共 z 1 兲 ⫺⌿ ␾j 共 z 0 兲 其
kth layer.
Substituting u x , u y , w from Eqs. 共6兲 and 共5兲, and ␾ from Eq. ⫺Q̂ 1 兵 ⌿̄␾j 共 z 1 兲 ⫺⌿̄␾j 共 z 0 兲 其 兴 ␾ dj . (10)
共4兲 into Eqs. 共1兲 and using Eq. 共2兲 yields ␶ as
␶ ⫽Q̂ k 关 ␺ k ⫹2z ␰ ⫹3z 2 ␩ 兴 ⫹ 关 ê k ⌿ ␾j 共 z 兲 ⫺Q̂ k ⌿̄␾j 共 z 兲兴 ␾ dj , (8) Adding Eq. 共10兲 and Eqs. 共9兲 for i⫽2,3, . . . ,k yields

where ␾ dj ⫽ 关 ␾ ,xj ␾ ,y
j T
兴 . For the k 0 th layer, denote u 0 (x,y)
Q̂ k 共 ␺ k ⫹2z k ␰ ⫹3z 2k ␩ 兲 ⫹ 关 ê k ⌿ ␾j 共 z k 兲 ⫺Q̂ k ⌿̄␾j 共 z k 兲兴 ␾ dj
⫽u k 0 (x,y)⫽u(x,y,0), ␺ 0 (x,y)⫽ ␺ k 0 (x,y). The functions u k ,
␺ k , ␰, ␩ are expressed in terms of u 0 and ␺ 0 using the (L⫺1) ⫽2C k1 ␰ ⫹6C k2 ␩ ⫹C 3k j ␾ dj , k⫽2, . . . ,L, (11)

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 ˜ x , ␶˜ zx for test plate „a… under potential load
Fig. 3 The distributions of ṽ , w̃ , ␴

C k1 ⫽ 兺 i⫽1 Q̂ i (z i ⫺z i⫺1 ), C 3k j ⫽ 兺 i⫽1 关 ê i 兵 ⌿ ␾j (z i ) 2 ⫺R 2 兲 ␺ 1 ⫹ 共 R j1

u i ⫽u i⫺1 ⫹z i⫺1 关共 R i⫺1
k k i i⫺1
where
⫺⌿ ␾ (z i⫺1 ) 其 ⫺Q̂ 兵 ⌿̄␾ (z i )⫺⌿̄␾ (z i⫺1 ) 其 兴 ,
j i j j
C 2 ⫽ 兺 i⫽1
k k
Q̂ i (z i2
⫺R ij1 兲 ␾ dj 兴 , i⫽2, . . . ,L. (16)
⫺z i⫺1 )/2. Using Eq. 共8兲, the condition ␶ zx (x,z L )⫽0, can be writ-
2

ten as Adding Eqs. 共16兲 for i⫽2 to k yields u k in terms of u 1 :

Q̂ L 关 ␺ L ⫹2z L ␰ ⫹3z L2 ␩ 兴 ⫹ 关 ê L ⌿ ␾j 共 z L 兲 ⫺Q̂ L ⌿̄␾j 共 z L 兲兴 ␾ dj ⫽0. u k ⫽u 1 ⫹R̄ k2 ␺ 1 ⫹R̄ kj1 ␾ dj (17)

(12)
where R̄ k2 ⫽ 兺 i⫽2
k
2 ⫺R 2 ),
z i⫺1 (R i⫺1 i
R̄ kj1 ⫽ 兺 i⫽2
k
j1 ⫺R j1 ).
z i⫺1 (R i⫺1 i

Eliminating ␺ L from Eq. 共12兲 and Eq. 共11兲 for k⫽L, and rewrit- Equations 共17兲 and 共15兲 yield for the k 0 th layer:
ing Eq. 共10兲 yields k k
u 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫽u k 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫽u 1 ⫹R̄ 20 ␺ 1 ⫹R̄ j10 ␾ dj ,
2C L1 ␰ ⫹6C L2 ␩ ⫽⫺C 3L j ␾ dj , 2z 0 ␰ ⫹3z 20 ␩ ⫽C 5j ␾ dj ⫺ ␺ 1 ,
k k
(13) ␺ 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ ␺ k 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫽R 20 ␺ 1 ⫹R j10 ␾ dj . (18)
where C 5j ⫽⌿̄␾j (z 0 )I 2 ⫺(Q̂ 1 ) ⫺1 ê 1 ⌿ ␾j (z 0 )
and I 2 is a 2⫻2 identity Substituting ␰, ␩ from Eq. 共14兲, u k from Eq. 共17兲 with u 1 from Eq.
matrix. The solution of Eq. 共13兲 for ␰, ␩ is 共18兲 and ␺ k from Eq. 共15兲 in Eq. 共6兲 yields
␰ ⫽R 3 ␺ 1 ⫹R 5j ␾ dj , ␩ ⫽R 4 ␺ 1 ⫹R 6j ␾ dj , (14) u 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽u 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫺zw 0 d 共 x,y 兲 ⫹R k 共 z 兲 ␺ 1 共 x,y 兲
where ⌬⫽4z 20 C L1 ⫺8z 0 C L2 , R 3 ⫽4⌬ ⫺1 C L2 , R 4 ⫽⫺4⌬ ⫺1 C L1 /3, ⫹R kj ␾ 共 z 兲 ␾ dj 共 x,y 兲 , (19)
R 5j ⫽⫺⌬ ⫺1 (2z 20 C 3L j ⫹4C L2 C 5j ), R 6j ⫽⌬ ⫺1 (4z 0 C 3L j ⫹4C L1 C 5j )/3.
Substituting ␰, ␩ from Eq. 共14兲 into Eq. 共11兲 yields where R k (z)⫽R k1 ⫹zR k2 ⫹z 2 R 3 ⫹z 3 R 4 , R kj ␾ (z)⫽R k1 j ⫹zR kj1
k0 k
⫹z R 5 ⫹z R 6 , with R 1 ⫽R̄ 2 ⫺R̄ 2 , R 1 ⫽R̄ j1 ⫺R̄ j10 . Substituting
2 j 3 j k k kj k
␺ k ⫽R k2 ␺ 1 ⫹R kj1 ␾ dj (15)
␺ 1 in terms of ␺ 0 from Eq. 共18兲 into Eq. 共19兲 yields the expres-
where R k2 ⫽a k1 R 3 ⫹a k2 R 4 , R kj1 ⫽a k1 R 5j ⫹a k2 R 6j ⫹(Q̂ k ) ⫺1 关 C 3k j sion of u as

