--Pagina 1

1. Nomenclatura.

La nomenclatura representa los términos utilizados para describir las características del diente. Es fundamental para el
aprendizaje, así como para diferenciar y caracterizar los detalles anatómicos reproducidos en cada ejercicio para asimilar
la metodología del profesional.

--pagina 2

1. cara

2. angulo de la linea de transición entre caras del diente

3. angulo

4. cresta marginal mesial

5. cresta marginal distal

6. cresta oblicua o puente de esmalte

7. cuspide

8. punta de la cuspide

9. inclinacion

10. pendiente longitudinal

11. pendiente transversal

12. lobulo central

13. lobulo lateral

14. surco

15. fosa

16. fosa central

17. bulto/protuberancia

18. tuberculo

19. perimetro oclusal

20. tabla oclusal

--pagina 6

caras/sueprficies:

Superficies dentales, etiquetadas según su ubicación espacial (bucal/labial/vestibular, lingual/palatino, mesial, distal u
oclusal).

angulo de la linea de transicion:

limites de cada cara dental.

angulos:

En anatomía dental, se forma un ángulo en la unión de dos o más superficies. Hay ángulos diédricos y triédricos,
formados por las uniones de dos y tres superficies, respectivamente.

crestas:

Estructuras de refuerzo que unen dos cúspides en la periferia o a través de la superficie oclusal. En las zonas proximal, se
llaman crestas marginales (mesiales o distales); cuando unen cúspides en dirección oblicua a través de la superficie
oclusal, en dirección vestibulo lingual/palatino, cruzando el surco primario del desarrollo, se denominan crestas oblicuas
o puentes de esmalte. Estas estructuras se pueden encontrar en los primeros dientes premolares y molares superiores.

cuspides:

elevación en la superficie oclusal del diente que presenta cuatro superficies, con una punta afilada, llamada vértice. Las
cúspides se nombran según la ubicación en la superficie oclusal.

inclinacion:

característico de la superficie de una cúspide. Por lo tanto, todas las cúspides están formadas por cuatro pendientes que
definen una forma piramidal.

pendientes:

ángulos diédricos que, según su ubicación, se denominan pendientes longitudinales o transversales. Las pendientes
longitudinales se forman en la unión de una superficie vestibular, lingual o palatina con superficies oclusales, dispuestas
en una dirección mesiodistal. Las pendientes transversales se encuentran en las superficies oclusales y se forman en la
unión de dos inclinaciones de la misma cúspide.

lobulo:

Protuberancias redondeadas que se encuentran en las superficies bucales y cúspides de los dientes posteriores. Según
su ubicación, pueden llamarse lóbulos vestibulares u oclusales; Según sus dimensiones, se pueden clasificar como
lóbulos centrales o laterales. Una de las principales características de la superficie oclusal es la presencia de lóbulos con
diferentes tamaños y formas. Cada cúspide tiene tres lóbulos: uno central y dos laterales. El lóbulo central es más
prominente, frente a la fosa central, donde se produce el punto de contacto. Los lóbulos laterales son pequeños, más
bajos que la cresta marginal. Debido a que están debajo de la cresta marginal y el lóbulo central, no se tallan durante el
encerado porque no entran en contacto con los dientes antagonistas.

surcos:

Representan una depresión lineal recta, clasificada según su ubicación y dirección como oclusal, vestibular,
lingual/palatino y/o mesial/distal.

fosas:

concavidades encontradas en las superficies oclusales, rodeadas de pendientes y / o crestas. Se clasifican según su
ubicación en la superficie como fosa central, mesial o distal. Su lado más interno se llama fosa central.

bulto/protuberancia:

salientes redondeados encontrados en la superficie vestibular o palatina/lingual

tuberculo:

protuberancias redondeadas que se encuentran en las superficies palatinas de algunos dientes, formadas debido al
mayor espesor del esmalte. A menudo se encuentra un tubérculo en los primeros molares superiores, conocido como el
tubérculo carabelli.

perimetro oclusal:

línea imaginaria formada por la unión de pendientes longitudinales y crestas marginales, delimitando la superficie
oclusal.

tabla oclusal:

superficie oclusal delimitada por el perímetro oclusal

--pagina 7

2.características morfológicas

La morfología dental varía según cada grupo de dientes. Para facilitar la secuencia de encerado, es fundamental que los
profesionales conozcan las características dentales especiales citadas aquí, que se reproducirán en este libro de texto.

