M2M Communication Scheduling Techniques Using LTE/LTE-A: Ali Ghubaish (A Paper Written Under The Guidance of

M2M Communication Scheduling Techniques using LTE/LTE-A
M2M Communication Scheduling

Techniques using LTE/LTE-A
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Ali Ghubaish (A paper written under the guidance of Prof. Raj Jain)
Abstract
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is the first step technology for machines
communicating with each other without the human factor. Third-Generation Partner-
ship Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Long-Term Evolution-
Advanced (LTE-A) cellular network technologies provide the resources that M2M
communication required. However, LTE/LTE-A is required to satisfy the
requirements of M2M communication, such as power management and supporting
massive number of devices while maintaining the quality of service (QoS)
requirements for these devices. In this paper, we are going to present four scheduling
techniques that satisfy these requirements: power efficient, QoS, multi-hop,
scalability.
Keywords
LTE/LTE-A Scheduling Techniques, M2M Communication, D2D Communication,
Power Efficient Scheduling, QoS Scheduling, LTE/LTE-A Relaying, Multi-hop
Scheduling, Scalable Network Scheduling.
Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Background
o 2.1 M2M Communications Characteristics
o 2.2 LTE/LTE-A Scheduling Techniques Classifications
• 3. Power Efficient Scheduling
o 3.1 Allocating fewer PRBs per device
o 3.2 Transmitting data in a low data rate
• 4. Quality of Service Based Scheduling Categories
o 4.1 Throughput Based Scheduling
o 4.2 Delay Based Scheduling
• 5. Multi-hop Based Scheduling
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/ftp/lte_m2m/index.html 1
o 5.1 LTE/LTE-A Relaying

o 5.2 D2D Communications
• 6. Scalable Network Based Scheduling
• 7. Summary
• References
• List of Acronyms
1. Introduction
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is the technology that will dominate the
world communications technologies because it will connect everything around us to
the Internet, where the whole world is connected and can be seen by everyone. Today,
one percent of the things around us is connected to the Internet, which is called
Internet of Things (IoT), that equals to 10 Billion devices, including things and
computer users [Bradley13]. However, this number according to the statistics will
increase to 50 Billion in 2020, which will require a network technology that can
handle that amount of connected devices to the Internet while maintain the M2M
communication requirements, such as limited batteries. A general example of IoT
network architecture is presented in Fig. 1. The Figure shows how M2M
communications occur through cellular network and the ability of Device-to-Device
(D2D) communications.
To achieve that, M2M communication requires an infrastructure that could handle the
massive number of devices which can be possible through 3GPP LTE/LTE-A cellular
network technology. LTE/LTE-A provides a set of features that make it the perfect
candidate for M2M communication, such as IP native connectivity, large capacity,
flexible allocation of radio resources, and scalability [Mehaseb15].
Figure 1. A General Example of IoT Network Architecture.
In this paper, we explain scheduling techniques that satisfied M2M requirements over
LTE/LTE-A. In Section 2, a background for M2M communication and LTE/LTE-A
scheduling techniques classifications are presented. In Section 3, we presented a
scheduling techniques for power efficient of M2M communications. In Section 4,
throughput and delay scheduling techniques are discussed to satisfy the QoS
requirements of M2M communications. In Section 5, relaying and D2D
communications scheduling techniques are presented for M2M multi-hop
requirements. In Section 6, we explained a scheduling technique to satisfy the massive
number of devices in M2M communications. Finally, a summary of this paper is
presented.
2. Background
In this section, we explain some of the characteristics for M2M communications and
the scheduling techniques that are used via LTE/LTE-A.
2.1 M2M Communications Characteristics
M2M communications have recently become an interesting topic because of the

ability of this type of communication to communicate without human interaction.
However, this type of communication has a set of characteristics need to be achieved
in order to be able to work efficiently [Ghavimi14]. These characteristics can be
addressed in seven points:
• Power management is important because most of the devices in this type of