⫺ê k ⌿ ␾j (z k )]⫹⌿̄␾j (z k )I 2 , a k1 ⫽2 关 (Q̂ k ) ⫺1 C k1 ⫺z k I 2 兴 , a k2 u 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽u 0 共 x,y 兲 ⫺zw 0 d 共 x,y 兲 ⫹R k 共 z 兲 ␺ 0 共 x,y 兲

k ⫺1 k
⫽3 关 2(Q̂ ) C 2 ⫺z k I 2 兴 . Using Eq. 共6兲, continuity of u between
2
⫹R k j 共 z 兲 ␾ dj 共 x,y 兲 , (20)
layers i and i⫺1⇒u i ⫹z i⫺1 ␺ i ⫽u i⫺1 ⫹z i⫺1 ␺ i⫺1 and using Eq.
共15兲: where

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 ¯ x , ␶¯ zx for hybrid composite plate „b… under pressure load
Fig. 4 The distributions of ū , w̄ , ␴

R k 共 z 兲 ⫽R k 共 z 兲共 R 20 兲 ⫺1 ⫽R̂ k1 ⫹zR̂ k2 ⫹z 2 R̂ 3 ⫹z 3 R̂ 4 ,
k

k
R k j 共 z 兲 ⫽R kj ␾ 共 z 兲 ⫺R k 共 z 兲 R j10 ⫽R̂ k1 j ⫹zR̂ kj1 ⫹z 2 R̂ 5j ⫹z 3 R̂ 6j
⫺ 冕⌫L
具␴n␦un⫹␶ns␦us⫹␶nz␦w⫹Dn␦␾典ds

⫽0 (22)
共 R̂ k1 ,R̂ k2 ,R̂ 3 ,R̂ 4 兲 ⫽ 共 R k1 ,R k2 ,R 3 ,R 4 兲共 R 20 兲 ⫺1 ,
k

k k ᭙ ␦ u 0 , ␦ w 0 , ␦ ␺ 0 , ␦ ␾ j . ⌫ L is the boundary curve of the midplane

R̂ k1 j ⫽R k1 j ⫺R̂ k1 R j10 , R̂ kj1 ⫽R kj1 ⫺R̂ k2 R j10 , of the plate with normal n and tangent s. This variational equation
k k is expressed in terms of ␦ u 0 , ␦ w 0 , ␦ ␺ 0 , ␦ ␾ j and stress and
R̂ 5j ⫽R 5j ⫺R̂ 3 R j10 , R̂ 6j ⫽R 6j ⫺R̂ 4 R j10 . (21) electric displacement resultants to yield field equations and
R , R are diagonal matrices. Thus ␾, w, u are related to the
k kj boundary conditions. The resultants N⫽ 关 N x N y N xy 兴 T, M
primary variables u 0 , w 0 , ␺ 0 , ␾ j by Eqs. 共4兲, 共5兲, 共20兲. ⫽ 关 M x M y M xy 兴 T, P⫽ 关 P x P yx P xy P y 兴 T, S⫽ 关 S xj S yx
j j
S xy S yj 兴 T, Q
⫽ 关 Q x Q y 兴 , Q̄ ⫽ 关 Q̄ x Q̄ y 兴 , V⫽ 关 V x V y 兴 , V ␾ ⫽ 关 V ␾ x V ␾ y 兴 , H j
T j j j T T j j j T

3 Field Equations and Boundary Conditions ⫽ 关 H xj H yj 兴 T, G j are defined by

Let A be the surface area of the plate and at the interface z T
j F 1 ⫽ 关 N T M T P T S j 兴T⫽ 关 具 f T3 ␴ 典 兴 ,
⫽z ␾i , ␾ j i be prescribed with q j i being the extraneous surface
charge density on it. The total number of such prescribed poten- F 2 ⫽ 关 Q x Q y Q̄ xj Q̄ yj 兴 T⫽ 关 具 f T4 ␶ 典 兴 (23a)
tials is n̄ ␾ . Let p z1 , p z2 be the forces per unit area applied on the
bottom and top surfaces of the plate in direction z. The principle V⫽ 具 ␶ 典 , V ␾j ⫽ 具 ⌿̄␾j ␶ 典 , H j ⫽ 具 ⌿ ␾j 共 z 兲 D 典 , G j ⫽ 具 ⌿ ␾j ,z 共 z 兲 D z 典 .
of virtual work, 关33兴, can be expressed, using the notation
z
⫺ (23b)
具 . . . 典 ⫽ 兺 k⫽1
L
兰 ⫹k ( . . . )dz, as
z k⫺1
where f 3 ⫽ 关 I 3 zI 3 ⌽ k ⌽ k j 兴 , f 4 ⫽ 关 R ,zk R ,zkj ⫺⌿̄␾j (z)I 2 兴 , I 3 is a 3⫻3

