ABSTRACT 1

AIM : This study investigated learners' previous experience and attitudes towards the use of
mobile phones for English language learning in the future in a sample of 76 Vietnamese
English majors at Hoa Sen University. (simple past)
METHOD : The data of the study were collected from the questionnaire survey, and entered into SPSS,
and then descriptive statistics was calculated.(simple past)
FINDINGS : The findings revealed that the vast majority of students had used their mobile phones for
general educational purposes and English learning.(simple past)
TENSES : Simple Past
ABSTRACT 2
AIM : This study aims to investigate the end-user's perception of MALL through cross-
cultural analyses. (simple present)
METHOD : Cross-cultural analyses were conducted with three proposed constructs: technological
affordances, applicability and the constructivism of MALL. (simple past)
FINDINGS : Results of the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 multiple comparison revealed
that significant differences did exist among participants with different cultural
backgrounds.(simple past)
TENSES : Simple present
ABSTRACT 3
AIM : The paper analyzes whether citizenship acquisition affects the labor market performance
of immigrants in Germany (simple present)
METHOD : The study uses actual micro data from the IAB employment sample, which covers more
than 80% of the whole labor force in Germany.
(simple present)
FINDINGS : Panel estimates show an immediate positive naturalization effect on wages and an
accelerated wage growth in the years after the naturalization event.(simple present)
TENSES : Simple present
ABSTRACT 4
AIM : This study aims to shed light on how high-skilled and business Turkish immigrants (HSBTI)
decide to acquire host country’s citizenship and why some of them choose not to seek
naturalization. ( simple present)
METHOD : With this in mind, a comparative case study of Canada and Germany was designed. It is
proposed that host country citizenship and migration policy, social, economic and
political costs and benefits of host country’s citizenship and individuals’ conceptualization
of citizenship impact the decision-making process of HSBTI. (simpler past)
FINDINGS : Based on the
data results, the study argues that social, economic and political opportunities in host
countries (such as the right to vote), multicultural migration and citizenship policies of
those
countries and valuing citizenship as a commodity positively influence the naturalization
decisions of HSBTI interviewees, while restricted policies, economic costs of citizenship
and
seeing citizenship as a sense of belonging adversely affect their decisions.(Simple
present)

TENSES : Simple present

ABSTRACT 5
AIM : This paper studies the determinants of naturalization among Turkish and ex-Yugoslav
 immigrants in Germany differentiating between actual and planned citizenship.(simple
present)
METHOD : Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we measure the impact that integration and
ethnicity indicators exert on the probability to naturalize beyond the standard individual
and human capital characteristics. (simple present)
FINDINGS : We find that the degree of integration in German society has a differential effect on
citizenship acquisition. (simple present)
TENSES : Simple present
ABSTRACT 6
AIM : The aim of this review is to explore the use of mobile phones and/or smartphones and
their apps for teaching foreign languages, specifically English, and highlight their benefits
and limitations for their use in the teaching of English as a foreign language. (simple
present)
METHOD : This was done by conducting a literature search in the databases Web of Science, Scopus,
and ScienceDirect, and consequently, by evaluating the findings of the relevant studies.
(simple past)
FINDINGS : The findings indicate that the use of mobile phones and/or smartphones and their apps
generate positive effects on learning English as a foreign language, especially in the
development of learners’ vocabulary and their increased motivation to study.(simple
present)
TENSES : Simple present

Aim, method, and findings are mandatory

And background is optional

Not transferring but transforming