-- Pagina 8

Primer premolar superior

El diente mas grande del grupo de los premolares

cara vestibular

the buccal surface has an ovoid format, with a sharp cusp slightly displaced mesially.

on the proximal surfaces, the transition between the middle and occlusal thirds presents no line angle formation.

the mesial aspect is more pronounced; its cervical third is concave, whereas in the middle and occlusal thirds convexities
are present.

the distal aspect is less pronounced and covex along its extension.

there is a prominent cervical bulge in this aspect.

the buccal central lobe is evident, being separated from the lateral lobes by two developmental grooves.

the mesial groove is more pronounced, providing palatal inclination of this segment, an anatomical landmark
representing a distinguishing feature in the maxillary first premolars.

often, the distal developmental groove is not found.

cara palatina

this surface has an ovoid format; the cusp tip in inclined mesially relative to the coronal midline.

it is possible to visualize the buccal cusp profile because of the reduced dimensions of the palatal surface; no lobes or
grooves are found along this surface.

the mesial marginal ridge is more coronal than the distal marginal ridge; however, this situation is not observed when
the tooth follows its distal inclination in the dental arch.

Caras proximales

In a proximal view, it is possible to see that the palatal profile is lower than the buccal profile, with a uniform convexity
from cervical to cusp tip region.

The cervical line is concave toward the root aspect, and the oclusal surface has two cusp of different sizes, the buccal
being more prominent.

On the mesial surface, its marginal ridge is more elevated than the distal ridge, being crossed by a marginal groove on its
middle aspect, which forms a fissure.

The distal surface has a greater buccopalatal dimension, with a flat marginal ridge, also crossed by a marginal groove.

Cara oclusal

The oclusal surface is ovoid, permitting visualization of two cusps (buccal and palatal), half of the buccal surface, one-
third of the palatal surface, and part of the proximal surfaces.

The mesial and distal aspects present a slight convergence palatally.

The oclusal table is formed by lobes, a principal developmental groove, and two fossae.

In both cusps, the central lobe is more evident than the lateral lobes.

It is even common to have a single central lobe is the buccal cusp.

At the marginal ridges, the lobes are triangular and more reduced.

The buccal cusp is bigger because of its palatal extension, and determines an eccentric developmental groove with a
straight mesiodistal direction.
The central groove, formed by the mesiodistal groove, penetrates the cusps and marginal ridges and establishes
significant characteristics (eg, the grooves on the mesial marginal ridge).

The longitudinal slopes of cusps and the marginal ridges delineate the mesial and distal fossae.

A symmetric, double D-shaped perimeter is observed here.

This hallmark characteristic is outlined in the figure by the brightness of the oclusal perimeter.

Centric oclusal contacts

In the maxillary first premolar, oclusal contacts are found between:

. the mesial marginal ridge and the cusp tip or distal longitudinal slope of the buccal cusp of the mandibular first
premolar.

This is called a horizontal or H-type contact between the marginal ridge and the cusp tip or the longitudinal slope.

. the distal marginal ridge and the mesial longitudinal slope of the buccal cusp of the mandibular second premolar (H-
type contact).

--Pagina 10

Segundo premolar superios

Cara vestibular

The buccal surface has an ovoid shape, with the cusp tip aligned with the crown’s midline.

The proximal aspects have the same characteristics as the maxillary first premolars.

Along its surface, the cervical bulge is narrower and less prominent than that of the maxillary first premolar.