冕 identity matrix and

冋 册
关 具 ␴ x ␦ ␧ x ⫹ ␴ y ␦ ␧ y ⫹ ␶ xy ␦ ␥ xy ⫹ ␶ yz ␦ ␥ yz ⫹ ␶ zx ␦ ␥ zx ⫹D x ␦ ␾ ,x
A
R k11 0 0 0
⫹D y ␦ ␾ ,y ⫹D z ␦ ␾ ,z 兲 ⫺p z1 ␦ w 共 x,y,z 0 兲 ⫺p z2 ␦ w 共 x,y,z L 兲 ⌽ ⫽k 0 0 0 R k22 ,
⫹D z 共 x,y,z 0 兲 ␦ ␾ ⫺D z 共 x,y,z L 兲 ␦ ␾ ⫺q j i ␦ ␾ 兴 dA
1 n␾ ji
0 R k11 R k22 0

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 ˜ x , ␶˜ zx for hybrid composite plate „b… under potential load
Fig. 5 The distributions of ũ , w̃ , ␴

冋 R k11j

册 冋 册冋 册 冋 册冋
␦ u 0n R knn
册冋 册 冋
␦ ␺ 0n
册
k
0 0 0 ␦un ␦ w 0,n R ns R knnj kj
R ns
⫽ ⫺z ⫹ k ⫹ kj
⌽k j⫽ 0 0 0 R k22j . (24) ␦us ␦ u 0s ␦ w 0,s R sn k
R ss ␦ ␺ 0s R sn kj
R ss
0 R k11j
k
R k22j
kj
It can be shown that elements of R , R , N, M, P, S transform as
0
j
⫻ 冋 册
␦ ␾ ,n
j

␦ ␾ ,sj
. (27)

second-order tensors and elements of V, V ␾j , Q, Q̄ j , H j transform

Using expressions of ␾, w, u from Eqs. 共4兲, 共5兲, 共20兲 and resultant
as vectors for the coplanar axes x, y and n, s.
components for axes n, s defined analogous to Eq. 共23兲, the line
Using expressions of ␾, w, u from Eqs. 共4兲, 共5兲, 共20兲 and using
integral in Eq. 共22兲 can be expressed using Eq. 共27兲 as
Eq. 共23兲, the area integral in Eq. 共22兲 becomes

冕A
T
关 ␦¯␧ T1 F 1 ⫹ ␦¯␧ T2 F 2 ⫹ ␦ ␾ dj H j ⫹ ␦ ␾ j G j ⫺F 3 ␦ w 0 ⫺F 6j ␦ ␾ j 兴 dA

(25)
where
¯␧ 1 ⫽ 关 u 0 ,x u 0 ,y u 0 ,y ⫹u 0 ,x ⫺w 0 ⫺w 0
x y x y ,xx ,y y

⫺2w 0 ,xy ␺ 0 x ,x ␺ 0 x ,y ␺ 0 y ,x ␺ 0 y ,y ␾ ,xx

j
␾ ,xy
j
␾ ,yx
j
␾ ,yj y 兴 T
¯␧ 2 ⫽ 关 ␺ 0 ␺ 0 ␾ ,xj ␾ ,y
j T
兴 ,
x y

F 3 ⫽p z1 ⫹p z2 ,

F 6j ⫽⫺p z1 ⌿̄␾j 共 z 0 兲 ⫺p z2 ⌿̄␾j 共 z L 兲 ⫹D z 共 x,y,z L 兲 ␦ jn ␾

⫺D z 共 x,y,z 0 兲 ␦ j1 ⫹q j i ␦ j j i . (26)
␦ i j is Kronecker’s delta. Using Eq. 共20兲, the relation for compo- Fig. 6 Closed-circuit and open-circuit potential across the pi-
nents n, s can be expressed as ezoelectric layer of plate „b… under pressure load

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 Table 1 Three-dimensional results and percentage error for present theory „Pres.… and FSDT for n Ä1

冕 ⌫L
关 N n ␦ u 0 n ⫹N ns ␦ u 0 s ⫺M n ␦ w 0,n ⫹ 共 V n ⫹M ns,s 兲 ␦ w 0 ⫹ P n ␦ ␺ 0 n
u 0nN n , u 0 s N ns , w 0 共 V n ⫹M ns,s 兲 ,

⫹ P ns ␦ ␺ 0 s ⫹S nj ␦ ␾ ,n
j
⫹ 共 H nj ⫺V ␾j n ⫺S ns,s
j
兲 ␦ ␾ j 兴 ds w 0,n M n , ␺ 0nP n , ␺ 0 s P ns , ␾ ,n
j j
Sn ,

