Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Corrosion Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci

Effects of gradient transitional layer on thermal cycling life and failure of T

LaZrCeO/YSZ thermal barrier coatings
⁎
Zaoyu Shen , Limin He, Rende Mu, Zhenhua Xu, Guanghong Huang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Corrosion and Protection for Aviation Materials, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing
100095, PR China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The present work focuses on investigation of the effects of gradient transitional layer (GTL) on thermal cycling
A. Ceramic life and failure behavior of LaZrCeO/YSZ thermal barrier coatings. Characterization of microstructure evolution
B. Thermal cycling is implemented using correlative methods, which links together the observations and analysis from X-ray dif-
C. Interfaces fraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL
C. Oxidation
showed relatively good thermal cycling life and thermal stability. After thermal cycles, Cr element diffuses out
and concentrates in LaZrCeO layer. The crack evolution, diffusion behavior and thermal stability are the key
factors for the good thermal cycling life and failure mechanism of LaZrCeO/YSZ.

1. Introduction
The thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) as complex systems have been
widely applied to the hottest part of gas turbine engines in order to
protect combustion chambers and turbine blades [1–5]. In general,
TBCs material consists of an oxide ceramic coating (CC), a metallic
bond coating (BC), and a thin, thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer be-
tween the CC and the BC. Nowadays, the most successful structure of
TBCs system is composited of a MCrAlY overlay or NiPtAl diffusion BC
as the oxidation resistant layer and a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as
the heat resistant layer [6–9]. Despite YSZ with different advantages in
terms of properties and performance under 1100 °C, there is a world-
wide research under way for ceramic oxides with high-temperature
properties and performance that could replace YSZ TBCs [10–15].
Much of this work is presently directed to identify ceramic oxides with
low thermal conductivity [16–22]. Among them, LaZrCeO with pyro-
chlore structure and/or fluorite structure has been extensively studied
attributing to its low thermal conductivity and high melting point
[5,12]. However, the LaZrCeO TBCs exhibits low thermal cycling life
than conventional YSZ attributing to its low chemical stability and
thermal stability [15–17].
Recently, it was reported that double ceramic layers (DCL) coatings
with YSZ bottom ceramic layer can improve the thermal stability and
chemical stability of LaZrCeO [17], and thus various DCL structures
have been designed and investigated in LaZrCeO TBCs [5,22]. Although
the thermal conductivity of LaZrCeO/YSZ coating can be increased in
the presence of YSZ bottom ceramic layer, the thermal cycling life of
LaZrCeO/YSZ coating is also improved compared with single layer
LaZrCeO coating simultaneously [17]. However, the improvement of
thermal cycling life is relativity limited and is similar to the YSZ coating
[23,24]. Thus, although the underlying DCL structure TBCs was es-
tablished in advanced TBCs more than 10 years ago, it still a challenge
is to translate the concepts to further improve the thermal cycling life of
LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL coatings.
To further enhance the thermal cycling life of DCL coatings, the
design and deposition of the gradient transitional layer (GTL) on the
interface of two ceramic coating have been proposed in our research. As
we know, it is generally accepted that the thermal cycling behavior of
the TGO layer on the interface between CC and BC have a significant
influence on the failure mechanism of TBCs [3,4]. Few studies have
been conducted on the DCL structure stability, phase stability and
elements diffusion of new ceramics coatings, especially when little or
nothing is known about the effects of GTL on thermal cycling life and
failure behavior. Thus, a good understanding of the GTL in DCL coating
is crucial for potentially the practical application of LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL
coating in future.
In present study, we report a LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL TBCs with GTL by
electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) method. The ob-
tained LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL TBCs with GTL showed relatively good
thermal cycling life. The effects of GTL between LaZrCeO and YSZ on
thermal performances and failure behavior of DCL TBCs have been
investigated in detail. The evolution of cracks, the phase changes and Cr

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shenzaoyu@163.com (Z. Shen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108224
Received 17 July 2019; Received in revised form 11 September 2019; Accepted 12 September 2019
Available online 14 September 2019
0010-938X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Shen, et al. Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224

Table 1
Preparation parameters of LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL and without GTL.