The buccal central lobe is separated from the lateral lobes by developmental grooves that run up to the longitudinal
slopes, creating sinusoidal paths on them.

The mesial and lateral lobes are more evident than those of the maxillary first premolars.

Cara palatine

The palatal surface has an ovoid format, with the cusp tip slightly inclined toward the mesial, presenting anatomical
details similar to those of the maxillary first premolars.

It is characteristic that the palatal surface has the same height as the buccal surface.
Caras proximales

The proximal surfaces present characteristics similar to those found in the maxillary first premolars.

The buccal and palatal cusps are on the same level.

Cara oclusal

The oclusal surface has a trapezoidal format, on which two cusps (buccal and palatal), one third of the buccal surface,
and part of the proximal surfaces can be visualized.

The mesial and distal aspects have little or no palatal convergence.

The oclusal table is formed by lobes, a developmental groove more evident than the one in the maxillary first premolar,
and two fossae.

In both cusps, the central lobe is oriented toward the distal fossa.

A distinguishing characteristic is the presence of prominent lateral lobes in the buccal cusp.

At the marginal ridges, the lobes are triangular, being longer than the one in the maxillary first premolar.

The cusps have similar dimensions, determining the centric positioning of the central mesiodistal groove, with a
sinusoidal, irregular path.

A D-shaped appearance is also found in the mesial and distal fossae.

Centric oclusal contacts

In the maxillary second premolar, oclusal contacts are found between:

. the mesial marginal ridge and the distal longitudinal slope of the buccal cusp of the mandibular second premolar (H-
type contact).

. the distal marginal ridge and the mesial longitudinal slope of the mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first molar (H-
type contact).

In addition, variations in oclusal contacts are found between:

.(r) the central lobe of the palatal cusp and the central lobe of the buccal cusp of the mandibular second premolar, near
the pit of its cental fossa. This is a B-type contact found between lobes.

.(v) the mesial incline of the palatal cusp and the oblique segment of the central lobe of the mesiolingual cusp of the
mandibular second premolar. This is a C-type contact, between the upper incline and the lower central lobe.

.(v) the distal incline of the palatal cusp and the central lobe of the distolingual cusp of the mandibular second premolar
(c-type contact).
--pagina 12

primer maxilar superior

el más grande de los molares superiores permanentes, con la menor variación morfológica.

cara vestibular/bucal

La superficie bucal tiene una forma trapezoidal, donde se visualiza la mayor parte de la superficie distal, una
característica fuerte en este diente.

el aspecto mesial es plano en el tercio cervical y convexo en los tercios medio y oclusal.

El aspecto distal es más pequeño y convexo a lo largo de su extensión.

la línea cervical abarca dos segmentos separados por una elevación aguda en el aspecto de la raíz media de la superficie
bucal.

La presencia de dos cúspides vestibulares forma un contorno en forma de W en la superficie oclusal, siendo la cúspide
mesiovestibular más grande e inclinada más palatinamente.

La punta de la cúspide mesiopalatal es visible.

La superficie bucal presenta una protuberancia cervical y dos lóbulos centrales prominentes.

Se encuentra un surco horizontal entre el bulto y los lóbulos.

a su vez, los lóbulos centrales están separados por el surco oclusobucal que termina en el punto medio de la superficie
vestibular, con una ligera inclinación distal, lo que hace que el lóbulo mesial sea más ancho que el lóbulo distal.

Se forma una pequeña depresión triangular en la intersección de las ranuras horizontal y oclusobucal en el tercio medio.

cara palatina

La superficie palatina tiene una dimensión mesiodistal que es más grande y más convexa que la de la superficie bucal.

La línea cervical aquí es plana, mientras que en el aspecto oclusal dos cúspides tienen una configuración en forma de W.

la cúspide mesiopalatal es más romboidal y ligeramente más alta que la cúspide distopalatal, que es más baja y más
estrecha, con un diseño redondeado.