⫹ 兺 关 ⌬M
i
ns 共 s i 兲 ␦ w 0 共 s i 兲 ⫺⌬S ns 共 s i 兲 ␦ ␾ 共 s i 兲兴 ⫽0,
j j
(28)
␾ j 关 H̄ j ⫺V̄ ␾j n ⫺S̄ ns,s
j
⫺ 兵 Q̄ xj n x ⫹Q̄ yj n y ⫹H xj n x ⫹H yj n y
where the lateral surface has corners at s⫽s i . ⫺ 共 S x,x
j
⫹S yx,y
j
兲 n x ⫺ 共 S y,y
j
⫹S xy,x
j
兲 n y ⫺S ns,s
j
其兴 (30)
The area integral in Eq. 共25兲 is expressed in terms of ␦ u 0 x ,
␦ u 0 y , ␦ w 0 , ␦ ␺ 0 x , ␦ ␺ 0 y , ␦ ␾ j , by using Green’s theorem if re-
and at corners s i :
quired, and the terms involving ␦ u 0 x , ␦ u 0 y , ␦ ␺ 0 x , ␦ ␺ 0 y , ␦ w 0,x ,
␦ w 0,y , ␦ ␾ ,xj , ␦ ␾ ,yj , in the integrand of ⌫ L are expressed in terms
of components n, s. The details are omitted. Thus Eq. 共22兲 yields
coupled field equations consisting of five equations of equilibrium w 0 共 s i 兲 ⌬M ns 共 s i 兲 , ␾ j 共 s i 兲 ⌬S ns
j
共 si兲.
and n ␾ equations for electric potentials:
The relations between the resultants F 1 , F 2 , H j , G j with ¯␧ 1 ,
⫺N x,x ⫺N xy,y ⫽0, ⫺N xy,x ⫺N y,y ⫽0, ¯␧ 2 , ␾ dj , ␾ j are obtained by substituting the expressions of ␴, ␶,
⫺M x,xx ⫺2M xy,xy ⫺M y,y y ⫺F 3 ⫽0, D, D z into Eqs. 共23兲:

⫺ P x,x ⫺ P yx,y ⫹Q x ⫽0, ⫺ P xy,x ⫺ P y,y ⫹Q y ⫽0,

¯ 1⫹ ␤ j ⬘␾ j ⬘,
F 1 ⫽A␧ ¯ 2 ⫹ ¯␤ j ⬘ ␾ dj⬘ ,
F 2 ⫽Ā␧
⫺Q̄ x,x
j
⫺Q̄ y,y
j
⫹S x,xx
j
⫹S xy,xy
j
⫹S yx,xy
j
⫹S y,y
j
y ⫺H x,x ⫺H y,y ⫹G
j j j

⫺F 6j ⫽0, (29)
H j ⫽ ¯␤ j ¯␧ 2 ⫺Ē j j ⬘ ␾ dj⬘ , G j ⫽ ␤ j ¯␧ 1 ⫺E j j ⬘ ␾ j ⬘
T T
(31)
with j⫽1,2, . . . ,n ␾ . The boundary conditions on ⌫ L are the pre-
scribed values of one of the factors of each of the following prod-
ucts: where

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 Table 2 Three-dimensional results and percentage error for present theory and FSDT
for plate „b… for n Ä3

A⫽ 具 f T3 共 z 兲 Q̄ f 3 共 z 兲 典 , Ā⫽ 具 f T4 共 z 兲 Q̂ f 4 共 z 兲 典 , ␤ j ⬘ ⫽ 具 f T3 共 z 兲 ē T3 ⌿ ␾j ⬘,z 共 z 兲 典 ,
¯␤ j ⬘ ⫽ 具 f T共 z 兲 ê⌿ j ⬘ 共 z 兲 典 , E j j ⬘ ⫽ 具 ¯␩ 33⌿ ␾j ,z 共 z 兲 ⌿ ␾j ⬘,z 共 z 兲 典 , Ē j j ⬘ ⫽ 具 ␩ˆ ⌿ ␾j 共 z 兲 ⌿ ␾j ⬘ 共 z 兲 典 , (32)
4 ␾

冤 冥 冤冥
A 11 A 12 ¯ A 1,10 j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘
A 1,11 A 1,12 A 1,13 A 1,14
j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ ␤ 1j ⬘
A 21 A 22 ¯ A 2,10 A 2,11 A 2,12 A 2,13 A 2,14
␤ 2j ⬘
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
]
¯ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘
A 10,1 A 10,2 A 10,10 A 10,11 A 10,12 A 10,13 A 10,14 ␤ 10
j⬘
A⫽ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘
⫽A , T
␤ ⫽ j j⬘ ,
j
A 11,1 j
A 11,2 ¯ j
A 11,10 A 11,11 A 11,12 A 11,13 A 11,14 ␤ 11
j j⬘
j
A 12,1 j
A 12,2 ¯ j
A 12,10 j j⬘
A 12,11 j j⬘
A 12,12 j j⬘
A 12,13 j j⬘
A 12,14
␤ 12
j j⬘
j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘
␤ 13
j
A 13,1 j
A 13,2 ¯ j
A 13,10 A 13,11 A 13,12 A 13,13 A 13,14 j j⬘
␤ 14

冋 册 冋 册
j
A 14,1 j
A 14,2 ¯ j
A 14,10 j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘
A 14,11 A 14,12 A 14,13 A 14,14
j⬘ j⬘ ¯␤ j ⬘ ¯␤ j ⬘
Ā 11 Ā 12 Ā 13 Ā 14