Layer Current of Electron Voltage (KV) Rotation Speed
Beam (A) (rpm)
LaZrCeO Gun1# 1.05-1.15 20.0 20
YSZ Gun3# 1.55-1.65 20.0 20
GTL Gun1# 1.05-1.15 20 20
+ Gun3# 1.55-
1.65
outward diffusion have a significant effect on thermal cycling life and
failure mechanism of LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs.
2. Experimental section
The substrate material was the Ni-based superalloy (12.5 Co wt.%,
6.3 W wt.%, 5.7 Ta wt.%, 6.3 Al wt.%, 2.2 Re wt.%, 5.8 Cr wt.%, 1.3 Mo
wt.% and Ni as balance). The NiCoCrAlYHf bond coat was prepared by
arc ion-plating physical vapor deposition (AIP-PVD). The composition
of NiCoCrAlYHf is 10–15 wt.% Co, 18–23 wt.% Cr, 8–12 wt.% Al,
0.1–0.5 wt.% Y, 0.2–0.6 wt.% Hf, and Ni as balance with the thickness
about 50 ± 10 μm. Before the deposition of CC by EB-PVD, the heat
treatment process of specimens was done under 870 ± 10 °C for 3 h.
During the deposition of CC by EB-PVD, the specimens’ temperature
was adjusted to 850 °C. The preparation processes and conditions of the
LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL and without GTL are shown in Table 1.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were acquired on a Rigaku D/max-
2000 diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation. The X-ray photo-
electron spectroscopy (XPS) was collected on a PHI 5700 ESCA System
with an Al Kα chromatic X-ray source (1486.60 eV). The morphology
and composition were examined using a scanning electron microscope
(SEM, FEI-Quanta 600) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM,
JEM-2100 F).
During thermal cycling, the specimens were performed in a furnace
at 1100 °C for 55 min with rapid heating, and fan-assisted laboratory
cooling (5 min). The thermal cycling ended until the broken area excess
10% of surface area.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Phase and structure
The crystal structures of the as-deposited TBCs with GTL, the as-
deposited TBCs without GTL and the LaZrCeO ingot are investigated by
XRD. As shown in Fig. 1, XRD patterns are compared to La2Zr2O7
Fig. 1. XRD patterns of the as-deposited TBCs and the ingot.
(pyrochlore, P) and La2Ce2O7 (fluorite, F). The XRD patterns of the
LaZrCeO ingot shows that the main diffraction peak positions at 28.74°,
Deposition rate 33.28°and 56.60° can be well indexed to La2Zr2O7 with pyrochlore
(μm/min) structure. Only one peak of La2Ce2O7 at 77.08° can be detected in the
XRD patterns. For the XRD patterns of the LaZrCeO coating, the peaks
2.0–2.5
of TBCs with GTL are similar to the TBCs without GTL. The peaks at
3.0–3.5
4.0–5.0
56.64°, 33.38° and 28.96° can be indexed as (622), (400) and (222) of
La2Zr2O7 phases, respectively. In contrast, the peaks at 55.84°, 32.92°
and 28.38° can be indexed as (311), (200) and (111) of La2Ce2O7
phases, respectively. Only one peak of the La2Zr2O7 at 76.42°in TBCs
with GTL is different as compared with TBCs without GTL. It also in-
dicates that the complex structure of pyrochlore and fluorite is pre-
ferred formation in EB-PVD process. Similar crystal structure of
La2Zr2O7 and La2Ce2O7 was also observed in previous literature
[23,24]. Meanwhile, the preferred growth orientation of pyrochlore
and fluorite structure occurs in the (222) and (111) crystal direction,
respectively.
The LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL TBCs are characterized by XPS in order to
analyze the surface chemical states (Fig. 2). The spectrum of the survey
scan indicates the existence of La, Zr, Ce, and O in the specimens. The
XPS data of the TBCs with GTL is similar to the DCL coating without
GTL. As shown in Fig. 2b, the core level spectrum of Ce 3d5/2 and Ce
3d3/2 is used to distinguish the chemical valence of Ce element. The
peaks of Ce 3d5/2 at 822.05 eV, 888.85 eV and 897.90 eV can un-
ambiguously be assigned to Ce4+, confirming the main valence state of
Ce element in surface as Ce4+ [25–27]. Furthermore, the peaks at
900.70 eV, 907.60 eV and 916.65 eV contributed by Ce 3d3/2 can be
assigned to the chemical state of Ce4+ [25–27]. According to our pre-
vious work, the chemical valence of Ce4+ plays an important part in the
lifetime and thermal stability [15–17]. From the high-resolution XPS
spectra of the Zr 3d, La 3d and O 1s (Fig. 2c–e), we also can conclude
that the binding energies of La, Zr and O element are close to the re-
ported value of Zr4+, La3+and O2− [28–30].
3.2. Morphology and composition
Fig. 3a–b shows the top surface of LaZrCeO coatings. The gaps on
column tips can be observed in Fig. 3a. As shown in Fig. 3b, the coating
surface has a pyramidal morphology corresponding to the crystal
structure of pyrochlore phase and fluorite phase [17]. The cross-section
morphology of DCL coating with GTL is shown in Fig. 3c–d. The mi-
crostructure of TBCs consists of three layers coatings (top ceramic
coating, gradient transitional layer and bottom ceramic coating). After
thickness measurement by SEM, the thickness of LaZrCeO is about
55–65 μm. The thickness of YSZ is about 50–60 μm. The thickness of
gradient transitional layer (GTL) is about 5 μm. The thickness ratio of
LaZrCeO: GTL: YSZ is about 1.0:0.1:1.0. The morphology of three layers
is the typical columnar structure due to the EB-PVD process. The
column gaps and columnar structure would lead to high thermal cycling
life [31,32]. As shown in Fig. 3d, the diameter of columnar is measured
to be about 2.0–2.5 μm. Furthermore, the energy dispersive spectro-
meter (EDS) line scanning reveals the coexistence of La, Zr, Ce and O
four elements and confirms the amounts and different position of La, Zr,
Ce and O (Fig. 3e). The EDS scanning profile of Zr and Ce atom at
different layers confirms the successful formation of three layer struc-
ture. The top ceramic coating is LaZrCeO layer. The bottom ceramic
coating is YSZ layer. The gradient transitional layer is LaZrCeO + YSZ
composite ceramic layer. The gradient reduction of Zr atom is observed
in gradient transitional layer between YSZ layer and LaZrCeO layer. In
addition, the cross-section of TBCs without GTL. The morphology of
TBCs is only composed of top and bottom layer. EDS line scanning
profile of Zr and Ce atom at different layers confirms only two layer
according to the LaZrCeO top layer and YSZ bottom layer.
In the EB-PVD process, due to the vapor phase and combined actions
of surface diffusion, shadowing, and crystallographic growth selection,
inter-columnar structure of the TBCs can be obtained [1–5]. The high

2
Z. Shen, et al.
Fig. 2. XPS data of (a) whole-range spectrum, (b) Ce 3d, (c) La 3d, (d) Zr 3d and (e) O 1s.