Un surco palatino que se extiende desde la superficie oclusal separa las dos cúspides y termina en el tercio medio de
esta superficie.

el tubérculo de carabelli es una característica fundamental del aspecto mesial; varía en frecuencia y tamaño de paciente
a paciente.
caras proximales

Estos son irregulares y trapezoidales, siendo los aspectos más largos en dirección bucolingual.

los perfiles vestibular y palatino convergen al aspecto oclusal.

En ambas superficies, las crestas marginales son casi completamente planas y están cruzadas por un surco marginal.

en la superficie mesial, se puede ver que la cúspide mesiopalatal es más alta que la cúspide mesiovestibular.

en la superficie distal, la cúspide distovestibular es más prominente que la cúspide distopalatal.

la cresta marginal distal es más estrecha en dirección bucopalatal y menos prominente que la cresta mesial, que
generalmente está atravesada por un surco marginal distal desplazado hacia la cara vestibular, generando un segmento
palatal más grande.

solo una pequeña porción de cada cúspide mesial es visible en el aspecto distal.

cara oclusal

En este diente, las dimensiones buccolinguales son mayores que las dimensiones mesiodistal.

la superficie oclusal tiene una forma romboidal, en la cual es posible identificar cuatro cúspides, un tercio de la
superficie vestibular, la mitad de la superficie palatina (con el tubérculo de carabelli) y partes de las superficies
proximales.

por volumen, la cúspide mesiopalatal es la más grande de todas, seguida de las cúspides mesiovestibular, dsitobucal y
distopalatal.

la mesa oclusal tiene una forma de paralelogramo irregular, que abarca cuatro lóbulos, el puente de esmalte, un surco
de desarrollo y dos fosas.

Todas las cúspides tienen tres lóbulos bien definidos.

la cresta marginal mesial presenta un lóbulo triangular largo, a menudo segmentado.

Por otro lado, la cresta distal tiene un solo lóbulo corto y recto.

El puente del esmalte es más alto que el surco del desarrollo y se extiende desde la cúspide distovestibular hasta la
mesiopalatal, a veces interrumpido.

el surco central está formado por los surcos mesiodistal y oclusobucal (que dividen las cúspides vestibulares), así como el
surco oclusodistopalatal.

Se pueden encontrar dos fosas (mesial y distal) en esta superficie.

El perímetro de la fosa mesial está determinado por las pendientes longitudinales de las cúspides vestibulares, el puente
de esmalte, la punta de la cúspide mesiopalatal y la cresta marginal mesial, creando una configuración triangular en
forma de corazón.

Parte del surco central que se encuentra en la fosa mesial es similar a una estrella de tres puntas.
la fosa distal está delimitada por la cresta marginal distal, la punta de la cúspide distovestibular, el puente de esmalte y la
punta de la cúspide distopalatal, que tiene una configuración de triángulo rectángulo.

El surco distopalatal que se encuentra en esta fosa es paralelo al puente del esmalte y asume la forma de parantesis
cruvo (}), que termina en la parte palatina.

contactos relacion centrica

En el primer molar maxilar, se encuentran contactos oclusales entre:

.la cresta marginal mesial y la cresta longitudinal distal de la cúspide mesiovestibular del primer molar mandibular
(contacto de tipo h)

.la cresta marginal distal y la cresta longitudinal mesial de la cúspide mesiovestibular del segundo molar mandibular
(contacto de tipo h).

.(a) el lóbulo central de la cúspide mesiobucal y la inclinación mesial de la cúspide mediabucal del primer molar
mandibular. Esto es un contacto tipo a, que ocurre entre la inclinación inferior y el lóbulo central superior.

. (a) el lóbulo central de la cúspide distovestibular y la inclinación distal de la cúspide vestibular media del primer molar
mandibular (contacto tipo a)

. (r) el lóbulo central de la cúspide mesiopalatal del primer molar maxilar y el lóbulo central de la cúspide mediobucal del
primer molar mandibular (contacto de tipo b).