冋 册
11 12
j⬘ j⬘ ¯␤ j ⬘ ¯␤ j ⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘
Ā 21 Ā 22 Ā 23 Ā 24 21 22 Ē 11 Ē 12
Ā⫽ ⫽ Ā T, ¯␤ j ⬘ ⫽ , Ē j j ⬘ ⫽ . (33)
j j j j⬘ j j⬘ ¯␤ j j ⬘ ¯␤ j j ⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘
Ā 31 Ā 32 Ā 33 Ā 34 31 32 Ē 21 Ē 22
j j j j⬘ j j⬘ ¯␤ j j ⬘ ¯␤ j j ⬘
Ā 41 Ā 42 Ā 43 Ā 44 41 42

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 冋 册
Substitution of the expressions of the resultants from Eqs. 共31兲 w0 ␾j
into Eqs. 共29兲, yields following coupled equilibrium equations in
u 0x ␺ 0x
terms of Ū⫽ 关 u 0 x u 0 y w 0 ␺ 0 x ␺ 0 y ␺ 0 x ␺ 0 y ␾ 1 ␾ 2 . . . ␾ n ␾ 兴 T, taking
into account the zero elements of A, Ā, ␤, ¯␤ , Ē for cross-ply u 0y ␺ 0y

冋 册
laminates:
⬁ ⬁ 关 w 0 ␾ j 兴 nm sin共 n ␲ x/a 兲 sin共 m ␲ y/b 兲
LŪ⫽ P̄ (34) ⫽ 兺兺 关 u 0 x ␺ 0 x 兴 nm cos共 n ␲ x/a 兲 sin共 m ␲ y/b 兲 .
n
n⫽1 m⫽1
关 u 0 y ␺ 0 y 兴 nm sin共 n ␲ x/a 兲 cos共 m ␲ y/b 兲
where P̄⫽ 关 P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P 16 P 26 ... P 6 ␾ 兴 T. L is differential op-
erator matrix with L i p ⫽L pi and Equations 共34兲 yield algebraic equations for n, mth Fourier com-
ponent. These are not listed for brevity. ␶ can be obtained using
L 11⫽⫺A 11共 兲 ,xx ⫺A 33共 兲 ,y y , L 12⫽⫺ 共 A 12⫹A 33兲共 兲 ,xy , Eq. 共2兲2 or more accurately by integrating the three-dimensional
equations of equilibrium.
L 13⫽A 14共 兲 ,xxx ⫹ 共 A 15⫹2A 36兲共 兲 ,xy y ,