communications are powered on batteries, which require a way to reduce the
power consumption.
• Secure connection is required between M2M clients and the M2M servers or
between M2M clients only.
• Access priority requires the network to provide a differentiation between the
messages, which are received by M2M clients, based on their priority (for
example, emergency messages should have the highest priority among other
received messages).
• Group control requires the network to support a massive number of
connections.
• Small data transmission is required from the network to support because the
traffic in this type of communications is in small size packets.
• Time controller operation is what M2M communications require by pre-
allocating slots for the data that are received or sent by the nodes in the
network.
• Infrequent transmission is required to be supported by the network because

some of M2M communications send data based on trigger events.
2.2 LTE/LTE-A Scheduling Techniques Classifications
LTE/LTE-A scheduling techniques classifications are based on M2M communication

requirements to achieve optimal integration. Based on these characteristics, we can
conclude that M2M communications require four main requirements [Mehaseb15].
First, power efficient scheduling uses Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SCFDMA) for uplink and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) for downlink. Second, QoS based scheduling is required to handle
different systems QoS requirements such as latency, jitter, error rate, and Guaranteed
Bit Rate (GBR). Third, multi-hop based scheduling uses multiple hops to send data
over short distances instead of sending it over long distance using single hop, which
helps saving power. Finally, scalable network based scheduling uses LTE-A IP native
connectivity feature to support a massive number of M2M communications.
3. Power Efficient Scheduling

In this section, we explain two different categories that explain different methods of
using energy efficiently through LTE/LTE-A communications [Mehaseb15]. First,
allocating fewer Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) per device. Second, transmitting
data in a low data rate.
3.1 Allocating fewer PRBs per device
This category uses a scheduler that uses dynamic scheduling technique that offers
resources based on the channel state, which means better usage of the resources that
are provided by the network [Ghandour11]. This technique consists of two stages:
A. Time Domain Packet Scheduling (TDPS): In this stage, a set of users will be
selected to be served based on priority order, according to GBR value of each user by
using a metric system. This metric, which can be expressed in Equation (1), is updated
in every new Transmission Time Interval (TTI). Where the rate achieved by user i at
the k subframe is Ri, k. The priority of scheduling user i in subframe j is expressed in
Mi,j. the GBR value of user i is GBRi, as can be seen in Table 1.
B. Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling (FDPS): In this stage, each user gets
assigned satisfied number of PRBs, which means that the best or second best number
of PRBs each user requires, according to their Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) value
to save power energy, which can be expressed in Equation (2). Where the total saved
power when reducing the number of PRBs from N is ΔPi,N,M. N represents the highest
CQI for user i to M, which represents the satisfied CQI for user i.
ΔPi,N,M = 10log10(N/M) (2)
Table 1. CQI Based Resource Type Classifications (Based upon [Jang13])
QCI Bearer Type Priority Packet Delay Budget Example

1 2 100 ms VOIP
2 4 150 ms Video
GBR
3 3 50 ms Online Gaming
4 5 300 ms Video Streaming
5 1 100 ms IMS Signaling
6 6 TCP, FTP
7 Non-GBR 7 Interactive Gaming
300 ms
8 8
Email, Chat
9 9
3.2 Transmitting data in a low data rate
This category reduces the power consumption and adopts the transmission rate based
on the channel state, the queued packets in the buffer, and the average delay [Li09,
Salodkar10]. Based on the channel state, the consumption power can be reduced if the
average delay is slightly increased. The scheduler in this category selects Un packets
to fill the queue, which is expressed in Equation (3), for transmission at the beginning
of every new TTI and uses Pin power, input power, for transmission. Where the
number of generated packets in the buffer is xn. The number of packets to be
scheduled is determined by k. P*(D ave i ) is the minimum average power that is
required to achieve average delays per packet no greater than D ave i , which can be
expressed in Equation (4). The scheduler works if each user generates only one type
of traffic with average arrival rate λi.
Un = min(xn, log⌊kxn⌋) (3)
4. Quality of Service Based Scheduling Categories

using QoS requirements through LTE/LTE-A communications [Mehaseb15]. First,
throughput-based scheduling. Second, delay-based scheduling.
4.1 Throughput Based Scheduling
This category uses a scheduler that uses priority order of devices is based on the QoS
class identifier (QCI), which means that the priority of every device is based on its
priority value in Table 1 [Jang13]. This technique consists of three stages:
A. TDPS: A In this stage, the scheduler differentiates between devices is according