. (v) la inclinación mesial de la cúspide mesiopalatal del primer molar maxilar y el segmento oblicuo del lóbulo central de
la cúspide mesiolingual en el primer molar mandibular (contacto tipo c).

. (v) la inclinación distal de la cúspide mesiopalatal del primer molar maxilar y el lóbulo central de la cúspide distolingual
del primer molar mandibular (contacto tipo c).

--pagina 14

segundo molar superior

cara vestibular

La superficie vestibular tiene una forma trapezoidal similar a la del primer molar maxilar, pero con dimensiones
reducidas y un surco menos pronunciado.

la superficie distal no es visible; solo el perfil de la cúspide mesiolingual es evidente.

Debido al desplazamiento del surco bucal hacia el distal, la cúspide mesiovestibular es más grande, mientras que la
cúspide distovestibular es menos voluminosa y más corta.
cara palatina

La superficie palatina es similar a la del primer molar maxilar, con dimensiones más pequeñas que las de la superficie
vestibular.

generalmente hay una sola cúspide palatina o quizás una segunda cúspide muy pequeña.

rara vez se observa el tubérculo de carabelli.

El perfil de la cúspide vestibular es visible.

caras proximales

la superficie proximal es similar a la del primer molar maxilar; sin embargo, el aspecto distal es más estrecho hacia el
mesial, lo que hace que la cúspide mesiopalatal sea mucho más evidente.

cara oclusal

la superficie oclusal tiene forma trapezoidal, con cuatro cúspides, un tercio de la superficie vestibular, la mitad de la
superficie palatina y parte de las superficies proximales visibles.

con frecuencia, la cúspide distopalatal es muy pequeña o está ausente en este grupo de dientes.

esta cúspide disminuye en altura del segundo al tercer molar.

la mesa oclusal comprende cuatro lóbulos, el puente de esmalte, un surco principal y dos fosas (en el caso de cuatro
cúspides) o una fosa (en el caso de tres cúspides).

Además, el puente de esmalte se reduce.

El surco central está formado por los surcos mesiodistal, oclusobucal y oclusodistopalatal, con una estrella de tres puntas
en la fosa mesial, con el paréntesis irregular en la fosa distal.

El perímetro de la fosa mesial tiene forma de corazón, y el de la fosa distal es similar a un triángulo escaleno.

Contactos en relacion centrica

En el Segundo molar superior, los contactos oclusales se encuentran entre:

. the mesial marginal ridge and the longitudinal distal slope of the mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular second molar (h-
type contact).

.(a) the central lobe of the mesiobuccal cusp and the mesial incline of the distobuccal cusp of the mandibular second
molar (a-type contact).

.(a) the central lobe of the distobuccal cusp and the distal incline of the distobuccal cusp of the mandibular second molar
(a-type contact).
.(r) the central lobe of the mesiopalatal cusp and the central lobe of the distobuccal cusp of the mandibular second
molar (b-type contact).

. (v) the mesial incline of the mesiopalatal cusp and the oblique segment of the central lobe of the mesiolingual cusp of
the mandibular second molar (c-type contact).

. (v) the distal incline of the mesiopalatal cusp and the central lobe of the distolingual cusp of the mandibular second
molar (c-type contact).

--pagina 16

Primer premolar inferior

Uno de los dientes con mayor numero de variaciones morfológicas.

Cara vestibular

The buccal surface has an ovoid shape. The proximal line angles are slightly convex and diverge occlusally. The cervical
bulge is prominent along the entire buccal surface, with smooth central and lateral lobes, defined by shallow
developmental grooves.

Cara lingual

The lingual surface is lower than the buccal surface, being uniformly convex, without lobes or grooves. The buccal profile
and virtually almost all of the oclusal surfaces can be seen from this aspect. The mesiolingual cusp tip can be either
equal with or slightly mesial to the buccal cusp tip.