L 14⫽⫺A 17共 兲 ,xx ⫺A 38共 兲 ,y y , L 15⫽⫺ 共 A 1,10⫹A 39兲共 兲 ,xy ,

4 Numerical Results and Discussion
L 22⫽⫺A 22共 兲 ,y y ⫺A 33共 兲 ,xx , The accuracy of present theory is assessed against the analytical
j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ three-dimensional piezoelasticity solution, 关6兴. The three-
L 1,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽⫺A 1,11共 兲 ,xxx ⫺ 共 A 3,12 ⫹A 3,13 ⫹A 1,14 兲共 兲 ,xy y ⫺ ␤ 1j ⬘ 共 兲 ,x , dimensional solution is obtained by analytically solving the three-
dimensional piezoelasticity constitutive relations, strain-
L 23⫽ 共 A 24⫹2A 36兲共 兲 ,xxy ⫹A 25共 兲 ,y y y ,
displacement and electric field-potential relations, and the stress
L 24⫽⫺ 共 A 27⫹A 38兲共 兲 ,xy , equilibrium and charge equilibrium equations subject to the exact
satisfaction of the boundary and interface continuity conditions
j⬘
L 2,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽⫺ 共 A 2,11 j⬘
⫹A 3,12 j⬘
⫹A 3,13 j⬘
兲共 兲 ,xxy ⫺A 2,14共 兲 ,y y y ⫺ ␤ 2j ⬘ 共 兲 ,y for simply supported plates with u y ⫽0, w⫽0, ␴ x ⫽0, ␾⫽0 at x
⫽0, a and u x ⫽0, w⫽0, ␴ y ⫽0, ␾⫽0 at y⫽0, b. Since the number
L 25⫽⫺A 39共 兲 ,xx ⫺A 2,10共 兲 ,y y , L 33⫽⫺A 44共 兲 ,xxxx ⫺ 共 A 45⫹A 54 of displacement unknowns in the present theory is the same as in
FSDT, results are also compared with the coupled FSDT, 关25兴,
⫹4A 66兲共 兲 ,xxy y ⫺A 55共 兲 ,y y y y , with shear correction factors 共SCFs兲 according to Whitney 关39兴.
Two inhomogeneous hybrid simply-supported plates 共a兲 and 共b兲
L 34⫽A 47共 兲 ,xxx ⫹ 共 A 57⫹2A 68兲共 兲 ,xy y , consisting of an elastic substrate with a layer of PZT-5A, 关40兴, of
thickness 0.1h bonded to its top are analyzed. The top and the
L 35⫽ 共 A 4,10⫹2A 69兲共 兲 ,xxy ⫹A 5,10共 兲 ,y y y , bottom of the substrate are grounded. The stacking order is men-
j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ tioned from the bottom. The substrate of plate 共a兲 has five plies of
L 3,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽A 4,11共 兲 ,xxxx ⫹ 共 A 4,14 ⫹2A 6,12 ⫹2A 6,13 ⫹A 5,11 兲共 兲 ,xxy y thickness 0.09h/0.225h/0.135h/0.18h/0.27h of materials 1/2/3/3/3
j⬘ with orientation ␪ k as 关0°/0°/0°/90°/0°兴. The plies have highly
⫹A 5,14共 兲 ,y y y y ⫹ ␤ 4j ⬘ 共 兲 ,xx ⫹ ␤ 5j ⬘ 共 兲 ,y y , inhomogeneous stiffness in tension and shear and is a good test
case, 关41兴. The substrate of plate 共b兲 is a graphite-epoxy compos-
L 44⫽Ā 11⫺A 77共 兲 ,xx ⫺A 88共 兲 ,y y , L 45⫽⫺ 共 A 7,10⫹A 89兲共 兲 ,xy , ite 共material 4, 关40兴兲 laminate with 4 layers of equal thickness
j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ .225h with symmetric layup 关0°/90°/90°/0°兴. The PZT-5A layer
L 4,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽⫺A 7,11共 兲 ,xxx ⫺ 共 A 7,14 ⫹A 8,12 ⫹A 8,13 兲共 兲 ,xy y has poling in ⫹z direction. Plate 共a兲 is a square plate and plate 共b兲
j⬘ ¯ j⬘ is a rectangular plate with b/a⫽3. Convergence studies have re-
⫹ 共 Ā 13 ⫹ ␤ 11⫺ ␤ 7j ⬘ 兲共 兲 ,x , vealed that converged results are obtained for plates 共a兲 and 共b兲 by
dividing the PZT layer into four equal sublayers for discretizing
L 55⫽Ā 22⫺A 10,10共 兲 ,y y ,
␾. The material properties are:
j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ j⬘ 关 (Y 1 ,Y 2 ,Y 3 ,G 12 ,G 23 ,G 31), ␯ 12 , ␯ 13 , ␯ 23兴 ⫽
L 5,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽⫺ 共 A 9,12 ⫹A 9,13 ⫹A 10,11 兲共 兲 ,xxy ⫺A 10,14共 兲 ,y y y ⫹ 共 Ā 24 Material 1: 关共6.9,6.9,6.9,1.38,1.38,1.38兲 GPa, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25兴
j⬘ j⬘ Material 2: 关共224.25,6.9,6.9,56.58,1.38,56.58兲 GPa, 0.25, 0.25,
⫹ ¯␤ 22 ⫺ ␤ 10 兲共 兲 ,y
0.25兴
j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ Material 3: 关共172.5,6.9,6.9,3.45,1.38,3.45兲 GPa, 0.25, 0.25,
L 5⫹ j,5⫹ j ⬘ ⫽⫺A 11,11共 兲 ,xxxx ⫺ 共 A 11,14 ⫹A 12,12 ⫹A 12,13 ⫹A 13,12 0.25兴
j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ Material 4: 关共181,10.3,10.3,7.17,2.87,7.17兲 GPa, 0.25, 0.25,
⫹A 13,13 ⫹A 14,11 兲共 兲 ,xxy y ⫺A 14,14共 兲 ,y y y y ⫹ 关 Ā 33 ⫺ ␤ 11 0.33兴
j⬘ j ¯ j j⬘ ¯ j⬘ j j j⬘ j j⬘ j j⬘ j⬘ j PZT-5A: 关共61.0,61.0,53.2,22.6,21.1,21.1兲 GPa, 0.35, 0.38,
⫺ ␤ 11 ⫹ ␤ 31 ⫹ ␤ 31 ⫺Ē 11 兴共 兲 ,xx ⫹ 关 Ā 44 ⫺ ␤ 14 ⫺ ␤ 14
0.38兴, and
j j⬘ ¯ j⬘ j j j⬘ 关 (d 31 ,d 32 ,d 33 ,d 15 ,d 24),( ␩ 11 , ␩ 22 , ␩ 33) 兴 ⫽ 关 (⫺171,⫺171,374,
⫹ ¯␤ 42 ⫹ ␤ 42 ⫺Ē 22 兴共 兲 ,y y ⫹E j j ⬘ ;
584,584)⫻10⫺12 m/V,(1.53,1.53,1.5)⫻10⫺8 F/m兴 .
P 1 ⫽ P 2 ⫽ P 4 ⫽ P 5 ⫽0, P 3 ⫽⫺F 3 , P 6j ⫽⫺F 6j (35) Two load cases considered are:

where j, j ⬘ ⫽1, . . . ,n ␾ . 1. pressure p z2 ⫽⫺p 0 sin(n␲x/a)sin(␲y/b) on the top surface