angle annular dark fields (HAADF) detector forms a Z-contrast image
and TEM image operated in the mode. As shown in Fig. 4a, the intra-
columnar structure consisting of gaps and pores can be clearly seen on
the LaZrCeO layer. The obvious columnar microstructure can provide a
high level of strain tolerance and pseudo-plasticity. In addition, the
disordered structures with intra-columnar pores and gaps play an im-
portant part in thermal performance [1,4,7]. The HAADF is carried out
on column tips which also reveals that La, Zr, Ce and O four elements
are distributed relatively homogeneously in columnar structure. The
high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image is
measured on the LaZrCeO top layer (Fig. 4b). The lattice spacing of
LaZrCeO layer is about 0.281 nm and 0.270 nm, corresponding to the
(200) plane of pyrochlore La2Zr2O7 and (400) plane of fluorite structure
La2Ce2O7. Furthermore, the corresponding fast fourier transform (FFT)
pattern detected from the LaZrCeO layer indicates that the LaZrCeO is a
polycrystalline structure (Fig. 4c).
3
Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224
3.3. Thermal cycling life
To evaluate the thermal cycling life of TBCs, the LaZrCeO/YSZ with
GTL, without GTL, LaZrCeO and YSZ were tested under the same
measurement conditions (55 min heating and 5 min cooling). As shown
in Fig. 5, the thermal cycling lives of TBCs are the averaged value of five
specimens. Interestingly, the LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL has an average life
of 1535 cycles, which exhibits a significant improvement in thermal
cycling life. The thermal cycling life of LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL is not
only much higher than LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL (1132 cycles), but
also about 50% higher than that of YSZ TBCs. Furthermore, its thermal
cycling life is 15 times higher than that of LaZrCeO single layer (101
cycles). It has exceeded the most criterion value of thermal cycling life
in advanced ceramic material.
Based on the SEM and TEM analysis, the gradient transitional layer,
intra-columnar pores and columns gaps are closely related to the im-
provement of thermal cycling life. The columnar structure of LaZrCeO
layer and YSZ layer benefited from the EB-PVD process can provide not
Z. Shen, et al.
Fig. 3. Surface morphology at (a) lower magnification, (b) higher magnification, cross-section morphology at (c) lower magnification, (d) higher magnification, and
(e) EDS line scanning of LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs with GTL.
Fig. 4. (a) HADDF image, (b) HRTEM and (c) SAED pattern of the LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs with GTL.
only high strain tolerance but also pseudo-plasticity, which lead to the
improvement of thermal cycling life in long-term operation [8]. Fur-
thermore, the introduction of the gradient transitional layer in the
double ceramic layers structure of top coating can avoid the drawbacks
associated with the instability of the interface between LaZrCeO layer
and YSZ layer [5]. In a word, the unique gradient transitional layer, the
introduction of intra-columnar pores and columns gaps in ceramic layer
appear to be relevant with the high thermal cycling life of LaZrCeO/YSZ
TBCs.
3.4. Failure mechanism
To further study the failure mechanism of LaZrCeO/YSZ, the cross-
section morphology of DCL TBCs with GTL and without GTL after
thermal cycling test are detected and compared. As shown in Fig. 6a, for
4
Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224
LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL, only the vertical cracks occur and extend in the
LaZrCeO layer and YSZ layer. The GTL layer between LaZrCeO and YSZ
remains stable after thermal cycling test. The formation of horizontal
cracks between LaZrCeO and YSZ is almost not detected in LaZrCeO/
YSZ with GTL by SEM. In contrast, for LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL, the
horizontal and vertical cracks occur and extend in the LaZrCeO and YSZ
layer (Fig. 6b). The horizontal cracks mainly occur in the interface
between LaZrCeO and YSZ layer. The vertical cracks have extended in
the interface, LaZrCeO layer and YSZ layer. The massive vertical cracks
and horizontal cracks appear to be relevant with the reduction of the
strain tolerance, thus, decreasing the thermal cycling life.
As shown in Fig. 7a and c, EDX line scanning profile of the cross-
section confirms La, Zr, Ce and O at different position as well as the
composition of the as LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL and without GTL. As
shown in Fig. 7b and d, it can be clearly seen that the Cr element in BC
Z. Shen, et al.
Fig. 5. The thermal cycling life of LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL, without GTL,
LaZrCeO and YSZ.
layer diffuses out and extends to the LaZrCeO layer after thermal cycles.