Caras proximales

The buccal profile is convex in the cervical and middle thirds and strongly inclined lingually in the oclusal third, with the
cusp tip positioned near the central coronal region. The lingual profile is relatively flat, with a distinct convexity at the
oclusal third. The buccal cusp is more evident than the lingual cusps. The oclusal aspect is toward the lingual. On the
mesial aspect, the marginal ridge is inclined 45 degrees cervically. On the distal aspect, the distal marginal ridge is more
prominent than the mesial and does not have profound cervical inclination. The distal surface is wider in the
buccolingual than in the mesial surface, with a larger contact area.

Cara oclusal

The oclusal surface has an ovoid shape, where two to three cusps, much of the buccal surface, one-third of the lingual
surface, and part of the proximal surfaces can be found. The proximal aspects converge lingually. The distal aspect is
more convex, and both may be penetrated by a marginal groove. The occusal table has a trapezoidal shape, with the
base facing the distal aspect, so that it appears to narrow from mesial to distal. It comprises lobes, the enamel bridge, a
central groove, and two fossae. The buccal cusp is the widest of all, presenting a single lobe. The lobes are less evident
on the marginal ridges. The central groove is formed by the occlusomesiobuccal, occlusomesiolingual, occlusolingual,
and occlusodistal grooves. The mesiodistal groove is crossed by the enamel bridge that runs along the oclusal surface,
joining together the buccal and mesiolingual cusps. The enamel bridge may or may not be interrupted. It is possible to
see two fossae, one mesial and the deeper one distal. When the slopes that surround the fossae are defined, two
asymmetric letter D shapes become visible. The segment of the principal groove found at the mesial fossa has a
configuration similar to the letter Y.
Contactos en relacion centrica

En el primer premolar inferior, los contactos oclusales se encuentran entre:

.The distal longitudinal slope/tip of the buccal cusp and the mesial marginal ridge of the maxillary first premolar (h-type
contact).

--pagina 18

Segundo premolar inferior

Cara palatine

The buccal surface is similar to that found on the mandibular first premolar. However, the cervical bulge is smaller, and
the grooves are more evident.

Cara lingual

The lingual surface is more convex and shorter; however, the mesiodistal dimension is as wide as that of the buccal
surface. From this viewpoint, the profile of the buccal cusp is visible. Along this surface, a bulge is found in the middle
third. The number of cusps has a great influence on the tooth’s morphology. When two cusps are present, there is a
slight groove dividing the lingual surface, the distolingual cusp being a little bit lower than the mesiolingual cusp.

Caras proximales

From the proximal aspect, the buccal profile is inclined lingually, and the lingual profile is straighter, with a slight
inclination toward the buccal only in its occlusal third. On the oclusal aspect, the palatal segment is slightly inclined
cervically. The marginal ridges are flat and irregular. On the mesial aspect, the mesiolingual cusp can be found at the
same level as the buccal cusp. Finally, three cusps can be visualized from the distal surface; the distolingual cusp is the
lowest of these.

Caras oclusales

Here, the anatomical characteristics depend on the number of cusps presents. The oclusal surface has a quadrilateral;
however, when there are only two cusps, this surface assumes a rounded configuration. Most often this tooth has three
cusps: buccal, mesiolingual and distolingual, in decreasing order of volume. That said, it is possible to see a large part of
the buccal surface, one-third of the lingual surface, and part of the proximal surfaces (especially the mesial aspect). The
mesial and distal aspects are straight and parallel to each other. The rectangular oclusal table is formed by lobes, a
principal groove, an enamel bridge, and two fossae. The buccal cusp is the largest of all, having a well-defined central
lobe pointed toward the depth of the distal fossa. The mesiolingual cusp has a protuberant central lobe, encompassing
the whole cusp. The distolingual cusp, due to its lesser size, has small lobes. One the marginal ridges, the lobes are less
evident. The enamel bridge joins the buccal and mesiolingual cusps. The central groove is displaced lingually because of
the width of the buccal cusp. This groove is formed by the mesiodistal, occlusolingual (separating the lingual cusps),
occlusodistobuccal, occlusomesiobuccal, occlusomesiolingual, and occlusodistal grooves. The mesiodistal groove
assumes an M-shaped configuration. The conjunction of the occlusolingual, occlusodistobucal and oclusomesiobucal
grooves has a Y-shape or is calciform. The perimeter of the mesial fossa is D-shaped, whereas the distal fossa resembles
a crescent moon.

