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Numerical Analysis – Joint Behavior
Xudong Qian
Associate Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
National University of Singapore
1
Outlines
• Practical considerations on connections
• Effect of local joint behaviour on global
frames
• FE analysis of a local joint
2
Practical Consideration on Connections
Sufficient Strength
Sufficient strength to resist the bending
moment, shear and axial force from connected
members
Sufficient moment resistance for a plastic hinge
development at the member end
Weak member v.s. strong connection
Weak connection v.s. strong member
3
Practical Consideration on Connections
Sufficient rotation capacity
At the plastic hinge M (kNm)
location, the connection 800
should entail sufficient 700
600 0 axial load
deformation capacity to
redistribute the load in the 500
structure 400
300
Adequate rotation capacity axial load = 0.5Py
200
in the connection while
100
sustaining the plastic
0
moment, without inelastic 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
local buckling, fracture
θ (rad)
failure, etc.
4
Practical Consideration on Connections
Sufficient stiffness
At locations other than the plastic hinges, the
connection should have sufficient stiffness to
maintain the relative angle between the
connected members
A relative rotation of connected members
influences the limit load only if it is of an order
several times that of the rotation at the plastic
hinge. loss of connection stiffness has
marginal influence on the stiffness of the
structure
5
Global Response v.s. Local Response
=(0.5d0-t0)sin
P/fyt02
30
0
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45
/d0
7
Possible Joint Representation in Frame Analysis
Chord
8
Global Structure Response
2D Frame II 3D Frame
9
Test v.s. Analysis
Test Rigid Shell Test Rigid
MSL Proposed MSL Proposed
1200 1250
Top bay brace buckling
1000
800
Global load (kN)
500
400
250
2D frame II 3D frame
0 0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Global displacement (m) Global displacement (m)
10
The Previous Frame Example
α/100L kN/m
10α kN
5m
α/100L kN/m All beams: CHS 355.6x16
5α kN
All columns: CHS 457x16
5m
L = 8m
11
Joint Behavior
• Model the CHS T‐joint from the frame under bending
• Using shell elements
• Same material property as before
• Generate a half symmetric model
brace
chord Brace: CHS 355.6x16
Chord: CHS 457x16
12
Creating A Part for Chord
1. Click “create a part” icon
2. Give a name for the part as “Chord”
3. Choose shape as “Shell” and type
“Extrusion” (We are going to
extrude a pipe from a circle for the
chord member)
4. Click “Continue”
13
Creating The Chord Section
Create a half‐circle (why?) corresponding to the mid‐thickness of the CHS section.
1. Use “create Arc: using a center and two end points”
Enter the coordinates for the center and two ends of the arc “0,0”, “0, 220.5”
and “0, ‐220.5” press “enter” after each entry.
14
Extruding the member to 8D in length
Click “Done” once you have created the half
circle
Enter the extrusion depth, say 4D = 3656
mm. Then click OK
15
Creating A Part For the Brace
Follow the same procedure and build a part corresponding to the mid‐
thickness shell for the brace with its length equal to 4d, or 1422.4 mm.
16
Create a Material – Steel: Elastic
Properties
17
Create a Material – Steel: Plastic
Properties
18
Creating Shell Sections
1. Select “Section” – “Create…”
2. Select the regions to assign (select all regions in this case since all
the elements are of uniform thickness”
3. Choose shell offset as “Middle surface”
4. Assign the section for both parts
20
Assembly
Create an instance from the two parts built just now
1. Select the “assembly” module
2. Select “Instance” – “Create…”
21
Creating An Instance
1. Choose both parts and click
“OK”
The joint should not look like this. We need to
rotate and translate the brace member. 22
Rotating the Brace
1. Select “Instance” – “Rotate”
2. Select the instance to rotate
3. Select “Brace‐1”
23
Rotating the Brace
1. Define the rotating axis: by entering the coordinates of the
starting point of the rotating axis “0,0,0” and the end point of the
rotating axis “1,0,0”
2. Enter the angle of rotation “‐90”
24
Translating the Brace
1. Select “Instance” – “Translate”
2. Select the instance to translate, which
is brace
3. Enter the translation vector, starting
point “0,0,0”, end point “0,0,1828”
25
What to do next?