The Cr element diffusion from BC to LaZrCeO layer appear to be re-
levant with the presence of LaZrCeO layer. In the case of LaZrCeO/YSZ
DCL coating, LaZrCeO can react with Cr and O2 on the LaZrCeO layer
and break the local element balance [23,24]. As a result, Cr would
continuously diffuse from BC into LaZrCeO layer though the grain
boundaries and cracks. Furthermore, it should be noted that the highest
content of Cr element occurs in horizontal cracks and concentrates on
the interface of two ceramics layer (Fig. 7d). This might be the key
reason for the formation of horizontal cracks on the interface of two
ceramics layer. In addition, when the content of Cr element is reduced
beneath a certain level, the Cr diffusion might be unbeneficial to the
selective oxidation of BC, leading to a less stable TGO layer. The ob-
vious outward diffusion of Cr element would also be the main reason for
the emergence and enlargement of the cracks and micropores in the
TBCs as shown in Fig. 6b. As shown in Fig. 8, the migrated Cr element is
eventually absorbed for the formation of LaCrO3, as substantiated by
XRD. Evidently these reactions remove Cr from YSZ columnar grain
boundaries, leading to the migration rate of Cr much fast than that of Cr
diffusion in the YSZ layer. In the thermal cycling test, it exists a
structure transformation from orthorhombic to rhombohedral, which
might introduce a discrete volume change. This might be another
reason for the formation and evolution of vertical cracks in the LaZrCeO
layer. Along with the thermal cycling test, vertical cracks in the
LaZrCeO layer grow larger and longer leading to the high residual stress
in YSZ layer. However, an excess increasing of the length and width of
vertical cracks in the LaZrCeO layer is increased excess a certain level,
the vertical cracks might occur and extend to the YSZ layer (Fig. 6a and
b). This might be the reason for the formation of vertical cracks in the
YSZ layer. To clearly understand the influence of Cr diffusion on the
failure behavior of the LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs and reduce its detrimental
effect, the relativity investigations need to be carried out in the future.
Further work of the effects of GTL on thermo-chemical and thermo-
mechanical effects on the interface between LaZrCeO and YSZ are in
Fig. 6. Cross-section morphology of (a) LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL and (b) LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL.
5
Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224
progress.
According to the above results and discussions, the good thermal
cycling life of LaZrCeO/YSZ can be explained as the following three
reasons. Firstly, the preparation and optimization of DCL coating con-
sisting of feathery microstructure and gradient transitional layer can
provide a high level of strain tolerance, resulting in the high thermal
cycling life. Secondly, the high thermal cycling life of the LaZrCeO/YSZ
with GTL can be attributed to the effective reduction of the thermal
expansion mismatch between LaZrCeO and YSZ coating (YSZ: ca.
11 × 10−6/K, LaZrCeO: ca. 10 × 10−6/K). Thirdly, the formation of
LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL can bring the thermal gradient condition in
LaZrCeO layer and YSZ layer which also can effectively protect the YSZ
layer. In brief, the gradient transitional layer between ceramic layer
interfaces, the thermal expansion match and thermal gradient condition
are believed to be relevant with the good thermal performances of the
LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs.
4. Conclusions
The LaZrCeO/YSZ double ceramic layers thermal barrier coatings
have been deposited and investigated by EB-PVD. The following con-
clusions can be drawn from this work.
(a) The morphology and microstructure of LaZrCeO/YSZ consists of
LaZrCeO layer, gradient transitional layer and YSZ layer. The
LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs shows obvious feathery microstructure in-
cluding intra-columnar pores and gaps.
(b) The preparation of the gradient transitional layer on the interface of
LaZrCeO and YSZ coating can improve the thermal cycling life of
TBCs. The thermal cycling life of LaZrCeO/YSZ DCL coating with
GTL (1535 cycles) is the highest than that of LaZrCeO single layer,
YSZ and LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL.