Contactos en relacion centrica

En el segunda premolar inferior, los contactos oclusales se encuentran entren:

.The mesial longitudinal slope of the buccal cusp and the distal marginal ridge of the maxillary first premolar (h-type
contact).

.The distal longitudinal slope of the buccal cusp and the mesial marginal ridge of the maxillary second premolar (h-type
contact).

In addition, variant contacts are found in the following situations:

.(r) the central lobe of the buccal cusp versus the central lobe of the palatal cusp of the maxillary second premolar (b-
type contact).

.(v) The oblique segment of the central lobe of the mesiolingual cusp versus the mesial incline of the palatal cusp of the
maxillary second premolar (c-type contact).

.(v) the central lobe of the distolingual cusp versus the distal incline of the palatal cusp of the maxillary second premolar
(c-type contact).

--pagina 20

Primer molar inferior

El diente con la mayor dimension mesiodistal

Cara vestibular

The buccal surface has an irregular trapezoidal form. On the mesial aspect, the cervical third is concave and the middle
and oclusal thirds are convex, whereas the distal aspect is convex in all dimensions. Both proximal surfaces converge to
the cervical region. The cervical line facing the roots has a convex configuration. On the oclusal aspect, a lower case “m”
can be seen due to the presence of three cusps. The mesio and midbuccal cusps have similar heights and are separated
by the mesiobuccal groove. The distal cusp is separated from the midbuccal cusp by a smooth distobuccal groove. At the
intersection of the horizontal and mesiobuccal grooves, a delta is formed, corresponding to an irregular depression.

Cara lingual

The lingual surface has an irregular trapezoidal form, with smaller dimensions than the buccal surface. It is possible to
visualize two cusps, which form an upper case letter “m” at the oclusal aspect. The mesiolingual cusp is larger than the
distolingual cusp. Its surface is divided by a lingual groove. A bulge can be found along the middle third of this surface.

Caras proximales

The proximal surfaces hace a trapezoid form. The buccal profile is strongly inclined lingually. The lingual profile is
relatively flat on the cervical third and completely convex up to the cusp tips. On the mesial aspect, the mesiobuccal and
mesiolingual cusps have different heights because of the presence of a central lobe. The mesial ridge is prominent and
marked by the mesial marginal groove. On the distal surface, which is narrower than the mesial, three cusps can be
found: distobuccal, distolingual and midbuccal. The distobuccal cusp is lingually positioned with regard to the midbuccal
cusp. The distal marginal ridge is lower than the mesial ridge and has a fissure formed by the distal marginal groove.

Cara oclusal
The oclusal surface has a pentagonal shape, it being possible to visualize five cusps, two-thirds of the buccal surface, the
oclusal third of the lingual surface, and part of the proximal surfaces. Cusp size is established in the following descending
order: mesiolingual, mesiobuccal, distolingual, midbuccal and distobuccal. The buccal aspect is larger than the lingual
aspect. The mesial aspect is wider than the distal aspect. The oclusal table, with is pentagonal shape, comprises the
lobes, a central groove, and three fossae. A particular characteristic of mandibular teeth is that the central lobes of the
mesial cusps are segmented, with transverse and oblique portions. In most cases the distobuccal cusp, due to its smaller
dimensions, presents a single lobe. Only in the mesial marginal ridge is a lobe found.

