TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

DISUSUN OLEH :

ALIF BINTANG RAMADHAN

(1921136)

2019/2020
 Beam (structure)

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied

laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily
by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the
beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam,
that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.
Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of
cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil
engineering structural elements, but any structures such as automotive
automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other
mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are
designed to carry lateral loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
1. Cantilever

A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate,

anchored at one end to a (usually vertical) support from which it
protrudes; this connection could also be perpendicular to a flat, vertical
surface such as a wall. Cantilevers can also be constructed
with trusses or slabs. When subjected to a structural load, the cantilever
carries the load to the support where it is forced against[clarification needed] by
a moment and shear stress.
Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without external
bracing, in contrast to constructions supported at both ends with loads
applied between the supports, such as a simply supported beam found in
a post and lintel system.

2. Framing (construction)

Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a

structure support and shape.[1] Framing materials are
usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to
framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where
horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log
building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are used without framing.
Building framing is divided into two broad categories,heavy-frame
construction (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy
such as in timber framing, pole building framing, or steel framing;
or light-frame construction (light-framing) if the supports are more
numerous and smaller, such as balloon, platform, or light-steel framing.
Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has
become the dominant construction method in North
America and Australia due to the economy of the method; use of
minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area at
minimal cost while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles.
Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels
(plywood and other plywood-like composites such as oriented strand
board (OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections), but until
recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing to
stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many
roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in
many municipalities or by individual state laws in the United States.
Special framed shear walls are becoming more common to help
buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering and wind
engineering.
3. prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is
substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a
manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist
when in service.
This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength
"tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to
improve the performance of the concrete in service.[4] Tendons may
consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are
most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fiber or aramid
fiber.[1]:52–59 The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the
initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the
characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any
subsequent compression forces and of ductile high-strength steel
when subject to tension forces. This can result in improved structural
capacity and/or serviceability compared with conventionally
reinforced concrete in many situations.In a prestressed concrete
member, the internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner so
that the stresses resulting from the superimposed loads are
counteracted to the desired degree. Prestressed concrete is used in a
wide range of building and civil structures where its improved
performance can allow for longer spans, reduced structural
thicknesses, and material savings compared with simple reinforced
concrete. Typical applications include high-rise buildings, residential
slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks,
industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures.
First used in the late-nineteenth century,[1] prestressed concrete has
developed beyond pre-tensioning to include post-tensioning, which
occurs after the concrete is cast. Tensioning systems may be classed
as either monostrand, where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed
individually, or multi-strand, where all strands or wires in a tendon
are stressed simultaneously.[5] Tendons may be located either within
the concrete volume (internal prestressing) or wholly outside of it
(external prestressing). While pre-tensioned concrete uses tendons
directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either
bonded or unbonded tendons.
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete
in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled
environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place
("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific
forms and cured on site. Precast stone is distinguished from precast
concrete using a fine aggregate in the mixture, so the final product
approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone. More
recently expanded polystyrene is being used as the cores to precast wall
panels. This is lightweight and has better thermal insulation.
Precast is used within exterior and interior walls. By producing precast
concrete[1] in a controlled environment (typically referred to as a precast
plant), the precast concrete is afforded the opportunity to properly cure
and be closely monitored by plant employees. Using a precast concrete
system offers many potential advantages over onsite casting. Precast
concrete production can be performed on ground level, which helps with
safety throughout a project. There is greater control over material quality
and workmanship in a precast plant compared to a construction site. The
forms used in a precast plant can be reused hundreds to thousands of
times before they have to be replaced, often making it cheaper than
onsite casting when looking at the cost per unit of formwork.[2]
There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for
architectural applications, differing in size, function, and cost. Precast
architectural panels are also used to clad all or part of a
building facade or free-standing walls used for
landscaping, soundproofing, and security walls, and some can
be prestressed concrete structural elements. Stormwater drainage, water
and sewage pipes, and tunnels make use of precast concrete units.
To complete the look of the four precast wall panel types — sandwich,
plastered sandwich, inner layer and cladding panels — many surface
finishes are available. Standard cement is white or grey, though different
colors can be added with pigments or paints. The color and size of
aggregate can also affect the appearance and texture of concrete
surfaces. The shape and surface of the precast concrete molds have an
effect on the look: The mold can be made of timber, steel, plastic, rubber
or fiberglass, each material giving a unique finish

Conclusion:
in the world of civil engineering a lot of terms are used, therefore it is
important for us to understand many important terms in this world of
civil engineering. because this is very important when you enter the
world of work related to the world of civil engineering. and it can be
concluded from here also a civil engineering graduate whether he is
great in his field or just hitched a pass and got a degree and diploma.