QCI in Table 1, which can be expressed in Equations (5) and (6) [Mehaseb15]. The
devices with GBR resources type are allocated PRBs first then devices with non-GBR
resources type.
B. FDPS: In this stage, the scheduler admits new connection is based on the number
of RPBs that is available, which should satisfy the channel quality of that device.
C. Adaptive Contiguous PRBs: In this stage, the scheduler assigns a group of

contiguous RPBs to each device according to the CQI of each device.
Where NGBR (i,t) and NNon-GBR (i,t) are the number of PRBs for user i at time t for GBR
and Non-GBR. GBRi is the GBR of user i. Qqi (i) is the number of the queued packets
of user i in queue qi. NRE is the number of resource elements of PRBs. u is type of the
queue corresponding to QCI ranks. nqi (i,t) is the number of the queued packets of user
i in queue qi at time t. L is the length of packet data. d is the packet delay budget.
MClevel (i,t) is the number of data bits that can be transmitted by a resource element of
user i at time t [Mehaseb15].
4.2 Delay Based Scheduling
This category uses a scheduler that provides Human-to-Human (H2H) and M2M
traffics with the required QoS requirements for both traffics [Zhenqi13]. The
scheduler divides these two traffics into two queues:
H2H Queue: This queue provides services for H2H and Time-sensitive M2M
communications, which means that the users in this queue have higher priority than
the another queue. The scheduler uses a computational formula that guaranties no
delay, as expressed in Equation (7). Where ric (t) represents the instantaneous channel
rate of user i at time t. Mi (t) is the satisfaction, which is a new concept aspect for this
formula over frequency-domain promotional fair algorithm. Di (t) represents the
waiting delay of user’s queue. THi is the service delay threshold of user i. Ri (t)
represents the average transmission rate that user i can reach within the time window
before time t. Ti is the target rate when user i satisfies the QoS of service.
ric (t) Di (t) Ri (t)

λic (t) = ( ) . exp ( ) , where Mi (t) = ( ) (7)
Mi (t) THi Ti
M2M Queue: This queue provides services for none Time-sensitive M2M
communications. The system’s timeline is divided into cycles of period T. The length
of T is based on the packet delay in Table 1. The scheduler uses round-robin algorithm
to find M2M device’s PRBs if they exceeded the delay threshold.
5. Multi-hop Based Scheduling

using multi-hop schedulers through LTE/LTE-A communications [Mehaseb15]. First,
LTE Relaying. Second, D2D communications.
5.1 LTE/LTE-A Relaying
In this category, the transmitter uses three different relaying schemes: Layer 1
(Amplified and Forward (AF)), Layer 2 (Decode and Forward (DCF)), and Layer 3
(Demodulate and Forward (DF)). Table 2 summarizes the advantages and
disadvantages of each scheme [Lo09, Yang09]. The transmitter uses three types of
links for each scheme: the link that connects the user equipment (UE) and backhaul
link(eNB) is the direct link; the link that connects the UE and Relay Node(RN) is the
access link; and the link that connects the RN and eNB is the relay link.
Table 2. Comparison of Different Relaying Schemes (Based upon [Mehaseb15])
Relaying
Pros Cons Realization
Scheme
• Noise
and the
interfere
• Easy design nce are
Layer 1 • Low cost and amplifie
(AF) delay d with
the
desired
signals
• Low
Layer 2 • No noise processi
(DCF) ng delay
• No noise • High
• Supporting processi
Layer 3 Mobility ng delay
(DF) • Routing • High
capability cost
5.2 D2D Communications
LTE-A release 12 supports D2D communications. D2D communications support

direct connection between two nodes without the need to eNB. Two types of
Spectrum sharing: in-band spectrum and out-of-band spectrum [Wang13]:
5.2.1 In-band spectrum: In this spectrum, the nodes use the same band as cellular
networks for D2D communications, where cellular network users and D2D
communication are sharing the same resources. This spectrum has two categories:
A. Overlay: In this category, D2D can communicate with each other by using cellular
network resources with orthogonal resource mode to keep the D2D nodes from
interfere with other cellular users. Only one D2D link can use the same resources even
if it is in inactive mode. However, a new study shows that multiple D2D links can use
the same cellular network resource only if they do not interfere with other cellular
users, which does not apply in the underlay category [Phunchongharn13].
To make D2D communication possible, it requires a three step procedure: peer