(c) After thermal cycles, an obvious outward diffusion of Cr from BC
into LaZrCeO layer takes place attributing to the chemical reaction
of LaZrCeO and Cr. The initiation of horizontal cracks within the
interface is detected in LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL leading to the
inferior thermal cycling life.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful for my wife Mrs. Z. Liu and my son Mr.
C. Y. Shen for help and support.
Z. Shen, et al.
Fig. 7. (a) EDX line scanning of LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL, (b) EDX line scanning of Cr element with GTL after thermal cycles after thermal cycles, (c) EDX line scanning
of LaZrCeO/YSZ without GTL, (d) EDX line scanning of Cr element without GTL.
Fig. 8. XRD patterns of the LaZrCeO/YSZ with GTL and without GTL after
thermal cycles.
References
[1] N.P. Padture, M. Gell, E.H. Jordan, Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engine
applications, Science 296 (2002) 280–284.
[2] A.G. Evans, D.R. Mumm, J.W. Hutchinson, G.H. Meier, F.S. Pettit, Mechanisms
controlling the curability of thermal barrier coatings, Prog. Mater. Sci. 46 (2001)
505–553.
[3] C.G. Levi, Emerging materials and processes for thermal barrier systems, Curr.
Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 8 (2002) 77–91.
[4] D.R. Clarke, C.G. Levi, Material design for the next generation of thermal barrier
coating, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 33 (2003) 383–417.
[5] R. Vaßen, M.O. Jarligo, T. Steinke, D.E. Mack, Overview on advanced thermal
barrier coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 (2010) 938–942.
[6] A.G. Evans, D.R. Clarke, C.G. Levi, The influence of oxides on the performance of
advanced gas turbines, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 (2008) 1405–1419.
[7] D.R. Clarke, M. Oechsner, N.P. Padture, Thermal-barrier coatings for more efficient
gas-turbine engines, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) 891–898.
[8] S. Sampath, U. Schulz, M.O. Jarligo, S. Kuroda, Processing science of advanced
thermal-barrier systems, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) 903–910.
6
Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224
[9] A. Ajay, V.S. Raja, G. Sivakumar, S.V. Joshi, Hot corrosion behavior of solution
precursor and atmospheric plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Corros. Sci. 98
(2015) 271–279.
[10] X.Q. Cao, R. Vaßen, F. Tietz, D. Stäover, New double-ceramic-layer thermal barrier
coatings based on zirconia-rare earth composite oxides, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26
(2006) 247–251.
[11] W. Pan, S.R. Phillpot, C.L. Wan, A. Chernatynskiy, Z.X. Qu, Low thermal con-
ductivity oxides, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) 917–922.
[12] D.M. Zhu, R.A. Miller, Development of advanced low conductivity thermal barrier
coatings, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 1 (2004) 86–91.
[13] S. Raghavan, H. Wang, R.B. Dinwiddie, W.D. Porter, M.J. Mayo, Porosity and yttria
content on the thermal conductivity of Nanocrystalline Zirconia, Scripta Mater. 39
(1998) 1119–1125.
[14] L. Guo, C.L. Zhang, L.M. Xu, M.Z. Li, Q. Wang, F.X. Ye, C.Y. Dan, V. Ji, Effects of
TiO2 doping on the defect chemistry and thermo-physical properties of Yb2O3 sta-
bilized ZrO2, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 37 (2017) 4163–4169.
[15] X. Zhou, L.M. He, X.Q. Cao, Z.H. Xu, R.D. Mu, J.B. Sun, J.Y. Yuan, B.L. Zou,
La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 thermal barrier coatings prepared by electron beam-physical
vapor deposition that are resistant to high temperature attack by molten silicate,
Corros. Sci. 115 (2017) 143–151.