The central groove is formed by the following grooves: the mesiodistal groove, which has a sinusoidal shape and divides
the buccal cusps from the lingual cusps; the occlusobuccal groove, which separates the mesiobuccal and midbuccal
cusps; the occlusodistobuccal groove, which separates the midbuccal and distobuccal cusps; the occlusolingual groove,
which separates the lingual cusps, and the occlusomesiolingual and occlusodistolingual grooves. An M-shaped junction is
formed by the mesiodistal, occlusolingual, occlusodistolingual and occlusomesiolingual grooves. Parts of the mesiodistal,
occlusobuccal and occlusodistobuccal grooves form a Y-shaped configuration. There are three fossae: mesial, central and
distal. The perimeter of the mesial fossa is delimited by an imaginary line connecting the mesial marginal ridge and the
mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusp tips. On the other hand, the perimeter of the distal fossa is formed by the union of
the distal marginal ridge and the distobuccal and distolingual cups tips. Both the mesial and the distal fossa have a leaf
configuration. The central fossa resembles a spool, being delineated by the mesiobuccal, midbuccal, distolingual,
distobuccal and mesiolingual cusp tips.

Contactos relacion centrica

En el primer molar inferior, los contactos oclusales se encuentran entre:

. The mesial longitudinal slope of the mesiobuccal cusp and the distal marginal ridge of the maxillary second premolar
(h-type contact).

. The distal longitudinal slope of the mesiobuccal cusp and the mesial marginal ridge of the maxillary first molar (h-type
contact).

.(a) The mesial incline of the midbuccal cusp and the central lobe of the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar (a-
type contact).

.(a) The distal incline of the midbuccal cusp and the central lobe of the distobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar (a-
type contact).

.(r) the central lobe of the midbuccal cusp and the central lobe of the mesiopalatal cusp of the maxillary first molar (b-
type contact).

.(v) the oblique segment of the central lobe of the mesiolingual cusp and the mesial incline of the mesiopalatal cusp of
the maxillary first molar (c-type contact).

.(v) The central lobe of the distolingual cusp and the distal incline of mesiopalatal cusp of the maxillary first molar (c-type
contact).

--pagina 22

Segundo molar inferior

Cara vestibular

--pagina 24

Contactos relacion centrica

Dental reference lines of the posterior teeth

In addition to the individual characteristics of teeth, it is necessary to understand the dental reference lines before
performing the wax-up process. These will help to determine the height, length, and width of the cusps.

1. Maxillary occlusobuccal line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the buccal longitudinal slopes of the maxillary posterior theeth.

2. Maxillary central fossa line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the central fossae of the maxillary posterior teeth.

3. Maxillary occlusopalatal line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the palatal longitudinal slopes of the maxillary posterior teeth.

4. Mandibular occlusobuccal line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the bucal longitudinal slopes of the mandibular posterior teeth.

5. Mandibular central fossa line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the central fossae of the mandibular posterior teeth.

6. Mandibular occlusolingual line.

Anteroposterior line passing through the palatal longitudinal slopes of the mandibular posterior teeth.

7.Smile line.

An imaginary line that touches the incisal margins of the maxillary anterior teeth and the cusp tips of the posterior teeth
describing an arch. It is important because the height of the buccal cusps of the maxillary posterior teeth is determined
by it. Only the dental surgeon has access to this important reference line and must communicate it to the laboratory
technician, since the smile line is related to the lip and commissural lines. The positioning of the smile line is performed
by the dentist, not the technician.

8. Mandibular incisor line.

Imaginary line passing through the incisal margins of the mandibular anterior teeth.

Lines 1 to 6 are parallel to each other.

Lines 1 to 7 are reference lines to determine the height of the buccal cusp of the maxillary posterior teeth.
Lines 3 and 6 determine cuspal inclination on the oclusal table. Line 3 determines the inclination of the buccal cusps of
the mandibular teeth, and line 6 determines the inclination of the palatal cusps of the maxillary teeth.

In a frontal view, lines 2 and 6 determine the height, direction and inclination if the palatal cusps.