discovery, link quality, and feedback control. In [Yang13], a study conducted about
the first procedure. A distributed peer discovery protocol based on an adaptive
resource allocation algorithm is used to allow peer discovery for D2D
communications through random access channel. To achieve D2D communication,
each UE needs to follow two steps. First, PRB allocation by the eNB. In this step,
every UE needs to get a permission from eNB to connect directly to another UE
through allocated PRBs, which are a number of blocks in a time slot that each UE can
transmit/advertise for himself and scan for other UEs on different time slots, from the
eNB. Second, beacon transmission by UEs. In this step, every UE can communicate
with another UE based on two models services: client-server service where there are
UE sever, who is the only can transmit a beacon, and UE client, who only can scan for
UE servers to get their services. peer-to-peer service where all the UEs can transmit
beacons and at the same time can scan for other UEs for information, but they can see
each other if they are using different PRBs in the same time slot.
In [Bae14], a study conducted about the second procedure of making D2D

communications. Mode switching is introduced to make a better connecting between
the UEs. D2D communication uses direct connection if one of the two connected
devices has better power signal over the eNB through a cellular network link, which
can be accomplished by using cell reference signal. In every duration of Time-to-
Trigger (TTT), mode switching from cellular network link to D2d link occurs when
the signal-to-noise-plus- interference ratio of D2D link becomes better than cellular
network link and visa versa. TTT duration need to be set carefully because if it is
long, it would lead to a delay in the mode switching criteria, which results of losing
the benefit of the mode switching criteria.
B. Underlay: In this category, D2D can communicate with each other by using
cellular network resources with non-orthogonal resource mode that may cause
interference if other cellular users use the same resources.
In [Liu14], In [Liu14], D2D communication required to be based on load balancing

algorithm, which focuses on macro cells, pico cells, and femto cells in LTE-A
networks, to reduce the congestion on some of tire-cells and distribute it among
nearby uncongested cells. The algorithm follows four steps to accomplish load
balancing among all cells. In addition, this algorithm will not move to the next step
unless it fails to serve the new requesting UE in the current step. First step, the
congested macro eNB tries to forward the new requesting UE to a nearby uncongested
macro, pico, or femto cell to allocate required PRBs for that UE through an idle UE as
a relay between the uncongested cell and the requesting UE. Second step, the
congested macro eNB tries to forward a currently connected UE to an uncongested
cell through an idle UE as a relay between the uncongested cell and the forwarded
UE, so the congested macro eNB can allocate required PRBs for the new requesting
UE. Third step, the congested macro eNB tries to forward the new requesting UE to a
congested cell, which can forward a currently connected UE to an uncongested cell,
so the second congested cell can allocate required PRBs for the new requesting UE.
Forth step, the congested macro eNB tries to forward a currently connected UE to a
congested cell, which can forward a currently connected UE to an uncongested cell,
so the first congested cell can allocate required PRBs for the new requesting UE.
5.2.2 Out-of-Band spectrum: In this spectrum, the nodes use unlicensed bands for
D2D communications such as 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM band. The nodes use Time
Division Duplexing (TDD) to guarantee that each device doesn’t communicate with
two devices at the same time.
6. Scalable Network Based Scheduling