To assess the theory developed herein, by comparison with the with closed circuit condition ␾ n ␾ ⫽0 on it.
analytical three-dimensional piezoelasticity solution, analytical 2. applied actuation potential ␾ n ␾ ⫽ ␾ 0 sin(n␲x/a)sin(␲y/b) on
Navier solution is obtained for simply-supported rectangular the top surface with zero pressure (p z1 ⫽p z2 ⫽0).
plates of sides a, b along the axes x, y for the boundary conditions
The results for these cases are nondimensionalized with S⫽a/h,
at x⫽0,a: N x ,u 0 y ,w 0 ,M x , P x ,⌿ 0 y , ␾ j ,S xj ⫽0; d T ⫽374⫻10⫺12 CN⫺1 , Y T ⫽6.9 GPa for plate 共a兲 and 10.3 GPa
for plate 共b兲:
at y⫽0,b: N y ,u 0 x ,w 0 ,M y , P y ,⌿ 0 x , ␾ j ,S yj ⫽0; (36)
1. (ū, v̄ ,w̄)⫽100(u, v ,w/S)Y T /hS 3 p 0 , ( ¯␴ x , ¯␴ y ,¯␶ zx )⫽( ␴ x ,
for j⫽1, . . . ,n ␾ . The solution is expanded as ¯ ⫽104 ␾ Y d /hS 2 p ,
␴ y ,S ␶ zx )/S 2 p 0 , ␾ T T 0