[16] X. Zhou, B.L. Zou, L.M. He, Z.H. Xu, J.Y. Xu, R.D. Mu, X.Q. Cao, Hot corrosion
behaviour of La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 thermal barrier coating ceramics exposed to molten
calcium magnesium aluminosilicate at different temperatures, Corros. Sci. 100
(2015) 566–578.
[17] Z.Y. Shen, L.M. He, Z.H. Xu, R.D. Mu, G.H. Huang, LZC/YSZ DCL TBCs by EB-PVD:
microstructure, low thermal conductivity and high thermal cycling life, J. Eur.
Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) 1443–1450.
[18] E. Bakan, D.E. Mack, G. Mauer, R. Vaßen, Gadolinium zirconate/YSZ thermal
barrier coatings: plasma spraying, microstructure, and thermal cycling behavior, J.
Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 (2014) 4045–4051.
[19] M.G. Gok, G. Goller, Production and characterisation of GZ/CYSZ alternative
thermal barrier coatings with multilayered and functionally graded designs, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc. 36 (2016) 1755–1764.
[20] Q.J. Hong, S.V. Ushakov, A. Navrotsky, A. Walle, Combined computational and
experimental investigation of the refractory properties of La2Zr2O7, Acta Mater. 84
(2015) 275–282.
[21] W. Ma, D.E. Mack, R. Vaßen, D. Stäover, Perovskite-type strontium zirconate as a
new material for thermal barrier coatings, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008)
2630–2635.
[22] M.O. Jarligo, G. Mauer, D. Sebold, D.E. Mack, R. Vaßen, D. Stäover, Decomposition
of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 perovskite during atmospheric plasma spraying, Surf. Coat.
Technol. 206 (2012) 2515–2520.
[23] Z.Y. Shen, L.M. He, Z.H. Xu, R.D. Mu, G.H. Huang, Morphological evolution and
failure of LZC/YSZ DCL TBCs by electron beam-physical vapor deposition,
Materialia 4 (2018) 340–347.
[24] Z.Y. Shen, B.T. Zhong, L.M. He, Z.H. Xu, R.D. Mu, G.H. Huang, LaZrCeO/YSZ TBCs
Z. Shen, et al.
by EB-PVD: microstructure evolution, residual stress and degradation behavior,
Mater. Chem. Front. 3 (2019) 892–900.
[25] B. Ma, Y. Li, K. Su, Characterization of ceria-yttria stabilized zirconia plasma-
sprayed coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2009) 7234–7237.
[26] V.V. Pushkarev, V.I. Kovalchuk, J.L. d’Itri, Probing defect sites on the CeO2 surface
with dioxygen, J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 5341–5348.
[27] B.M. Reddy, A. Khan, Y. Yamada, T. Kobayashi, S. Loridant, J.C. Volta, Raman and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of CeO2-ZrO2 and V2O5/CeO2-ZrO2 cata-
lysts, Langmuir 19 (2003) 3025–3030.
[28] Z.Y. Zhang, H.X. Hong, D.M. Guo, D.J. Wu, Y. Tong, Photoluminescence enhance-
ment induced by nanoparticles from La2O3 and CeO2 doped diamond-like carbon
Corrosion Science 163 (2020) 108224
films, J. Alloys. Compd. 476 (2009) 318–323.
[29] B.M. Reddy, P. Bharali, P. Saikia, S.E. Park, M. Muhler, W. Grünert, Structural
characterization and catalytic activity of nanosized CexM1-xO2 (M=Zr and Hf)
mixed oxides, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 11729–11737.
[30] U. Schulz, M. Schmücker, Microstructure of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings applied
by EB-PVD, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 276 (2000) 1–8.
[31] T.M. Pollock, D.M. Lipkin, K.J. Hemker, Multifunctional coating interlayers for
thermal-barrier systems, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) 923–931.
[32] Y. Chen, X.F. Zhao, P. Xiao, Effect of microstructure on early oxidation of MCrAlY
coatings, Acta Mater. 159 (2018) 150–162.