In this section, we explain an enhanced Proportional Fair (PF) scheduling through
LTE/LTE-A communications. The scheduler uses user grouping to satisfy the
scalability objective [Songsong09]. In addition, the scheduler allocates PRBs to
increase the ratio of the maximum data bit rate to the average received data bit rate.
The enhanced PF scheduling is used to achieve the fairness among the users in the
network by using a metric system as expressed in Equation (8) [Mehaseb15]. Where β
is the weighting factor. ri (t) is the data bit rate over all PRBs allocated to user i to
time t, which can be calculated by using Shannon’s theorem. Ri (t) is the long-term
average data rate of user i up to time t.
Mi = βri (t)/Ri (t) (8)
7. Summary
In this paper, we provide a survey about scheduling techniques for M2M
communication through LTE/LTE-A cellular network technology. These techniques
are based on M2M communications requirements, such as power management, QoS,
multi-hop, and scalable network. The power efficient is the first scheduling technique
that focuses on how to allocate less PRBs for each device and using low data rate
transmission to conserve energy. Next, QoS scheduling technique uses the throughput
and the delay that the network link reliability is based on to satisfy M2M connection
requirements. Multi-hop scheduling is the third among the requirements that
investigate the LTE/LTE-A relaying nodes to support longer reach for machines.
Also, this scheduling looks further in D2D communications, where each device can
directly communicate with each other without the need for eNB. Finally, scalable
network based scheduling that concerns about how to provide services for a massive
number of devices through LTE/LTE-A network.
References
[Bradley13] Bradley, J.; “The Internet of Everything: Creating Better Experiences in
Unimaginable Ways,” Nov 21, 2013. Available: blogs.cisco.com/ioe/the-internet-of-
everything-creating-better-experiences-in-unimaginable-ways/#more-131793
[Mehaseb15] Mehaseb, M.; Gadallah, Y.; Elhamy, A.; El-Hennawy, H.;

“Classification of LTE Uplink Scheduling Techniques: An M2M Perspective,” IEEE
Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. PP, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1. Available:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7339417
[Ghavimi14] Ghavimi, F.; Hsiao-Hwa Chen; “M2M Communications in 3GPP

LTE/LTE-A Networks: Architectures, Service Requirements, Challenges, and
Applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2014,
PP. 525-549. Available:
[Ghandour11] Ghandour, F.; Frikha, M.; Tabbane, S.; “A Fair and Power Saving
Uplink Scheduling Scheme for 3GPP LTE Systems,” International Conference on the
Network of the Future (NOF), 2011, PP. 6-9. Available:
[Li09] Li, Z.; Yin, C.; Yue, G.; “Delay-Bounded Power- Efficient Packet Scheduling
for Uplink Systems of LTE,” 5th International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCom), 2009, PP. 1-4.
Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5303491
[Salodkar10] Salodkar, N.; Karandikar, A.; Borkar, V. S.; “A Stable Online Algorithm
for Energy-Efficient Multiuser Scheduling,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile
Computing, Vol. 9, No. 10, 2010, PP.1391-1406. Available:
[Jang13] Jang, H.; Lee, Y.; “QoS-constrained Resource Allocation Scheduling for
LTE network,” International Symposium on Wireless and Pervasive Computing
(ISWPC), 2013, PP. 1-6. Available:
[Zhenqi13] Zhenqi, S.; Haifeng, Y.; Xuefen, C.; Hongxia, L.; “Research on Uplink
Scheduling Algorithm of Massive M2H and H2H Services in LTE,” IET International
Conference on Information and Communications Technologies (IETICT), 2013, PP.
365-369. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6617513
[Lo09] Lo, A.; Niemegeers, I.; “Multi-hop Relay Architectures for 3GPP LTE-
Advanced,” IEEE 9th Malaysia International Conference on Communications
(MICC), 2009, PP.123-127. Available:
[Yang09] Yang, Y.; Hu, H.; Xu, J.; Mao, G.; “Relay Technologies for WiMAX and
LTE-Advanced Mobile Systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47, No. 10,
2009, PP. 100-105. Available:
[Wang13] Wang, P.; Wei, W.; Zhuoming, L.; “System Performance of LTE-
Advanced Network with D2D Multi-hop Communication,” 2013 3rd International
Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet),
2013, PP. 645-648. Available:
[Phunchongharn13] Phunchongharn, P.; Hossain, E.; Kim, D. I.; “Resource Allocation

for Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying LTE-Advanced Networks,” IEEE
Wireless Communications, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2013, PP. 91-100. Available:
[Yang13] Zhu-Jun Yang; Jie-Cheng Huang; Chun-Ting Chou; Hung-Yun Hsieh;