This is not what we want! 26
Merging the Brace and Chord
1. Select “Instance”—”Merge/Cut…”
2. Enter a part name “T‐joint”
3. Select ALL instances
27
Deleting the Extra Brace Surface
Below Chord
1. Go to “Part” module, and select “T‐joint” the part
2. Select “Remove face”
3. Click the brace face below the chord, and click “Done”
28
Define Analysis Steps ‐ 1
2. Create a “Step”
1. Select the
Step module
29
Define Analysis Steps ‐ 2
We will be using the displacement‐controlled loading for this analysis.
Define the load increments as follows
30
Define Analysis Steps ‐ 3
1. Create a set named “load”
and select the curve at the end
of the brace
2. Edit the history output
request, and include “Reaction
Forces and Moments” for the
created set. 31
Define Load and Boundary Conditions ‐1
1. Select the Load module
32
Define Load and Boundary Conditions ‐2
2. Input “0” for
1. Select one of the chord ends displacement DoFs
33
Define Load and Boundary Conditions ‐3
1. Create another BC named “roller” 2. Input “0” for U1 and
2. Select a bottom point at the other U2
chord end
34
Define Load and Boundary Conditions ‐3
Define displacement controlled loading
1. Create another BC named “load”
3. Enter U3 as “100”
35
Define Load and Boundary Conditions ‐ 4
Define boundary conditions on the symmetric plane
1. Create another BC named “Symm-X”
3. Select “XSYMM”
36
Now… Ready to Mesh
1. Go to the “Mesh” module
Before meshing, we should partition the joint into different surfaces!
ABAQUS does this through “partitioning” the “faces”. We need to define
reference points for this partition to take place. The points below are
arbitrarily defined. You may choose different points if you think they are
more suitable!
37
Offsetting Points
1. Select “Object” – “Part” – “T‐joint”
2. Select “Create Datum Point: Offset From
Point”. You need to press and hold the left
button of your mouse for a few seconds before
the horizontal sub‐menu appears.
3. Offset the two points: A and B in the figure
below by “0,0, 1400”
38
Offsetting Points
1. Offset the two points: C and D in the
figure below by “0,0, ‐1400”
39
Partitioning Face
1. Select “Partition Face: Use Shortest Path Between 2 Points”
2. Select the chord surface as the surface to partition
3. Select points E and F (below) as the starting and end
points for the partition path
40
Partitioning Face
1. Select the chord surface as the surface to partition
2. Select points G and H (below) as the starting and end points for the partition
path
41
Partitioning Brace
1. Offset the two points corner points at the
brace end by “0, ‐1000, 0”
42
Partitioning Brace
1. Partition the brace using the two newly offset points
43
Meshing
1. Select “Mesh” – “Element Type”
44
Mesh Control
Select all the instances and click “done” or the
middle button of your mouse
45
Mesh Seeding
Create mesh seeds on different edges. Choose “edge by
number” or “edge biased” where appropriate.
Points to note:
Regions near the brace‐to‐chord intersection should have a more
refined mesh than the other regions
Please refer to the video lecture for the number of
elements for the student version 46
Meshing
Select “Mesh” – “Part”
This mesh is for the full version. Please refer to the video
lecture for the number of elements for the student version 47
Defining Analysis Job
1. Select the Job module
48
Define the Analysis
49
Start the Analysis
1. Select “Job” – “Manager”
2. Select “Submit”
3. Select “Monitor” to check the analysis for “Warning” and “Error” messages
50
Post‐Processing
51
Moment‐Rotation Comparisons
M (kNm)
800
700
600 Member (0 axial load)
500
400 Joint
300
200
Member (axial load
100 = 0.5Py)
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
θ (rad)
52
Questions
• Compare the member rotation stiffness and the joint
rotation stiffness
• How does the axial brace load affect the joint stiffness
and capacity?
• How does the axial chord load affect the joint stiffness
and capacity
53