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 2. (ũ, ṽ ,w̃)⫽100(u, v ,w/S)Sd T ␾ 0 , ( ˜␴ x , ˜␴ y ,˜␶ zx )⫽( ␴ x , ␴ y ,
˜ ⫽ ␾ / ␾ , D̃ ⫽D h/100Y d 2 ␾ .
S ␶ zx )h/Y T d T ␾ 0 , ␾
0 z z T T 0
The dimensionless entities are chosen in such a way that their
values are almost independent of S for thin plates having large
value of S. Hence the dimensionless parameter S appears in some
of them. These dimensionless entities are meaningful since they
have constant values in a coupled CLT.
The present results are compared with the three-dimensional
results obtained as per Ref. 关6兴 and the coupled FSDT results
obtained as per Ref. 关25兴 with Whitney’s SCFs, 关39兴. The thick-
ness distributions of u or v , w, ␴ x , ␶ zx are compared in Figs. 2
and 3 for plate 共a兲 and in Figs. 4 and 5 for plate 共b兲. The highly
zig-zag in-plane displacements u and v are well predicted by the
present theory except for the lower-half of test plate 共a兲 and upper-
half of hybrid composite plate 共b兲 under potential load for the
thick case S⫽5. The smeared laminate theories like FSDT cannot
predict zig-zag variation. The thickness variation of w for load
case 2 共Figs. 3 and 5兲 is very well captured by the present theory,
even for thick plates in case of hybrid plate 共b兲, since it includes
the effect of strain ␧ z induced by ␾ through d 33 . The thickness
distributions of ␴ x , ␶ zx in the present theory are in good agree-
ment with the three-dimensional solution. The thickness distribu-
tions of electric potential ␾ for plate 共b兲 with the top surface of the
piezoelectric layer in closed circuit ( ␾ n ␾ ⫽0) and open circuit
(q n ␾ ⫽0) conditions are compared in Fig. 6. The present theory
yields good prediction of the potential field ␾ for both closed and
open-circuit conditions, used in actuation and sensory modes, re-
spectively.
The three-dimensional results and the error percentages with
respect to the three-dimensional solution in the response predicted
by the present theory and the coupled FSDT for plates 共a兲 and 共b兲
for the two load cases with the Fourier term n⫽1 are given in
Table 1. w c is the deflection w at the center. For plate 共a兲, the
stress ␴ e is ␴ x in the elastic substrate at z⫽⫺.41h ⫹ for case 1 and
at z⫽.265h for case 2. ␴ p is the maximum stress ␴ x in the piezo-
electric layer occurring at its top and bottom faces for cases 1 and
2, respectively. For plate 共b兲, ␴ e is the maximum ␴ x in the elastic
substrate occurring at its bottom surface for case 1 and top surface
(z⫽.4h ⫺ ) for case 2. ␴ p is the maximum ␴ x in the piezoelectric
layer occurring at its top and bottom faces for cases 1 and 2,
respectively. ␶ zx is the maximum stress at z⫽0 for load case 1 and
at the PZT interface for case 2. ␶ xy is the maximum stress at the
top surface. ␾ and D z are the maximum values, respectively, at
midsurface and top of PZT layer for load cases 1 and 2. The
present central deflection agrees well with the three-dimensional
solution for all cases, except for a relatively large error of 9.4%
obtained in case of thick test plate 共a兲 with S⫽5 under potential
load.
For the thick test plate a with S⫽5, the error of the present
theory with respect to the three-dimensional results for w, ␴ e and
␶ zx is within 1.5% for case 1 with n⫽1, whereas there is much
larger error in FSDT of 15.4% for deflection w and upto 50.3% for
the in-plane stresses. For a moderately thick plate 共a兲 with S
⫽10, the error in FSDT is 4.7% for w and upto 19.6% for the
inplane stresses for case 1. For the moderately thick plate under
load case 2 with S⫽10, the error in the present theory is 3.1% for
w and within 4.2% all stresses, whereas the error in FSDT is larger
being 8.0% for w and upto 8.0% for stresses. The transverse elec-
tric displacement D z induced at the actuated PZT surface is accu-
rately predicted by both the theories.
For the thick hybrid composite plate 共b兲 with S⫽5, the error of
the present theory is within 3.6% for all entities except ␴ p (7.6%)
for load 1 and ␴ e (7.0%) for load 2, whereas there is very large
error in FSDT of 29.1% for w for load case 2 and upto 31.0% and
12.1% for the stresses for load cases 1 and 2, respectively. For the
moderately thick plate 共a兲 with S⫽10, the error of the present
theory is within 1.3% for all entities except ␴ p (3.0%) and
Journal of Applied Mechanics
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␴ e (2.0%), whereas the error in FSDT is large, being 9.5% for w
for load case 2 and upto 10.9% and 10.1% for the stresses for
loads 1 and 2, respectively.
The three-dimensional results and the error percentages in the
present theory and FSDT for the response of plate 共b兲 for the two
load cases with n⫽3 are given in Table 2. The error in both the
two-dimensional theories increases with higher n, since it effec-
tively decreases the span-to-thickness ratio. The error of the
present theory for w is 0.7% and 4.6% for loads 1 and 2, respec-
tively, as against 28.5% and 103.9% in FSDT. In stresses too, the
present theory shows remarkable improvement over FSDT in all
cases.
The above results reveal that the present theory yields generally
accurate results which are consistently superior to FSDT for both
mechanical and electrical loads. Though FSDT yields relatively
good prediction of the central deflection for the pressure load
case, it gives highly erroneous results for the inplane stresses in
the elastic as well as piezoelectric layers. This inferior perfor-
mance of FSDT is essentially due to the globally linear approxi-
mation of the in-plane displacements across the laminate thickness
in this model, which cannot account for the zigzag variation of
these displacements across the thickness as obtained from the
three-dimensional solution, shown in Figs. 2–5. Moreover, this
theory does not satisfy the transverse shear stress continuity con-
ditions at the layer interfaces. In contrast, the approximations for
the displacement field across the thickness in the present theory
are much closer to the three-dimensional solution. It also satisfies
the shear stress continuity conditions at the layers interfaces.
However, the transverse normal stress induced due to the piezo-
electric stress constant e 33 for the same deflection appears to have
a greater value in the potential load case 2 than in the pressure
load case 1. Therefore, the neglect of ␴ z in the constitutive equa-
tion causes greater error in the deflection w in load case 2 than in
load case 1 in the present model. It is important to note that the
performance of FSDT strongly depends on the choice of the shear
correction factors, which again depend on the boundary and load-
ing conditions of the plate, 关42兴. The Whitney’s SCFs used in the
present study, which are calculated for cylindrical bending of
plates, may not be valid for plates with more complex geometries,
boundary and loading conditions of the plate. The much larger
error in FSDT for deflection in load case 2 compared to load case
1 appears to be partly due to this reason. The present theory does
not suffer from this drawback.
5 Conclusions
The zig-zag coupled theory presented herein, for hybrid plates
with surface bonded or embedded piezo-electric layers, is the first
coupled theory in which the shear stress continuity conditions and
shear traction free conditions are satisfied exactly, even for the
case of nonzero in-plane potential field and the effect of piezo-
electric transverse normal strain is accounted for in the transverse
displacement field. Its accuracy is established by comparison with
the analytical three-dimensional piezoelasticity solution by con-
sidering two thick, moderately thick and thin plates with highly
heterogeneous layups. The present accurate theory is also eco-
nomical since the number of primary mechanical variables is the
same as that of FSDT which yields poor results for moderately
thick heterogeneous plates. The theory can accurately model
closed and open-circuit electric boundary conditions in the sensor
and actuator layers. The theory can readily be extended to any
general anisotropic laminate configuration without any additional
approximations. This work is in progress.
Nomenclature
a, b, h, L ⫽ sides along axes x, y, thickness,
number of plys
A, Ā ⫽ beam stiffness matrices
d i j , ē i j ⫽ piezoelectric strain and stress con-
stants
SEPTEMBER 2004, Vol. 71 Õ 613
 D x , D y , D z ; E x , E y , E z ⫽ electric displacements, electric
field
F 6j , G j ; H j ⫽ electric load, resultants of D z ,
Dx , Dy
G i j , Y i , ␯ i j , Q̄ i j ⫽ elastic modulii, Poisson’s ratios,
reduced stiffnesses
k 0 , u 0 , ␺ 0 ⫽ midsurface layer and its displace-
ment matrices
L ⫽ matrix of differential operators
N, M, P, S j ⫽ stress resultants of inplane stress
matrix ␴
P̄, Ū ⫽ load vector, vector of primary
variables
q j i ⫽ extraneous charge density on the
j Theory,’’ Comput. Struct., 51, pp. 79– 89.
actuated surface at z ␾i
R , R ⫽ matrices of cubic layerwise func-
k kj
tions
S ⫽ thickness ratio a/h
u; u x , u y , w; ␾ ⫽ in-plane displacement matrix, dis-
placements, potential
u k , ␺ k ⫽ displacement matrices for layer k
V, Q, Q̄ j , V ␾j ⫽ stress resultants of transverse
shear stress matrix ␶
z k⫺1 ⫽ z-coordinate of bottom of kth
layer
␤ j , ¯␤ j ⫽ beam electromechanical coupling
matrices
␴ x , ␴ y , ␶ xy ; ␧ x , ␧ y , ␥ xy ⫽ in-plane stresses and strains
␶ yz , ␶ zx ; ␥ yz , ␥ zx ⫽ transverse shear stresses and
strains
E j j ⬘ , Ē j j ⬘ ⫽ plate dielectric matrices
¯␩ i j ⫽ electric permittivities
⌿ ␾j , ⌿̄␾j ⫽ interpolation function and related
integral function
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