Chin-Wei Hsu; Ping-Cheng Yeh; Hsu, C.-C.A.; “Peer discovery for device-to-device
(D2D) communication in LTE-A networks,” Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps),
2013 IEEE, 2013, PP. 665-670. Available:
[Bae14] Hyung-Deug Bae, Jae-Wook Shin, and Pyung-Joong Song, “Mode Switching
for Device-to-Device Communication in LTE-A Network,” MoMM '14 Proceedings
of the 12th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and
Multimedia, 2014, PP. 7-10. Available:
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2684108&CFID=599883770&CFTOKEN=2375780
7
[Liu14] Liu, J.; Kawamoto, Y.; Nishiyama, H.; Kato, N.; Kadowaki, N.; “Device-to-
device communications achieve efficient load balancing in LTE-advanced networks,”
IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2014, PP. 57-65. Available:
[Songsong09] Songsong, S.; Chunyan, F.; Caili, G.; “A Resource Scheduling

Algorithm Based on User Grouping for LTE-Advanced System with Carrier
Aggregation,” International Symposium on Computer Network and Multimedia
Technology (CNMT 2009), 2009, PP. 1-4. Available:
List of Acronyms
Acronym Definition
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
AF Amplified and Forward
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
D2D Device-to-Device
DCF Decode and Forward
DF Demodulate and Forward
eNB evolved Node B
FDPS Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate
H2H Human-to-Human
IoT Internet of Things
LTE Long-Term Evolution
LTE-A Long-Term Evolution-Advanced
M2M Machine-to-Machine
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PRBs Physical Resource Blocks
PF Proportional Fair
QoS Quality of Service
QCI QoS class identifier

RN Relay Node
SCFDMA Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDPS Time Domain Packet Scheduling
TTT Time-to-Trigger
TDD Time Division Duplexing
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UE User Equipment
Last Modified: April 17, 2016

This and other papers on current issues in Wireless and Mobile Networking are
available online at http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/index.html.
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M2M Communication Scheduling Techniques using LTE/LTE-A

M2M Communication Scheduling

o 5.1 LTE/LTE-A Relaying

Figure 1. A General Example of IoT Network Architecture.

2.1 M2M Communications Characteristics

M2M communications have recently become an interesting topic because of the

• Power management is important because most of the devices in this type of

• Infrequent transmission is required to be supported by the network because

2.2 LTE/LTE-A Scheduling Techniques Classifications

LTE/LTE-A scheduling techniques classifications are based on M2M communication

3. Power Efficient Scheduling

3.1 Allocating fewer PRBs per device

ΔPi,N,M = 10log10(N/M) (2)

Table 1. CQI Based Resource Type Classifications (Based upon [Jang13])

QCI Bearer Type Priority Packet Delay Budget Example

3.2 Transmitting data in a low data rate

Un = min(xn, log⌊kxn⌋) (3)

4. Quality of Service Based Scheduling Categories

4.1 Throughput Based Scheduling

A. TDPS: A In this stage, the scheduler differentiates between devices is according

C. Adaptive Contiguous PRBs: In this stage, the scheduler assigns a group of

4.2 Delay Based Scheduling

ric (t) Di (t) Ri (t)

5. Multi-hop Based Scheduling

5.1 LTE/LTE-A Relaying

Table 2. Comparison of Different Relaying Schemes (Based upon [Mehaseb15])

5.2 D2D Communications

LTE-A release 12 supports D2D communications. D2D communications support

To make D2D communication possible, it requires a three step procedure: peer

In [Bae14], a study conducted about the second procedure of making D2D

In [Liu14], In [Liu14], D2D communication required to be based on load balancing

6. Scalable Network Based Scheduling

Mi = βri (t)/Ri (t) (8)

[Mehaseb15] Mehaseb, M.; Gadallah, Y.; Elhamy, A.; El-Hennawy, H.;

[Ghavimi14] Ghavimi, F.; Hsiao-Hwa Chen; “M2M Communications in 3GPP

[Phunchongharn13] Phunchongharn, P.; Hossain, E.; Kim, D. I.; “Resource Allocation

[Yang13] Zhu-Jun Yang; Jie-Cheng Huang; Chun-Ting Chou; Hung-Yun Hsieh;

[Songsong09] Songsong, S.; Chunyan, F.; Caili, G.; “A Resource Scheduling

QCI QoS class identifier

Last Modified: April 17, 2016

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